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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 May 2025
The 2008 Olympics in Beijing were the third Summer Games to be held in Asia, and even before the Olympic flame was extinguished in the Closing Ceremonies, its legacy was being debated. The impressive ceremonies, the beautiful facilities, and the well-organized events captured the imagination of a world viewing audience. This has led some commentators to forecast that the Games will bring China greater international acceptance as a rising superpower with a human face. However, the crackdown in Tibet, the protests against the Olympic Torch Relay, and other controversies that received widespread media attention brought human rights issues to the forefront and left many doubts about China's progress.
[1] Jarol B. Manheim, “Rites of Passage: The 1988 Seoul Olympics as Public Diplomacy,” The Western Political Quarterly 43(2)(1990), p. 291-93.
[2] Arata Masafumi. “Tōyō no majō: Sono joseise to kōjō no kioku [The Witches of the East: Their Femininity and Memories of the Factory].” In Orinpikku studies: Fukuzū no keiken - Fukuzū no seiji [Olympic Studies: Multiple Experiences - Multiple Politics], edited by Satoshi Shimizu, 175-93. Tokyo: Serika shobō, 2004.
[3] Yokota Kōichi, Kenpō to tennō-sei [The constitution and the emperor system] (Tōkyō: Iwanami shoten, 1990), 27.
[4] Olympiad, The Organizing Committee for the Games of the XVIII. The Games of the XVIII Olympiad Tokyo 1964: The Official Report of the Organizing Committee: Volume I. Tokyo: 1966, p. 39
[5] Fukiura Tadamasa, Hi no maru o kagaku suru [The hi no maru as science]. Tōkyō: Jiyū Kokuminsha, 1995, p. 96; 158
[6] Nihon hōsō kyōkai hōsō seiron chōsasho, Tōkyō orinpikku (Tōkyō, 1967), 238.
[7] Ōe Kenzaburō, “73.000-jin no „kodomo jikan” [“The childhood of 73.000 people”], in Noma Shōichi, ed., Tōkyō orinpikku: Bungakusha no mita seiki no saiten [The Tōkyō Olympics: The festival of the century as the literati saw it] (Tōkyō: Kōdansha, 1964), 36-43.
[8] Tagsold, Christian. Die Inszenierung Der Kulturellen Identität in Japan: Das Beispiel der Olympischen Spiele Tokyo 1964 [Staging Cultural Identity in Japan: The Example of the Tokyo Olympics 1964]. München: Iudicium, 2002, p. 78.
[9] Two books introduced trops to the public in Japan: Kageyama, Ken, and Masaru Okasaki. Minna toropusu: Haisha no nai gēmu nyūmon [Altogether Trops: Introduction to Games Without Losers]. Nagoya: Fūbaisha, 1984. Kageyama Ken, Okasaki Masaru, and Hoshi Mizuta. Han-Orinpikku sengen: Sono shinwa to hanzaisei wo tsuku [Anti-Olympic Manifest: On the myth and the criminal character]. Nagoya: Fūbaisha, 1981.
[10] The homepage of the Bidding Committee features the Games of 1964 prominently in a special section.