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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 14 March 2025
18 In July 2015, one of the hostages, journalist Yasuda Jumpei, returned to the Middle East and is believed to be held hostage in Syria by the jihadist group al-Nusra Front or possibly transferred to ISIS.
1 See Aihwa Ong, Neoliberalism as Exception: Mutations in Citizenship and Sovereignty (Duke University Press, 2006), 5.
2 Takahashi Tetsuya, “Philosophy as Activism in Neo-liberal, Neo-nationalist Japan” (interview), Japan Focus, November 3, 2007 (orig., 2004-2005, trans. Norma Field), 8.
3 Samuel P. Huntington, “Japan's Role in Global Politics,” International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 1(2001), 139.
4 Douglas Kellner, Media Spectacle and the Crisis of Democracy (Boulder: Paradigm, 2005), 78.
5 Giorgio Agamben, State of Exception (trans., Kevin Atell) (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), 50, 84-85.
6 Agamben, State of Exception, 2-3.
7 See Peter J. Spiro, “The New Sovereigntists: American Exceptionalism and Its False Prophets,” Foreign Affairs(November/December 2000): 9-15.
8 Frequently cited rejected treaties include the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty; the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of AntiPersonnel Mines and on their Destruction; a protocol to create a compliance regime for the Biological Weapons Convention; the Kyoto Protocol on global warming, and the AntiBallistic Missile Treaty. The United States has also signed but not ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women. When President George W. Bush took office, he ‘unsigned’ the United States from The Treaty Establishing and International Criminal Court, which had previously been signed, but not ratified, by President Clinton. See Isaac Baker, “Rogue State? US Spurns Treaty after Treaty,” Inter Press Service, 8 December 2005.
9 For further information on perception of the Iraq War as illegal, see David Krieger, “The War on Iraq as Illegal and Illegitimate,” in Ramesh Thakur and Waheguru Pal Singh Sidhu, eds., The Iraq Crisis and World Order: Structural, Institutional and Normative Changes(New York: United Nations University Press), pp. 381-396.
10 Condoleezza Rice, “Princeton University's Celebration of the 75th Anniversary Of the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs,” lecture presentation, Princeton University, September 30, 2005 (U.S. Department of State).
11 The comparison between the Allied Occupation of Japan in 1945 that enjoyed the full support of the international community, and Iraq in the early moment of the invasion, was so dangerously flawed, according to historian John Dower, that it should have instead “stood as a warning that we were lurching toward war with no idea of what we were really getting into.” See Tohn W. Dower, “A Warning from History,” Boston Review (February/March 2003).
12 Samuel P. Huntington 2001, ibid.
13 Samuel P. Huntington, “The Lonely Superpower,” Foreign Affairs, March/April 1999: 3549.
14 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, “Recent Trends in Military Expenditure.”
15 CIA World Factbook. 2008 estimates of GDP (purchasing power parity).
16 Inoguchi Takashi, “America and Japan: The Personal is Political,” Open Democracy, 17 June 2004, 1-6, retrieved at www.opendemocracy.net on 20 August 2006.
17 Duncan Currie, “The Other Special Relationship,” The Weekly Standard, 20 December 2004, 16.
18 See Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Record of Discussion.”
19 Cited in Gavan McCormack, “Koizumi's Japan in Bush's World: After 9/11,” Japan Focus, 12 October 2004; 2-3.
20 Cited in McCormack 2004, ibid., 9. Also, Japan pulled its troops out of Iraq in 2008 and is attempting to ease the burden of American militarism on Okinawa, but other plans show the alliance is being redefined and expanded even more along military lines. A new realignment package will have Japan and America placing their command centers on the same bases in newly defined “base towns” throughout the country, and Japan has agreed to pay 700 billion yen to help the US set up a new base in Guam. (“Japan-U.S. Relations” [editorial], Asahi Shimbun 4 May 2006, 28.) In 2004 the United States and Japan agreed to exchange information on the deployment and operations of a missile defense shield.
21 Koizumi's ability to steer public and official opinion toward support of the troops had much to do with his linking their mission only to that of humanitarian, non-combat, reconstruction; he also assured the public “there is no security problem” in Samawah—a point later qualified into rendering Samawah as not having any hostilities conducted by “states or quasi-state organizations.” The relatively secure, isolated situation for the Japanese soldiers was also described as operating under joint command headquarters, rather than America's requirement of “unified command.” Cited in McCormack, ibid., 2004, 5-7.
