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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 14 March 2025
In late September 2013, Australian news media reported on two very different events related to journeys across the ocean straits that separate Australia from Indonesia. On the evening of September 26th, an Indonesian fishing boat carrying eighty refugees from northern Lebanon who intended to seek asylum in Australia foundered off a West Java beach. The boat sank the following day. Thirty-one people who had been onboard drowned. Some of those who survived claimed that when the boat's engine failed, passengers had contacted Australian authorities, but according to official reports, the Border Protection Command aircraft that was dispatched could not locate the vessel. Australian Immigration Minister Scott Morrison subsequently issued a statement emphasizing that the vessel sank in Indonesian waters, implicitly absolving Australia of responsibility for its rescue. Three days later, on September 30th, the freshly elected conservative Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott flew to Jakarta. He was accompanied by Foreign Minister Julie Bishop, Trade and Investment Minister Andrew Robb, and a delegation of twenty senior Australian business leaders. Abbott had promised to be an “Asia-first prime minister,” and on this visit used more than one opportunity to assert that Australia's relationship with Indonesia is the nation's most important. The two top issues for Abbott in his discussions with Indonesia's then-President, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, were first, Australia's problem with asylum seekers; and second, bilateral trade and investment.
1 ABC News online, “Timeline: Sinking of asylum seeker boat off Java”, Sept 20 2013. Accessed Jan 22 2015.
2 George Roberts, “Asylum seeker boat sank 50 metres off Indonesian shore, survivors say”, ABC news online, Sept 29 2013. Accessed Jan 22 2015.
3 Peter Hartcher, “I would be an Asia first prime minister, says Abbott,” Sydney Morning Herald, Sept 3 2013, accessed Oct 10 2013; see also Prime Minister of Australia, The Hon. Tony Abbott M.P., “Remarks at Sydney Airport”, Sept 30 2013. Accessed Jan 22 2015.
4 Samantha Hawley, “Tony Abbott heads to Jakarta for talks with Indonesian president in first international trip since election,” ABC news Online, accessed Jan 22 2015; Michael Bachelard, “Abbott government ends asylum seeker stand-off with Indonesia”, Sydney Morning Herald November 9, 2013, accessed Jan 22 2015.
5 Ghassan Hage, Against Paranoid Nationalism: Searching for hope in a shrinking society, Pluto Press Australia, 2003.
6 Operation Sovereign Borders is the name of the Abbott' government's anti-asylum-seeker policy. Accessed Jan 22 2015.
7 Australian Government, Australia in the Asian Century, October 2012, accessed Jan 22 2015. The original Colombo plan, initiated in 1949, focused on education and human resources development for the benefit of developing nations in East and Southeast Asia, and saw several generations of students from the region receiving scholarships to study in Australia. On the New Colombo Plan, see Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, accessed Jan 22 2015. See also Sarah Bice and Helen Sullivan, “Abbott government may have new rhetoric, but it's still the ‘Asian century’,” The Conversation, November 8 2013. Accessed Jan 22 2015
8 On Cultural Typhoon Japan. Accessed Jan 22 2015
9 Stuart Hall and Doreen Massey, “Interpreting the Crisis,” Soundings 44 (2010): 57-71.
10 The first four chapters of the White Paper outline this vision for Australia's future, forming a section titled ‘The rise of Asia provides great opportunities for Australia’.
11 Australian Government, Australia in the Asian Century, p. 109.
12 Michael Wesley, ‘Michael Wesley analyses the Asian Century white paper’, ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, accessed Jan 22 2015.
13 Australian Government, Australia in the Asian Century, p. 1.
14 Ien Ang and Jon Stratton, “Asianizing Australia: Notes towards a Critical Transnationalism in Cultural Studies,” Cultural Studies 10 (1996).
15 Ang and Stratton, “Asianizing Australia,” p. 19.
16 Australian Government, Australia in the Asian Century, p. 167.
17 Tessa Morris-Suzuki, “Anti-area Studies,” Communal/Plural 8.1 (2000): 9-23,pp. 19-20.
18 ACARA, The Australian Curriculum. Accessed Jan 22 2015.
19 Eeqbal Hassim, ‘Intercultural Understanding through Asia Perspectives in English.‘ Literacy Learning: The Middle Years 21 3 (2013): 7-16.
20 Asia Education Foundation, ‘Asia Literacy: The Facts’. Melbourne, 2013.. Accessed November 10 2013.
21 Wenche Ommundsen, ‘Transnational Imaginaries: Reading Asian Australian Writing’, Journal of the Association for the Study of Australian Literature 12: 2 (2012), 6; emphasis added.
22 Andew Trounson, “Lack of Asian ‘no bar to Colombo plan‘”, The Australian Higher Education supplement, April 2 2014: 28.
