¹ Freedom House publishes an annual Freedom in the World report, which assesses the level of political freedoms and civil liberties in each country and assigns them a score out of 100. For 2019 Indonesia scored 62, ahead of the Philippines at 61 and Malaysia at 52 but behind East Timor which scored 70. Only Norway, Sweden and Finland scored a perfect 100.

² See Freedom House, Freedom in the World 2019.

³ See The Economist Intelligence Unit's Democracy Index.

⁴ Vedi R. Hadiz (2017), “Indonesia's year of democratic setbacks: towards a new phase of deepening illiberalism?” Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 53(3): 261-278

⁵ International Monetary Fund (2012), Indonesia: Staff Report for the 2012 Article IV Consultation

⁶ Marcus Mietzner, ‘Jokowi: Rise of a Polite Populist’, Inside Indonesia 116: Apr-Jun 2014

⁷ See the Corruption Perceptions Index of 2013.

⁸ Diego Fossati & Eve Warburton, “Indonesia's Political Parties and Minorities”, ISEAS -Yusof Ishak Institute Perspective, 9 July 2018

⁹ Marcus Mietzner (2012), “Ideology, Money and Dynastic Leadership: The Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle, 1998–2012”. South East Asia Research 20(4): 511–531.

¹⁰ Figures from the 2010 census. Indonesian law requires that all citizens hold an identity card that identifies the holder as an adherent of one of six officially recognised religions - Islam, Protestant Christianity, Catholic Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism and Confucianism.

¹¹ Fossati & Warburton, 2018. The PPP, the other Islamic member of the ruling coalition, does believe it exists however.

¹² Fossati & Warburton, 2018.

¹³ Data from the Indonesian Election Commission (KPU).

¹⁴ Mietzner, 2014.

¹⁵ Mietzner, 2014.

¹⁶ Marcus Mietzner (2016), “The Sukarno dynasty in Indonesia: Between institutionalisation, ideological continuity and crises of succession”. South East Asia Research 24(3): 355–368

¹⁷ Mietzner, 2014.

¹⁸ Mietzner, 2014.

¹⁹ He was accused of being a Christian of Chinese descent, rather than a Javanese Muslim, and was said to have links to Indonesia's banned Communist Party.

²⁰ Indonesia-Investments, “S&P Affirms Indonesia's Sovereign Credit Rating at BBB-/Stable”, 5 June 2018

²¹ Antara News, “Indonesia Enters High Human Development Category: President”, Tempo.co, 16 August 2018

²² A similar 7% price increase for high-octane fuels used by higher income car-owners, announced at the same time, was not cancelled, however.

²³ Deasy Simandjuntak “The 2018 Indonesian Local Elections Results: ‘Rehearsal’ for Party Machinery and Mobilization of Identity-Politics”, ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute, 6 July 2018

²⁴ FT Confidential Research, “Indonesia's president unscathed by currency woes”, Nikkei Asian Review, 31 October, 2018

²⁵ Saskia Schäfer (2017), “Ahmadis or Indonesians? The polarization of post-reform public debates on Islam and orthodoxy”. Critical Asian Studies 50 (1):1-21

²⁶ John McBeth, “Turning to Religion: Indonesia's Widodo Plays the Islamic Card”, Global Asia, 21 September 2018

²⁷ Faiq Hidayat, “Survei LSI: Pro-Pancasila Turun 10%, Pro-NKRI Bersyariah Naik 9%”, detikNews, 17 July 2018

²⁸ Michael Buehler & Dani Muhtada (2016), “Democratization and the Diffusion of Shari'a Law: Comparative Insights from Indonesia.” South East Asia Research, 24(2): 261-282

²⁹ Buehler & Muhtada (2016).

³⁰ In 2014, authorities in Aceh province began fully enforcing sharia on everyone, including non-Muslims.

³¹ Krithika Varagur, “Indonesia's Moderate Islam is Slowly Crumbling”, Foreign Policy, 14 February 2017