22 See Tachibana Takashi, “Koizumi Iraq hahei ‘kurutta shinario’” (The “desperate scenario” of Koizumi's Iraq dispatch) Gekkan Gendai [monthly Gendai] 38, no. 6 (June 2004): 28-41.
23 “Former Japanese Iraq Hostages Criticize Media, Govt.,” Reuters 27 April 2004.
24 The first three were requested to each pay 2.37 million yen (US$21,000). “Former Japanese,” ibid.; the next two, about US$500. Tama Miyake Lung, “Former Iraq hostage Jumpei Yasuda eager to go back,” Japan Today, 7 June 2004. This author has no information on whether any of the payments were actually made. According to an interview with Takato in September, 2004, she was planning to pay only for her ticket from Baghdad to Dubai following negotiations between her lawyers and the Foreign Ministry. See Matsumoto Chie, “Bouncing Back: Former Iraq Hostage continues Humanitarian Battle,” IHT/Asahi Shimbun, 18 September 2004, also at Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus.
25 Tom Plate, “The Power of Asian Values [column],” The Los Angeles Times, 28 April 2004.
26 Norimitsu Onishi, “Japanese are Cold to Freed Hostages,” The International Herald Tribune, 23 April 2004.
27 Cited in “Perception Gap: Debate Swirls over Hostages’ Responsibility,” The Asahi Shimbun, 21 April, 2004, 21.
28 Bashing, dir. Kobayashi Masahiro (Monkey Town Productions, 2005).
29 John Dower, cited in Kathleen Krauth and Lynn Parisi, “An Interview with John Dower,” Education About Asia 5, no. 3 (Winter 2000); also, John W. Dower, Japan in War and Peace: Selected Essays (New York: New Press, 1993), 274.
30 Dower 1993, ibid., 274.
31 Dower, cited in Krauth and Parisi, ibid.
32 Cited in Andrew Marshall, “Briton among 11 Hostages Seized in Iraq,” Reuters UK Online, 8 April 2004.
33 The salvo of hostage-takings that began in the spring of 2004 was preceded by America's shutdown of the Al-Hazwa newspaper, on 28 March (three days before the killing of the four American contractors and ten days before the capture of Imai, Koriyama and Takato). Coalition authorities would not tolerate the newspaper because it was controlled by the Shiite cleric, Muqtada al-Sadr, Al-Hazwa, whom Americans feared had the capacity to “incite violence.” This un-democratic action led to widespread protests and disastrous loss for the American-led coalition; nearly 40 Americans and 300 Iraqis were killed. The subsequent hostage-takings continued for the next two years to such an extent that the abductee became an icon of the war itself as well as an indication of the war's global reach. The Hostage Working Group showed that as of May 2006, 439 foreigners of 60 nationalities and several professions were abducted; 18% of those killed. See Erik Rye and Joon Mo Kang, “Hostages of War,” International Herald Tribune, 18 May 2006, 8.
34 Takato Nahoko, Senso to heiwa: soredemo Irakijin wo kirai ni narenai [War and peace: or, why I still won't hate the Iraqi people] (Tokyo: Kodansha, 2004), 66.
35 Takato, Senso to heiwa, ibid., 64-68.
36 “Editorial,” IHT/The Asahi Shimbun, 19 April, 2004 [original published in vernacular on 4/18/04), 21.
37 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA), Message from Ms. Yoriko Kawaguchi, Minister of Foreign Affairs, to the members of the Saraya-Al-Mujahadeen. 10 April, 2004.
38 Tom Raum, “Cheney to urge Japan to stay course in Iraq,” Washington Times [Associated Press], 12 April 2004.
39 National Association of Japan-America Societies, “Japan-America 150th Anniversary: A Commemorative Ceremony and Exhibit.”
40 Howard Baker, Jr., The Best Team, U.S. Department of State United States Embassy: Japan Official Homepage, 25 March 2004.
41 Cited in Reiji Yoshida, “Families Opposed to U.S. Rescue Operation, The Japan Times, 11 April 2004, 1.
42 “Public is split over policy not to pull out SDF: survey,” The Japan Times, 11 April 2004, 2.
43 Cited in “Perception Gap: Debate Swirls over Hostages” Responsibility, ibid., and “Hostages ‘Anti-Japan’: Lawmaker,” The Japan Times, 27 April, 2004.
