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The Hospital de la Isla del Rey, Minorca: Britain’s Island Hospital

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 April 2016

Ann-Marie Akehurst
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Extract

The small Spanish island of Minorca is the unexpected setting for a British naval hospital. It was constructed from 1711, during the first years of the British military occupation of the island, to provide medical care to mariners as they served in the strategically important Mediterranean. Scholars working in the fields of both medical and architectural history agree on the innovative importance of this hospital. Christine Stevenson, the foremost expert on early modern British hospital architecture, stated that: ‘the first of the purpose-built naval hospitals was at Port Mahon, Minorca […] [It] was, however, unique until the 1740s, when others were built on Jamaica and Gibraltar’. In terms of the history of hospital architecture, the Minorcan hospital’s role, as the sole purpose-built British naval hospital for over three decades, was a reflection of its exceptional setting, for it presented the British navy with an opportunity to create an infirmary that realized contemporary ideals of hospital design. The single-storey limestone edifice, which adopted the U-shaped plan already pioneered by Sir Christopher Wren (1635-1703) back in England, was located on an island in the middle of Mahon harbour, known by the name Isla del Rey. This was a highly significant location in Minorcan history, formerly called Ilia dels Conills (Rabbit Island), and was named for King Alfonso III of Aragon. It was from this island that Alfonso launched his reconquest of Minorca for Christendom from the Moors, and from this point in time Minorca was incorporated into Catalonia. No evidence has yet come to light of this important name in British usage; instead the occupiers referred to it as ‘Bloody Island’, or ‘Hospital Island’. Despite the informal and macabre renaming of the harbour island it was, however, a beautiful location, cooled by sea breezes, and was visible from all the surrounding cliffs.

Type
Research Article
Information
Architectural History , Volume 53 , 2010 , pp. 123 - 161
Copyright
Copyright © Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain 2010

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References

Notes

1 The island was referred to by the British as ‘Minorca’ and the base as ‘Port Mahon’ throughout the eighteenth century. More recent political changes have resulted in a variety of alternative Castilian and Catalan spellings for place names. For the sake of consistency in this article, ‘Minorca’ refers to the island, the capital city and harbour is ‘Mahon’, and the island’s population is ‘Minorcan’. Similarly, Indian place names are those in traditional British use to maintain consistency with the names of published works. Thus Chennai is rendered ‘Madras’, Mumbai is ‘Bombay’ and Kolkata is ‘Calcutta’.

2 Stevenson, Christine, ‘From Palace to Hut: The Architecture of Military and Naval Medicine’, in British Military and Naval Medicine, 1600-1830, ed. Hudson, Geoffrey L. (London, 2007), p. 233 Google Scholar; Buchanan, Emmakate MacQueen, ‘An Enlightened Age: Building the Naval Hospitals’, International journal of Surgery, 3 (2005), pp. 221–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

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6 Micaela Mata, ‘Menorca Britanica. Tomo I — La Reina Ana y Jorge I. (1712-1727)’, in El Hospital, p. 36. British maps and plans show the island names variously as ‘Bloody Island’ (NA, WO 78-5644) or ‘Hospital Island’ (NA, WO 78-1017-7). Armstrong referred to it as ‘Bloody Island’ in his letter dated 17 August 1740; Armstrong, John, The History of the Island of Minorca (London, 1752), p. 19.Google Scholar

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26 Mata, Micaela, Conquests and Reconquests of Menorca, trans. Laurie, Bruce (Barcelona, 1984), Part III, pp. 123–241.Google Scholar

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28 The British formed an alliance with the Dutch and Germans in support of the Austrian Hapsburg claimant Charles, the Archduke of Austria to the Spanish throne against the French Philip, Duke of Anjou. The Spanish interest was split between the Castilian support for Philip’s claim, and the Crown of Aragon, which switched sides, fearing French absolutism, to support Charles. Minorca itself was divided and became a focal point for the whole conflict. See Rodger, N. A. M., The Command of the Ocean: a Naval History of Britain (London, 2004), pp. 172–73 Google Scholar; Herr, Richard, ‘Flow and Ebb 1700-1833’, in Spain: A History, ed. Carr, Raymond (Oxford, 2000), pp. 173–74 Google Scholar; Mata, Conquests, p. 150. For Leake, see Hattendorf, John B., ‘Leake, Sir John (1656-1720)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, September 2004 Google Scholar; online edn, January 2008 <http://www.oxforddnb.com.libproxy.york.ac.uk/view/article/16238> [accessed 25 August 2009]. For Stanhope, see Hanham, A. A., ‘Stanhope, James, First Earl Stanhope (1673-1721)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, September 2004 Google Scholar; online edn, May 2006 <http://www.oxforddnb.com.libproxy.york.ac.uk/view/article/26248> [accessed 25 August 2009].

29 Rodger, Naval History, pp. 172-73; Maite de Medrano de Olives, ‘Un Pionere Hospital Naval Ingles en Menorca’, in El Hospital, pp. 94-95.