23 See for example David Walker, Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia 1850 - 1939. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1999; Alexander Turnbull Yarwood, Asian migration to Australia: The background to exclusion 1896-1923. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1964; David Walker and Agnieszka Sobocinska eds., Australia's Asia: From Yellow Peril to Asian Century. Perth: UWA Publishing, 2012; Daniel Oakman, Facing Asia: A History of the Colombo Plan. Canberra: ANU E Press, 2010; Carol Johnson, Pal Ahluwalia & Greg McCarthy, “Australia's Ambivalent Re-imagining of Asia,” Australian Journal of Political Science 45.1: 2010: 59-74.
24 Undersea Boy Marine (海底少年マリン Kaitei Shōnen Marin) by Minoru Adachi.
25 The original Japanese title was Onmitsu Kenshi (隠密剣士, “Spy Swordsman”). The series by Senkosha Productions featured 128 episodes between 1962 and 1965. On Shintaro in Australia, see the excellent documentary, Shintaro: The Samurai Sensation that Swept a Nation, SBS and Screen Australia, 2010.
26 Australian Bureau of Statistics. Accessed Jan 22 2015.
27 Department of Immigration and Citizenship, Australian Government, Australia: Migration Trends 2011-2012. Accessed Jan 22 2015.
28 Australian Bureau of Statistics, “2011 Census shows Asian languages on the rise in Australian households”. Accessed Jan 22 2015.
29 Ommundsen, “Transnational Imaginaries.”
30 Ang and Stratton, “Asianizing Australia”.
31 Australian Education International. “Research Snapshot: Onshore higher education International students as a proportion of all onshore students by university, 2011.” 2012, accessed March 13, 2013; OECD. OECD Stat Extracts, “Foreign/ International students enrolled,” 2012, accessed March 13 2012; Australian Education International. “International Student Numbers 2012,” 2013, accessed March 13, 2013.
32 Mimi Sheller and John Urry, “The New Mobilities Paradigm,” pp 208-209. Environment and Planning A 2006, volume 38, pages 207 - 226
33 All interviewees are referred to by pseudonym.
34 John Tomlinson. 2007. The Culture of Speed: The Coming of Immediacy. London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi and Singapore: Sage.
35 David Conradson and Deirdre McKay. 2007. ‘Translocal Subjectivities: Mobility, Connection, Emotion.’ Mobilities 2.2: 167-174; see esp. 169; see also Fran Martin and Fazal Rizvi. “Making Melbourne: Digital Connectivity and International Students’ Experience of Locality,” Media, Culture and Society 36.7 (Oct. 2014): 1016-1031.; and Ulrike Freitag and Achim von Oppen (2010) eds. “”Translocality“: An Approach to Connection and Transfer in Area Studies”. In Translocality: The Study of Globalising Processes from a Southern Perspective. Leiden: Brill.
36 Freitag and von Oppen, “Translocality,” p.1
37 Screen Australia policy documents outlining its Asia focus include a ‘Response to Australia in the Asian Century Issues Paper’ (April 2012), ‘Friends with Benefits: A report on Australia's International Co-Production Program’ (August 2012)), ‘Doing Business with Australia: Producer Offset and Co-productions’ (July 2013) (also available in Chinese), and most recently ‘Common Ground: Opportunities for Australian Screen Partnerships in Asia’ (November 2013).
38 See Olivia Khoo, Belinda Smaill and Audrey Yue, 2013. Transnational Australian Cinema: Ethics in the Asian Diasporas. Lanham MD: Lexington Books.
39 Screen Australia, ‘Response to Australia in the Asian Century Issues Paper’, April 2012, p. 5, accessed Jan 22 2015.
40 Screen Australia notes that co-productions ‘expand opportunities for audiences to consume and therefore monetise the content created, which has the added and important by-product of generating cultural exchange’ (Screen Australia, “Response,” p. 5).
41 The Australia-Singapore Co-Production Agreement was signed on 7 September 2007 and entered into force on 16 October 2008. So far four co-productions with Australia have been produced under the agreement, two children's animation series, Zigby and Guess How Much I Love You - the Adventures of Little Nutbrown Hare; one documentary series, Gallery of Everyday Things; and one a feature film, Bait 3D.
42 The Australian, 17 October 2012, p. 17.
43 ‘Large Screens and the Transnational Public Sphere’, Australian Research Council (ARC) Linkage Project (LP0989302, 2009-2013), with Nikos Papastergiadis, Scott McQuire, Ross Gobson, Sean Cubitt and Audrey Yue.
44 Graeme Evans and Jo Foord. Strategies for Creative Spaces - Phase 1 Report: Report Commissioned London Development Agency - Creative London, City of Toronto, Ontario Ministry of Economic Development & Trade and Ministry of Culture, 2005, 30.
45 Nikos Papastergiadis, Audrey Yue, Amelia Barikin, Scott McQuire, Ross Gibson, Cecelia Cmielewski (In Press, 2014), “Translating Gesture in a Transnational Public Sphere,” Journal of Intercultural Studies.
46 Morris-Suzuki, “Anti-Area Studies.”
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