44 I am grateful for the summary of this news provided by Fumiko Halloran, [Listserve] Shukan Shincho on Japanese NBR'S JAPAN FORUM (POL), 23 April, 2004, retrieved on 1 May 2004.
45 The Islamic Clerics Committee that arranged the release said that it would occur in 24 hours, although the actual release of the hostages was a few days later. Some believed a report originally put out by Radio France that the delay was a result of Koizumi's depiction of the hostage-takers as terrorists, when he rejected the demands of the militant group to pull troops out Iraq by saying, “We will not bow to any despicable threat by terrorists.” Cited in Kyodo World Service, 13 April 2004; retrieved on 16 April 2004.
46 “Highlights of Captors’ Statement on Freeing Japanese Hostages,” Kyodo News on the Web 11 April 2004.
47 See 2channeru (2 channel) (bulletin board), comments on 11 April 2004.
48 Cited in Brad Glosserman. “U.S.-Japan Relations: Mr. Koizumi's Payback,” Pacific Forum CSIS.
49 Tachibana, ibid., 28-29.
50 Cited in “Hostages ‘Anti-Japan,’” 2004, ibid.
51 “Former Japanese Iraq Hostages Criticize Media,” ibid.
52 Cited in Tama Miyake Lung, “Former Iraq hostage Jumpei Yasuda eager to go back,” Japan Today, 7 June 2004.
53 Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting, “Iraq and the Media: A Critical Timeline,” 19 March 2007.
54 Chris Matthews, MSNBC, 1 May 2003, cited in Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting, ibid.
55 Newsweek.com, 22 April 2003, cited in Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting, ibid.
56 In a worst-imagined scenario, an Al-Jazeera correspondent, a Reuters reporter, and thirteen members of the ICRC (International Committee of the Red Cross) were all killed on 8 April 2003 by American fire, presumed by some critics to have been actually “targeted” because of their independent, non-embeddedness. Michel Chossudovsy, “Killing the ‘Unembedded Truth,’” Center for Research on Globalisation, 11 April 2003; retrieved from. The United States has acknowledged that three Reuters reporters were killed by their own forces, though they claim the soldiers fired with justifiable reason. Other journalists have been illegally detained or abused by American soldiers, according to Reuters Global Managing Editor, David Schlesinger, who has called on the United States to recognize the “legitimate rights of journalists in conflict zones under international law.” In his statement to the U.S. Armed Services Committee, Schlesinger states, “The worsening situation for professional journalists in Iraq directly limits journalists’ abilities to do their jobs and, more importantly, creates a serious chilling effect on the media overall.” Barry Moody. “Reuters says US Troops Obstruct Reporting of Iraq,” Reuters, 28 September 2005.
57 Reporters Without Borders (homepage).
58 Douglas Kellner 2005, ibid., 66-67.
59 Douglas Kellner, “Spectacle and Media Propaganda in the War on Iraq: A Critique of U.S. Broadcasting Networks”, online at the Institution of Communication Studies, University of Leeds [circa 2003].
60 Douglas Kellner 2005, ibid., 66. As CNN correspondent Tim Mintier expressed it, the American officials “buried the lead” in an attempt to manage the news that was becoming more and more perceptible at the time. Mintier's views are featured in the documentary film, Control Room, dir., Jehane Noujaim (Magnolia Pictures, 2003).
61 Bush and others referred to the twelve low-ranking officers serving prison sentences for abuse as “bad apples”; the guards are now appealing their sentences. See “’Abu Ghraib US Prison Guards were Scapegoats for Bush,’ Lawyers Claim,” Times Online, 2 May 2009; references to “night shift” were also frequent among Bush officials, and the expression, “Animal House on the night shift” attributed to former Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger who chaired an independent panel on the prisoner abuse scandal. See “The Investigations,” PBS Frontline, The Torture Question, 2005.
62 “Interview: Mark Danner,” PBS Frontline, The Torture Question, ibid.
63 “Torturefest and the Passage to Pedagogy of Tortured Pasts,” in François Debrix and Mark J. Lacy, eds., The Geopolitics of American Insecurity (London: Routledge, 2009), 71-87.
64 Iraq Hope Network. Excerpts from Imai's memoir, with a substantive introduction by Norma Field, can be found at Imai Noriaki, “Why I went to Iraq: Reflections of a Japanese Hostage,” The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus 29 December 2007.
