1 Barbara Harvey and Louise Johnson, ‘Obituary: Dame Janet Vaughan’, The Independent, 12 January 1993, online at www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-dame-janet-vaughan-1478124.html (accessed on 7 April 2014): ‘in most of the changes occurring in Somerville during the previous 22 years, and all the really important ones, Vaughan had been the prime mover’.

2 Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Eng.c.5642, C. 178, Notes of a talk given by Dorothy Hodgkin on the retirement of Janet Vaughan, 1967.

3 Pevsner, Nikolaus and Sherwood, Jennifer, The Buildings of England: Oxfordshire (Harmondsworth, 1974), p. 252.Google Scholar

4 Arup Associates’ work was surveyed in Brawne's, Michael Arup Associates: the Biography of an Architectural Practice (London, 1983)Google Scholar. Hyslop, meanwhile, has been almost entirely overlooked by historians, though see Ray, Nicholas, ‘Cambridge Composition’, Architectural Research Quarterly, 6.1 (Spring 2002), pp. 33–48.Google Scholar

5 The college's archive preserves key committee papers, correspondence and drawings. Arup Associates also has an extensive archive, but the papers relating to the Somerville projects are related to construction and date from 1962 and afterwards (Information from Kate Harper, Arup Associates’ archivist, February 2014).

6 Dowson, Philip, ‘A Room of One's Own’, Architectural Design, 38 (1968), pp. 164–72 (p. 164).Google Scholar

7 Dowson, , ‘A Room of One's Own’, p. 164.Google Scholar

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9 Campbell, Louise, ‘Building on the Backs: Basil Spence, Queens' College, Cambridge, and University Architecture at Mid-Century’, Architectural History, 54 (2011), pp. 383–407 Google Scholar (p. 383 for student numbers and policy). The key document was the ‘Barlow Report’, i.e. the Report on Scientific Manpower (Cmd. 6824) (London, 1946).Google Scholar

10 Oxford, Somerville College archives [hereafter ‘SCA’], Minutes of Council, 1 June 1948; Thomas, Keith, ‘College Life, 1945–70’, in The History of the University of Oxford, VII, The Twentieth Century, ed. Harrison, Brian (Oxford, 1994), pp. 189–216 (p. 192).Google Scholar

11 SCA, Minutes of Council, 12 June 1946; Howarth, Janet, ‘Women’, in The History of the University of Oxford, VII, The Twentieth Century, ed. Harrison, Brian (Oxford, 1994), pp. 346–75 (p. 355)Google Scholar. The quota was removed in 1956: see Adams, Pauline, Somerville for Women: an Oxford College, 1879–1993 (Oxford, 1996), p. 272.Google Scholar

12 E.g. Richards, J.M., ‘Recent Building in Oxford and Cambridge’, Architectural Review, 112.668 (June 1952), pp. 73–79 Google Scholar; Brett, Lionel, ‘Universities Today’, Architectural Review, 122.729 (October 1957), pp. 240–51Google Scholar. See also Editorial, ‘British Universities, 2’, Architects' Journal, 127.3281 (9 January 1958), p. 37 Google ScholarPubMed. One might note that stylistically conservative buildings could be innovative in other ways: the novel ‘plastic theory’ structure of Easton and Robertson's Engineering Department at Cambridge (1952), for example.

13 Powers, Alan, ‘Conservative Attitudes: Walter Gropius in Cambridge and Maxwell Fry in Oxford’, Twentieth Century Architecture, 11 (2013), pp. 66–81 Google Scholar; Colvin, Howard, Unbuilt Oxford (New Haven and London, 1983), p. 161.Google Scholar

14 Tyack, Geoffrey, Modern Architecture in an Oxford College: St John's College, 194.5–2005 (Oxford, 2005), pp. 22–27.Google Scholar

15 Fair, Alistair, ‘The Ideal Campus: the Sidgwick Site, Cambridge’, Twentieth Century Architecture, 11 (2013), pp. 102–21.Google Scholar

16 Campbell, ‘Building on the Backs’, pp. 383–405.Google ScholarPubMed

17 Whyte, William, ‘The Modernist Moment at the University of Leeds’, Historical Journal, 51.1 (2006), pp. 169–93 (p. 176).Google Scholar

