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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 May 2025
The final reading is Erik Esselstrom's essay “The 1960 ‘Anpo’ Struggle in The People's Daily: Shaping Popular Chinese Perceptions of Japan during the Cold War.” After World War II and the victory of the Chinese Communists in 1949, the U.S. government enlisted Japan as an important Cold War ally in the effort to “contain” China. While this arrangement was in some ways favorable to Japan, it was extremely unpopular among Japanese citizens who wanted to create a less antagonistic relationship with China.
1 Renmin ribao人民日報, June 15, 1960. All visual materials from The People's Daily provided in this essay were scanned from original issues of the paper held in the central library of Hitotsubashi University in Tokyo. I thank Professor Aono Toshihiko and his colleagues at Hitotsubashi for sponsoring my appointment there as Visiting Associate Professor.
2 The literature is too vast to summarize here, but one excellent example that includes analysis of historical memory in numerous Asian societies is Sheila Miyoshi Jager and Rana Mitter, eds., Ruptured Histories: War, Memory and the Post-Cold War in Asia (Harvard University Press, 2007).
3 See Rana Mitter, “Old Ghosts, New Memories: China's Changing War History in the Era of Post-Mao Politics” Journal of Contemporary History 38:1 (January 2003): 117-131; James Reilly, “Remember History, Not Hatred: Collective Remembrance of China's War of Resistance to Japan” Modern Asian Studies 45:2 (2011): 463-490.
4 A useful recent study of the general history of Chinese political cartoons is Tao Ye陶治, Chūgoku no fūshi manga中国の風刺漫画 (Hakuteisha 白帝社, 2007).
5 The classic work on the Anpo protests is George R. Packard, Protest in Tokyo: The Security Treaty Crisis of 1960 (Princeton University Press, 1966). A recent study is Linda Hoaglund's film, ANPO: Art X War - here.
6 A valuable discussion of how popular Chinese perceptions of the United States changed during the immediate postwar years is Hong Zhang, America Perceived: The Making of Chinese Images of the United States, 1945-1953(Westport: Greenwood, 2002).
7 See Chang-Tai Hung, “The Fuming Image: Cartoons and Public Opinion in Late Republican China, 1945 to 1949” Comparative Studies in Society and History 36:1 (January 1994): 122-145, “War and Peace in Feng Zikai's Wartime Cartoons”Modern China 16:1 (January 1990): 39-83, and War and Popular Culture: Resistance in Modern China, 1937-1945 (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1994).
8 Kevin McKenna, All the Views Fit to Print: Changing Images of the U.S. in Pravda Political Cartoons, 1917-1991 (New York: Peter Lang, 2001), 15. An older but highly useful study on Soviet era political cartoons is Michael Milenkovitch, The View From Red Square: A Critique of Cartoons from Pravda and Izvestia, 1947-1964 (New York: Hobbes, Dorman and Co., 1966).
9 Both of these points are consistent with the basic principles of China's ‘people's diplomacy’ strategy concerning Japan in the 1950s. See He Yinan, “Remembering and Forgetting the War: Elite Mythmaking, Mass Reaction, and Sino-Japanese Relations, 1950-2006” History & Memory 19:2 (Fall/Winter 2007): 43-74.
10 See Parks M. Coble, “China's ‘New Remembering’ of the Anti-Japanese War of Resistance” The China Quarterly 190 (June 2007): 394-410.
11 James Reilly, Strong Society, Smart State: The Rise of Public Opinion in China's Japan Policy (New York: Columbia University Press, 2012), 55.
12 Renmin ribao, May 23, 1960.
13 Renmin ribao, June 24, 1960.
14 Renmin ribao, May 5, 1960.
15 Renmin ribao, May 6, 1960.
16 John M. Wander Lippe, “Forgotten Brigade of the Forgotten War: Turkey's Participation in the Korean War” Middle Eastern Studies 36:1 (January 2000): 92-102.
17 For a contemporary discussion of the incident, see Qunicy Wright, “Legal Aspects of the U-2 Incident” The American Journal of International Law 54:4 (October 1960): 836-854.
18 Renmin ribao, May 22, 1960.
19 Renmin ribao, May 30, 1960.
20 Mark Driscoll provides an especially damning portrait of Kishi's role in overseeing Japanese exploitation of Chinese labor in Manchukuo in Chapter Eight of his Absolute Erotic, Absolute Grotesque: The Living, Dead and Undead in Japan's Imperialism, 1895-1945 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2010).
21 Renmin ribao, May 17, 1960.
22 Close-up from Figure 17. Renmin ribao, May 22, 1960.
23 Close-up from Figure 5. Renmin ribao, May 6, 1960.
24 Close-up from Figure 16. Renmin ribao, May 30, 1960.
25 Close-up from Figure 19. Renmin ribao, May 25, 1960.
26 Renmin ribao, June 23, 1960.
27 Renmin ribao, May 17, 1960.
28 For additional discussion of Mt. Fuji imagery in wartime Japan and beyond, see H. Byron Earhart, “Mt. Fuji: Shield of War, Badge of Peace” in The Asia-Pacific Journal Vol 9, Issue 20 No 1, May 16, 2011 (here), as well as Earhart's book, Mt. Fuji: Icon of Japan (University of South Carolina Press, 2011).
29 Renmin ribao, May 25, 1960.
30 Renmin ribao, May 22, 1960.
31 Renmin ribao, May 29, 1960.
32 Renmin ribao, May 15, 1960.
33 Renmin ribao, June 3, 1960.
34 The Japan Times, June 15, 1960.
35 The Japan Times, July 8, 1960.
36 The New York Times, June 12, 1960 (reprinted from the original cartoon in the The Greensboro Daily News)
37 In considering other comparative possibilities, it might prove fruitful to examine editorial cartoons in Pravda during the late 1950s when popular protests against U.S. missile deployments in West Germany were fairly widespread. While I have not examined those sources (and specifically relevant examples are not discussed in McKenna's All the Views Fit to Print), I would not be surprised to find the CPSU making similar use of those West German protests for domestic propaganda value just as the CCP was doing with protests in Japan in 1960. I thank my colleagues Susanna Schrafstetter and Alan Steinweis for suggesting this possibility to me after reading an early draft of this paper.
38 Renmin ribao, June 10, 1960.
39 Renmin ribao, May14, 1960.
40 Front page of Renmin ribao, May 12, 1960.
41 He, “Remembering and Forgetting the War,” 47.
42 Renmin ribao, May 13, 1960.
43 Asahi Shinbun, May 9, 1960.
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