65 Iraq Hope Diary.
66 “Limbaugh on Kidnapping of Peace Activists in Iraq,” Media Matters, 30 November 2005.
67 See also the “Appeal on Behalf of the Hostages to the Sara Al Mujahedeen,” featured in Imai Noriaki, “Why I went to Iraq,” ibid.
68 Robert Zelnick, “Jill Carroll and the Politics of Terrorism,” The Guardian Unlimited, 31 March 2006.
69 I have no definitive information on the extent to which the release of either the Japanese hostages or Carroll was influenced by such private efforts, since governments are typically secretive about such matters, but in both cases the paper trail of private support was substantial.
70 Highlights from the blogosphere available at Melonyce McAfee, “Female Trouble,” Slate, 30 March 2006.
71 Bernard McGuirk, executive producer of “Imus in the Morning”, who regularly antagonizes the radio/television program's regular host, Don Imus. Citation and video available at Think Progress.
72 A later hostage incident involving a Japanese yielded different results. Seven months after the release of the five Japanese hostages, a 24-year old Japanese ESL student in New Zealand traveled to Jordan for adventure. On a whim, or for reasons unknown, Koda Shosei crossed the forbidden line into Iraq. He was captured immediately. His captors, this time a different brigade, issued a video with a statement threatening to kill him if Japan did not withdraw its troops. Though Koda had transgressed, the Foreign Minister (Machimura) responded swiftly; while not dispatching troops, government officials claimed to do what they could to secure the release of the young man. Their efforts failed, however, and Koda was beheaded. This time, however, the issue received comparatively little coverage and was overshadowed by Japan's worst earthquake in a decade. Koda was not known for any politically controversial actions or statements. Neither the presence of the American coalition, nor the US-Japan alliance itself, was at a crucial moment of testing.
[73] On media common places, see Paulo Virno, A Grammar of the Multitude: For an Analysis of Contemporary Forms of Life (Los Angeles: Semiotext(e), 2004), 38-44.
1 Holder video here.
2 Details of the development of the Bush administration's policy on waterboarding are here.
3 See “Waterboarding Historically Controversial” The Washington Post, Oct, 5, 2006. Page A17.
4 Congressional Record, Senate, November 8, 2007, p.S. 14166.
5 “McCain Looks Ahead,” CBS 60 Minutes, March 9, 2008. McCain's live comments on waterboarding are here.
6 Washington Post, “Waterboarding Used to Be a Crime”
7 Here
8 Gustavo Ingles, Memoirs of Pain (Metro Manila: Mauban Heritage Foundation, 1992), p.27.
9 Lester I. Tenney, My Hitch in Hell (Washington: Brassey's, 1995), pp. 87-88.
10 See for example, “Water Cure: Debating torture and counterinsurgency-a century ago” by Paul Kramer, New Yorker, February 25, 2008. Kramer chronicled the debate on American soldiers’ torturing Filipinos with water during the Philippines-American War. He concluded that although some Americans at that time were outraged by the “cruelty” and “barbarities” exhibited by US soldiers, in the end the nation as a whole chose not to deal with it squarely. Kramer's thoughts on the relevance of this century old debate on “water cure” to today's situation can be found at Japan Focus
11 For Prime Minister Aso's admission see Japanese PM Taro Aso's family business used British PoWs. Prime Minister Aso also admitted that there were Korean workers at Aso Mining during the Upper House plenary session on Jan. 7, 2009.
12 Foreign Minister Nakasone Hirofumi before the Upper House Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defense, Dec. 18, 2008.
13 Former Australian POW Arthur Gigger who was forced to work at Aso Mining said that food and clothes were inadequate. (See “Proof of POW Forced Labor for Japan's Foreign Minister: The Aso Mines” by William Underwood.) Another former POW Joe Coombs recently told the Radio Australia about the condition of the Aso Mining, “The coal mines were the worst of the lot, I'm sure the mines that we were working in were old mines that had been re-opened. And the coal that we were taking out should have been left there to hold the mine together and we had several major falls while we were working there.”
14 See “The Japanese Court, Mitsubishi and Corporate Resistance to Chinese Forced Labor Redress” by William Underwood for the account of Japanese corporations’ resistance to dealing with the forced labor issue.