18 Campbell, ‘Building on the Backs’, p. 385 and n. 16.Google ScholarPubMed

19 Goldie, Mark, Corbusier Comes to Cambridge: Post-War Architecture and the Competition to Build Churchill College (Cambridge, 2007).Google Scholar

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21 Campbell, ‘Building on the Backs’, p. 387.Google ScholarPubMed

22 The principal history of the college is Adams, Somerville for Women.

23 Ibid., p. 182; SCA, folder of correspondence with University College, November 1947-May 1953; Council minutes, 17 February 1954; Paper, n.d., ‘Long term future development of the College’, filed with Informal Council minutes; Paper, ‘College development plans’, January 1953, filed with minutes of Informal Council; minutes of Informal Council, 16 January 1951 and 20 January 1953.

24 SCA, Building Programme file, letters from Geddes Hyslop to Janet Vaughan, 14 May 1947 and 23 June 1947. For the other architects considered, see correspondence of December 1947 to Thomas Worthington, J. Birkett and Thomas Rayson, filed in a box marked ‘Hostel’. See also correspondence with Frederick Gibberd of 2 and 3 February 1948, in the same ‘Hostel’ box. Gibberd was working elsewhere in the university at this time: Oxford University Drama Commission, Report of the Oxford University Drama Commission (Oxford, 1948).

25 SCA, Hostel box, letter of 12 March 1948 to Thomas Rayson.

26 Hyslop's appointment at King's owed much to his Bloomsbury connections, not least his friendship with King's Fellow George ‘Dadie’ Rylands, who was a member of the Building Committee. See Cambridge, King's College Archive, KCGB/5/1/4/15, minute of 12 October 1946 for the committee membership; also, in the same archive, GHWR/5/246, a photograph showing Hyslop, Rylands, Mortimer, Eardley Knolleys, Janet Bacon, Edward Bates, Anne Barnes, on a Hellenic cruise, 1928. His pre-war practice had concerned large houses in the country, and presumably his move into education reflected the lack of such work in the post-war years.

27 SCA, Council minutes, 15 February 1956 and 23 May 1956; London, RIBA Drawings and Archives Collections, RIBA/HyG, Box 14, invoice of 19 November 1956, which relates to ‘proposed building Little College Street [sic], Principal's House, Sanatorium. Fee for professional services rendered, preparation of sketch designs and approximate estimate of cost £125'.

28 SCA, Paper, ‘Long Term future development of the college’ [c. 1952].

29 Adams, , Somerville for Women, p. 271 Google Scholar. See also Thomas, , ‘College Life’, pp. 210–11.Google Scholar

30 SCA, minutes of Informal Council, 13 June 1956.

31 SCA, minutes of Informal Council, 13 June 1956 and 17 October 1956.

32 SCA, minutes of Informal Council, 24 October 1956.

33 Adams, , Somerville for Women, p. 273.Google Scholar

34 SCA, minutes of Informal Council, 4 December 1957.

35 SCA, minutes of Informal Council, 15 February 1956.

36 SCA, minutes of Informal Council, 7 March 1956.

37 SCA, minutes of an ‘Extraordinary meeting of Informal Council', 14 May 1958.

38 Oxford University Design Society, New Oxford: a Guide to the Modern City (Oxford, 1962), n.p.Google Scholar

39 Ibid., n.p.

40 That women have often been particularly innovative in their architectural patronage and interests is evident from Friedman's, Alice T. Women and the Making of the Modern House (New Haven and London, 2007).Google Scholar

41 SCA, uncat., memo by Mary Proudfoot, 18 June 1958.

42 Philip Dowson, interviewed by author on 5 September 2011; Tim Sturgis [Arup Associates’ project architect], interviewed by author on 26 October 2011.