30 Mata, Conquests, pp. 129-30.

31 Ibid., pp. 135-40.

32 Mata calls them ‘redeemers’ (ibid., p. 158).

33 NA, WO 78-1017-34. ‘Plan of the Subterraneous Works at St. Philip’s Castle, Minorca’ by Thomas Sowers, for the Board of Ordnance, 1734. Mata, Conquests, p. 158. For a detailed description of the completed fortress in 1756, see Villalonga, Francisco Fornals, Las Defensas Subterreneas del Castillo de San Felipe del Puerto de Mahón (Mahon, 2006).Google Scholar

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35 Mitter, ‘Port Cities’, pp. 102-07.

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37 Armstrong, History, pp. 19-20.

38 NA, MPD1/93 001, Plan and Elevation of the Hospital of the Isla del Rey.

39 Juan Quetglas Moll and Patrocino Moratinos Palomero, ‘El Hospital Militar de la “Isla del Rey” en Mahón’, in El Hospital, p. 74: ‘El Hospital construido entre 1771 y 1776 tenía dos plantas y conservaba su forma de “U”, rodeando un jardín, situado en la zona mas elevada de la Isla, orientado hacia Levante’.

40 Coad, Navy, p. 144. The hospital on the Isla del Rey is presently being painstakingly restored, but another island in the harbour contains a slightly later, and more ambitious quarantine hospital that employs the same architectural features. For the latter, see Ponce, José L. Terrón, El Lazareto en el Puerto de Mahón (Mahón, 2003).Google Scholar

41 BL, KT0p.74.39b, ‘South View of the Navy Hospital in Minorca’ by H. Herbert, 1726.

42 NA, ADM 140/1321.

43 Coad, Navy, p. 145.

44 NA, MPD1/93 001, Plan and Elevation of the Hospital of the Isla del Rey.

45 Buchanan, ‘Naval Hospitals’, p. 223: ‘The hospital was a single-storey ranging three hundred and ten feet in length. It was simply embellished, faced with ashlar and punctuated by small windows. Minorcan influence was present in the centre of the main range where a chapel was crowned by an impressive domed bell tower. This was flanked on each side by five vaulted wards. The wards were linked by a colonnaded walk along the south-east front which opened out into a vestibule in front of the chapel and at the north end led to a kitchen. The design, and the choice of materials were adapted to the climate, with pale stone and small windows keeping the internal spaces cool’.

46 Buchanan, ‘Naval Hospitals’ cites NA, ADM 140/1312, published here as Fig. 4.

47 Armstrong, John, The History of the Island of Minorca (London, 1752).Google Scholar

48 Ibid., pp. 16-17.

49 Coad, Navy, p. 142; ODNB, ‘Leake’.

50 Rodger, Naval History, p. 173.

51 Coad, Navy, p. 143; Olives, ‘Hospital Naval’, p. 95: ‘Ahora ya, tanto franceses como ingleses, tenian puestos los ojos en la balear menor y su fabuloso Puerto’.

52 Mitter, ‘Port Cities’, p. 107.

53 Cited by Coad, Navy, p. 143.

54 Coad, Navy, p. 143; Olives, ‘Hospital Naval’, p. 95: ‘Las primeras y ya urgentes para la Navy acciones, supusieron buscar y alquilar acomodaciones para algunos enfermos, parecer ser que en un convent de cuidad de Mahón’.

55 NA, WO 78/312 Minorca, ‘A Draft of Port Mahon with ye Castle of St Phillips and all ye new works projected’.

56 Mitter, ‘Port Cities’, pp. 110-11.

57 Stevenson, ‘Palace’, p. 230.

58 Stevenson, Magnificence, especially ch. 8 (pp. 172-94) on island hospitals.

59 Stevenson, ‘Palace’, p. 233.

60 Stevenson, Magnificence, p. 172.

61 NA, WO 78/1017/34.

62 Mata, Conquests, p. 158.

63 Francisco Hernández Sanz, Compedio de geografia e hisotria de la isla de Menorca (Mahon, 1908) cited in translation in Mata, Conquests, p. 174.

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65 Coad, Navy, p. 143.

66 Ibid., p. 144; Olives, ‘Hospital Naval’, p. 92.

67 Armstrong, History, p. 20.

68 Coad, Navy, p. 144.

69 Moll and Palomero, ‘El Hospital Militar’, p. 70.

70 Armstrong, History, p. 8.

71 Tomlinson, ‘Navy’, pp. 19-39; and his ‘King’s Forts’, p. 14; Barker, ‘Board of Ordnance’, p. 200.

72 Stevenson, Magnificence, p. 185.

73 NA, Secretaries of State: State Naval Papers SP 42/68 Correspondence # 87. Letter from Admiral Sir John Jennings to Rt. Hon. Earl of Dartmouth, 30 June 1712. The Earl of Dartmouth was another of the Commissioners for Building Fifty New Churches.

74 Pierce Griffith, according to Olives, ‘Hospital Naval’, p. 96.

75 Tomlinson, ‘Navy’, pp. 19-39.

76 Mata, ‘Menorca Británica’, p. 36: ‘El almirante Jennings aportó de su pecunio particular las primeras libras para su construcción, en 1711, cuyo reembolso reclamó en 1714, siéndole mas tarde pagadas 468.3.6 libras. A pesar de su oportuna generosidad, la primera obra resultó de tan pobre calidad que pronto amenazó ruina’.