15 See Michael Bazyler's forthcoming article at Japan Focus for discussion of many issues relevant to the present article.
1 The author thanks Arabella Imhoff and Mark Selden for a close reading of an earlier version of this paper.
2 Richard Tanter, The End of Alliance “Business as Usual”? Ozawa's Rejection of Japan's Indian Ocean Deployment, Japan Focus, 899, 12 August 2007.
3 Fukuda gov’t's public support rating rises to 38% after cabinet reshuffle, NikkeiNet, August 11, 2008.
4 Fukuda, Playing Last Card, Stakes Coalition Unity On Reshuffling, NikkeiNet, 1 August 2008.
5 Extra Diet Session To Be Held For 70 Days From Sept 12: LDP's Aso, NikkeiNet, August 25, 2008.
6 Ishiba Sacks MSDF Chief, Punishes 80 Over Collision, Scandals, NikkeiNet, 21 March 2008.
7 麻生幹事長に新テロ法延長要請、 産経新聞、２００８年8 月21 日
8 Richard Tanter, Japan's Indian Ocean Naval Deployment: Blue water militarization in a “normal country”, Japan Focus, 541, 29 March 2006.
9 “The previous Anti-Terrorism Special Measures Law was enacted in November 2005. The period of the law was limited to two years at the time of its enactment, and after this period had been extended three times (October 2003: extended by two years: October 2005: extended by one year; October 2006: extended by one year), the law became invalid on November 1, 2007.” The Fight against Terrorism: Self-Defense Force Activities, Ministry of Defense, June 2008.
10 “The purpose of the Law is to continue active contributions to efforts by the international community for the prevention and eradication of international terrorism, and thereby contribute to ensuring peace and security of the international community including Japan, through activities related to the provision of supplies and services of the Self-Defense Forces of Japan (limited to activities that provide fuel for vessels or rotary wing aircraft carried on vessels and water) to vessels of the armed forces or other similar entities of foreign countries which are engaged in duties related to activities that contribute to the achievement of the purposes of the Charter of the United Nations by making efforts to eradicate the threat caused by the terrorist attacks in the United States of America on September 11, 2001, and to take such necessary measures as the inspection and verification of vessels sailing the Indian Ocean with a view to interdicting and deterring the movements of terrorists, weapons or other material under international cooperation (hereinafter referred to as “counter-terrorism maritime interdiction activities”), in order to assist in the smooth and effective implementation of counterterrorism maritime interdiction activities. Japanese Note: Exchange of Notes concerning Supplies and Services Contributed to the Armed Forces or Other Similar Entities of New Zealand, under the Replenishment Support Special Measures Law (April 2008), Ministry of Foreign of Affairs, Japan.
11 Resumption of Refuelling Operations, Ministry of Defense, February 21, 2008.
12 For rotation details see 自衛隊インド洋派遣、 『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』 [accessed 30 August 2008]
13 The Fight against Terrorism: Self-Defense Force Activities, Ministry of Defense June 2008.
14 Japan may send troops to Afghanistan: PM, AFP, 1 June 2008.
15 Team off to assess SDF Afghan role, Kyodo, japan Times, June 10, 2008.
16 Japan Forgoes Sending SDF To Afghanistan For Worsening Security, NikkeiNet, July 18, 2008. But in late August the Sankei Shinbun reported that the Defense Ministry would include a 26.9 billion yen FY2009 budget request for 4 extra CH-47 helicopters with extra armour-plating required for Afghanistan combat conditions. See 防衛省概算要求 ＣＨ４７ヘリ追加購入 アフガン派遣視野 整備費用も盛る」、 産経新聞、２００８年8 月 26 日
17 Euan Graham, Japan ‘s Sea Lane Security: A Matter of Life and Death (Nissan Institute Routledge, 2006.
18 The JCG's 6,500 tonne Shikishima patrol vessel - effectively a frigate - ecorts Japanese reprocessed plutonium from Britain and France back to Japan several times a year. The “lightly armed” Shikishima is equipped with two twin 35 mm. cannon and a Vulcan M-61 “gatling” gun, whose six barrels fire about 100 rounds per second.
19 ２００７年の日本関係船舶における海賊等事案の状況及び世界における海賊等事案の 状況について 、 海事局外航課、国土交通省
20 Updates on piracy incidents are available at Worldwide Threats to Shipping Reports, Office of Naval Intelligence, Civil Maritime Analysis Department.