43 Brawne, , Arup Associates, pp. 36–39,167–69.Google Scholar

44 See n. 8 above.

45 SCA, Hostel box, letter to Thomas Rayson, 12 March 1948.

46 SCA, Library/Holtby box, letter from the College Treasurer to Hyslop, 9 July 1951, and notes on the design by Hyslop of 15 October 1951. The scheme was also made possible by a 1952 bequest: see Adams, , Somerville for Women, p. 272.Google Scholar

47 London, RIBA Drawings and Archives Collections, PA972 / 2 / 5 and 972/2/6, drawings by Hyslop of Hostel building, 1948–49.

48 SCA, Hostel box, letter from E. Evans to Hyslop, 22 July 1948.

49 SCA, Hostel box, memo of 1 November 1950.

50 Barbara Harvey, pers. comm., 21 August 2011.

51 See, e.g., Booth, Philip and Taylor, Nicholas, Cambridge New Architecture (London, 1970), p. 160.Google Scholar

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54 SCA, folder marked ‘Building Fund’, letter from Vaughanto, Janet James, D.G., Southampton University, 8 August 1955.Google Scholar

55 Adams, , Somerville for Women, p. 260.Google Scholar

56 Jane Hands, interviewed by author on 5 August 2011.

57 Oxford English Dictionary, online at http:/ /www.oed.com/search?searchType=dictionary&q=upmarket (accessed on 27 January 2014).

58 Barbara Harvey, pers. comm., 21 August 2011.

59 SCA, memo by Mary Proudfoot, 18 June 1958.

60 SCA, Council minutes, 12 March 1958, and papers circulated to Council of the same date.

61 See e.g. ‘Hampden Secondary School’, Architectural Design, 21.9 (September 1951), pp. 265–75.Google Scholar

62 SCA, Council minutes, 12 March 1958, and papers circulated to Council of the same date. Other projects for which Powell and Moya also declined to be considered included: in Oxford, St Anne's College; in Cambridge, Corpus Christi's Leckhampton graduate development at Cambridge, Robinson College, and the History Faculty.

63 SCA, Council minutes, 12 March 1958, and papers circulated to Council of the same date.

64 SCA, minutes of an ‘Extraordinary meeting of Informal Council', 14 May 1958.

65 Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS.Eng.c.5581, A.189 and A.191, documents relating to Hodgkin's trip to Spain.

66 Harvey, pers. comm.; Hands, interviewed by author; Dowson, interviewed by author.

67 Hands, interviewed by author.

68 Dowson, interviewed by author; Hands, interviewed by author.

69 Harvey and Johnson, ‘Obituary: Dame Janet Vaughan’.

70 Dowson, interviewed by author.

71 SCA, ‘Ove Arup’ blue folder, 3 November 1958.

72 SCA, folder of Building Committee minutes within box marked ‘Building Programme 1947–69’, notes of meeting with Dowson, Vaughan, Treasurer, February 1959.

73 SCA, folder of Building Committee minutes within box marked ‘Building Programme 1947–69’, meeting of 28 April 1959.

74 Dowson, , ‘A Room of One's Own’, p. 172 Google Scholar; Dowson, interviewed by author.

75 SCA, copy of Arup Report, 26 May 1959.

76 ‘Extension to Somerville College, Oxford’, Architects' Journal, 130.3369 (12 November 1959), pp. 495–96.Google Scholar

77 SCA, minutes of Council, 27 May 1959.

78 SCA, minutes of Informal Council, 28 February 1961 and 20 April 1961.

79 SCA, box marked ‘Little Clarendon Street Stages I, II’, memorandum by Janet Vaughan, 12 November 1963.

80 SCA, box marked ‘Little Clarendon Street Stages I, II’, letter from Tim Sturgis to Janet Vaughan, 13 November 1963.

81 SCA, Ordinary Council / Governing Body minute book, 22 January 1964.

82 Adams, , Somerville for Women, p. 274 Google Scholar; Dowson, , ‘A Room of One's Own’, p. 172.Google Scholar

83 Geoffrey Tyack, , Oxford: an Architectural Guide (Oxford, 1998), p. 318.Google Scholar

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85 Dowson, interviewed by author.