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79 For a recent study of Florentine hospitals, see Henderson, John, The Renaissance Hospital: Healing the Body and Healing the Soul (London, 2006).Google ScholarPubMed

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84 Stevenson, Magnificence, p. 32; William Robinson’s Kilmainham, near Dublin (commenced 1680), had rooms fronted by a ground-level arcade, but in that case the rooms contained only two two-man beds.

85 Mata, ‘Menorca Británica’, p. 38.

86 George Cleghorn recorded the range of temperature on the island between 1744 and 1749. During the winter months the mean (in Fahrenheit) was merely 51 degrees, while in the summer months the temperature regularly rose to the mid-8os in the shade and over 100 in the full sun.

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94 For Hawksmoor’s role in the Commission for Building Fifty New Churches, see Hart, Hawksmoor, chs 6 and 7, and du Prey, ‘Basilica’, pp. 38-52; For his role with the Board of Ordnance, see Hewlings, ‘Police’.

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98 The floor has been removed to display in the Museu de Mahón. See also Maria Luisa Serra, ‘La Basilica Cristiana de la Isla del Rey’, in El Hospital, pp. 45-51.

99 Armstrong, History, p. 8.

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112 Hart, Hawksmoor, pp. 120-21.

113 Gaius Plinius Secundus (Pliny the Elder), Natural History, Book III, ch. XI, available at <http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3Dn>.

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116 Armstrong, History, p. 11.

117 Ibid., p. 12.

118 Ibid., p. 10.

119 See Buchanan, ‘Naval Hospitals’, n. 8, which cites NA T1/151; 12 August 1712.

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131 Hewlings, ‘Police’, p. 217.

132 Ibid., p. 216.

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134 NA, ADM 140/1321.

135 Armstrong, History, pp. 19-20.

136 Mata, ‘Menorca Británica’, p. 39: ‘Un presupuesto de 800 piezas de a ocho pagaderas en tres plazos, en document firmado el 4 de agosto de 1715, el contratista se comprometía a terminar las reparaciones antes del mes de octubre, con la garantía de un año, como era costumbre en la isla. En el precio fijado no quedeban incluidos ni el transporte del material ni la traida de agua o el ahondar del pozo […] En cambio el almirante, of reció aportar marineros, para la pronto realización de la restauración del hospital’.

137 Coad, Navy, p. 145.

138 Armstrong, History, pp. 19-20.

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143 Hawksmoor, Greenwich, p. 6.

144 Ibid., p. 23.

145 Hart, Hawksmoor, pp. 162-63.

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151 Ibid., p. 158.

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159 For the development of the city of Mahon, see Mata, Conquests, p. 162.

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164 Mitter, ‘Port Cities’, pp. 95-114.

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168 Alfonso García-Gallo, on <http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/es-ct_ar.html#cat>

169 Tomás Vidal Bendito, ‘L’Hospital Naval Britànic de L’Illa del Rey: Un Símbol’, in El Hospital, p. 198.

170 Vidal, ‘Símbol’, p. 197.

171 Hart, Hawksmoor, fig. 326. It is held by the RIBA in London.

172 Montegriffo, C., ‘History of Medicine in Gibraltar’, The British Medical Journal, 2.6136 (19 August 1978), pp. 552–55 (p. 553)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; for more detailed descriptions of these hospitals, see Stevenson, Magnificence, p. 174.

173 Parissien, S. P., ‘Jacobsen, Theodore (d. 1772)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, September 2004 Google Scholar; online edn, October 2008 <http://www.oxforddnb.com.libproxy.york.ac.uk/view/article/14577> [accessed 30 April 2010].

174 Taylor, James Stephen, ‘Coram, Thomas (c.1668-1751)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, September 2004 Google Scholar; online edn, October 2006 <http://www.oxforddnb.com.libproxy.york.ac.uk/view/article/6282> [accessed 30 April 2010].

175 ODNB, ‘Coram’.

176 Stevenson, ‘Palace’, p. 229; also her Magnificence, pp. 176-85; Coad, Navy, p. 149.

177 Stevenson, Magnificence, p. 184.

178 Stevenson, ‘Palace’, p. 235.

179 ODNB, ‘Cleghorn’.

180 Baugh, Daniel, British Naval Administration in the Age of Walpole (Princeton, NJ, 1965), pp. 217–18 Google Scholar, cited in Stevenson, ‘Palace’, p. 234.

181 ODNB,’Cleghorn’.

182 MacArthur, William, ‘A Brief Story of English Malaria’, British Medical Bulletin, 8.1 (1951), pp. 76–79 (p. 76).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

183 Cleghorn, George, Observations on the Epidemical Diseases in Minorca from the Year 174.4 10 1-749 (London, 1751), pp. 216–17.Google Scholar

184 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 66 (1776), pp. 439-46.

185 Ibid., p. 444.

186 See El Hospital, p. 99, fig. 29.