See also Ocean Policy Research Foundation, OPRF MARINT Monthly Report. June 2008. Because most Japanese-related vessels are in fact registered under flags of convenience, it is possible that numbers of attacks on Japanese-related vessels are under-reported. See Graham, op.cit.
21 “US and German naval vessels shadowed the captured vessel and blockaded it from entering the port of Bosaso. Eventually, after demanding a ransom, the pirates freed the ship and its crew of 21 on December 12.” Golden Nori, Wikipedia.
22 Pirates attack Japanese tanker near Yemen, AFP, 21 April 2008.
23 Office of Naval Intelligence, Civil Maritime Analysis Department, Worldwide Threat To Shipping Mariner Warning Information, 7 May 2008.
See also ‘They opened fire with machine guns and rockets’, Johan Lillkung, The Observer, 27 April 2008. Pirates fail to hijack Japanese ship off Somalia, USA Today, 23 August 2008.
24 大臣会見概要、防衛賞、平成20 年8 月22 日。 http://www.mod.go.jp/j/kisha/2008/08/22.html
25 The Fight against Terrorism: Self-Defense Force Activities, Ministry of Defense, June 2008.
26 Editorial: Antipiracy Legislation Badly Needed, Yomiuri Shinbun, 19 August 2008.
27 Maritime Security Patrol Area to be Established, Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Central Command Public Affairs, 22 August 2008; and Combined Task Force 150, Wikipedia.
28 Terrorism and Piracy: The Dual Threat to Maritime Shipping, John C. K. Daly, Volume 6, Issue 16 (August 11, 2008).
29 Editorial: Antipiracy Legislation Badly Needed, Yomiuri Shinbun, 19 August 2008.
30 Office of Naval Intelligence, Civil Maritime Analysis Department, Worldwide Threat To Shipping Mariner Warning Information, 20 August 2008.
31 Carolin Liss, The roots of piracy in Southeast Asia, Nautilus Institute, Austral Policy Forum 07-18A, 22 October 2007.
32 Carolin Liss, The Challenges of Piracy in Southeast Asia and the Role of Australia, Nautilus Institute, Austral Policy Forum 07-19A, 25 October 2007.
See also Mark Valencia, “Piracy and Politics”, in Derek Johnson and Mark J. Valencia, Piracy in Southeast Asia: Status, Issues, and Responses, International Institute for Asian Studies, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2005; and The Maritime Dimension of International Security: Terrorism, Piracy, and Challenges for the United States, Peter Chalk, RAND, 2008. Maritime Security and Piracy, Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies provides a useful guide.
33 Govt considers antipiracy legislation, Yomiuri Shimbun, 24 August 2008. Targeted actions reportedly include “illegal violent activities, detention and pillage involving vessels at sea and aircraft by crew members and passengers aboard privately owned vessels and airplanes; volunteering to help run pirate ships and aircraft; agitation involving such activities”.
34 Japan seeks international arrest of anti-whaling activists, AFP, 17 August 2008; and 捕鯨船妨害容疑、米英３人に逮捕状 警視庁、国際手配へ、朝日、2008 年8 月18 日。 http://www.asahi.com/national/update/0818/TKY200808180042.html
“In February 2007, the anti-whaling group's boat and a Japanese whaling vessel collided twice in Antarctic waters during clashes near a pod of whales. Around the same time, Sea Shepherd activists also dumped a foul-smelling acid made from rancid butter on another whaling ship, slightly injuring two crew members and prompting Japanese officials to label them “terrorists.” Japan to arrest 3 anti-whaling activists, Associated Press, International Herald Tribune. 18 August 2008.
35 Editorial: Antipiracy Legislation Badly Needed, Yomiuri Shinbun, 19 August 2008.
36 Anthony Cordesman, Analyzing the Afghanistan-Pakistan War, CSIS, 29 July 2008.
37 NATO looks to global partnerships, NATO Update, 27 April 2008 and Australia and NATO, Australia in Afghanistan, Nautilus Institute.
38 NATO Secretary General meets the Japanese Prime Minister, NATO Press Release, (2007)140, 13 December 2007.
39 ‘With Eyes Wide Shut: Japan, Heisei Militarization and the Bush Doctrine’ in Melvin Gurtov and Peter Van Ness (eds.), Confronting the Bush Doctrine: Critical Views from the Asia-Pacific