86 Dowson, Philip, ‘Architects' Approach to Architecture’, RIBA journal, 73.3 (March 1966), pp. 105–15 (p. 109).Google Scholar

87 Brawne, , Arup Associates, p. 14.Google Scholar

88 This design is illustrated in Smithson, Alison and Smithson, Peter, The Shift (London, 1982), p. 97.Google Scholar

89 For the Cambridge New Museums Site by Arup Associates, see Calder, Barnabas, ‘Representing Science: the Architecture of the New Museums Site, Cambridge, 1952–71’, Twentieth-Century Architecture, 11 (2013), pp. 166–79.Google Scholar

90 In 2013, the building was remodelled by Niall McLaughlin Architects. A single-storey extension was added on the garden side and the fenestration of the west side of the ground floor was altered.

91 Dowson, , ‘A Room of One's Own’, p. 166.Google Scholar

92 For a critical view of New College's Sacher Building, which presented an unbroken wall to Longwall Street, see Crook, Joe Mordaunt, The Dilemma of Style: Architectural Ideas from the Picturesque to Postmodernism (London, 1989), p. 265 Google Scholar, which memorably suggested that the architect, David Roberts, was ‘blinded by non-visual dogma’.

93 John Partridge, interviewed by author, 29 July 2011.

94 Dowson, interviewed by author; Dowson, , ‘A Room of One's Own’, p. 164.Google Scholar

95 Brawne, , Arup Associates, p. 65 Google Scholar; Summerson, John, ‘Heavenly Mansions: an Interpretation of Gothic’, in Heavenly Mansions and Other Essays on Architecture (London, 1949), pp. 1–29.Google Scholar

96 Stevenson, Christine, Medicine and Magnificence: British Hospital and Asylum Architecture 1615–1815 (New Haven and London, 2002), pp. 34–35.Google Scholar

97 Ibid., pp. 55–56.

98 Proctor, Robert, ‘Social Structures: Gillespie, Kidd & Coia's Halls of Residence at the University of Hull’, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 67.1 (March 2008), pp. 106–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

99 Proctor, Robert, ‘Churches for a Changing Liturgy: Gillespie Kidd and Coia and the Second Vatican Council’, Architectural History, 45 (2005), pp. 291–322 (p. 293).Google Scholar

100 Gelson, Hilary, ‘Living in College’, The Times, 20 March 1969 Google Scholar; McKean, John, ‘Do University Students Need Special Housing’, RIBA Journal, 82.10 (October 1975), pp. 9–20.Google Scholar

101 E.g. the University of Lancaster: Muthesius, Stefan, The Post-War University: Utopianist Campus and College (New Haven and London, 2000).Google Scholar

102 Le Corbusier quoted by Muthesius, , Post-War University, p. 89 Google Scholar; also see Brett, Lionel, ‘Universities Today’, Architectural Review, 122.729 (October 1957), pp. 241–52 (p. 242).Google Scholar

103 Bullock, Nicholas, Building the Post-War World: Modern Architecture and Reconstruction in Britain (London, 2002), pp. 160–64Google Scholar. The idea had various roots, including inter-war North America and Ferdinand Tönnies' 'Community and Civil Society'; see, e.g., Higgott, Andrew, Mediating Modernisms: Architectural Cultures in Britain (London, 2007), p. 58.Google Scholar

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106 SCA, minutes of Informal Council, 12 November 1958.

107 SCA, minutes of Building Committee, 28 April 1959.

108 SCA, minutes of Building Committee, 20 February 1964.

109 SCA, minutes of Building Committee, 25 February 1963.

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111 Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Eng.c.5642, C. 178, notes of a talk given by Dorothy Hodgkin on the retirement of Janet Vaughan, 1967.

112 SCA, ‘Somerville College Report, 1964', pp. 26–27: the MCR President reported that the building was ‘unique in that there are no rules’.

113 Adams, , Somerville for Women, pp. 313–14.Google Scholar

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117 SCA, Janet Vaughan, ‘Jogging Along — Or, a Doctor Looks Back’, unpublished MS, n.p.: ‘women who in the future would be important to the good government of so many countries’.

118 Harvey and Johnson, ‘Obituary: Dame Janet Vaughan’.

119 For a useful summary, see Jenkins, Richard, Pierre Bourdieu (Abingdon, 2002), pp. 138–39.Google Scholar

120 Bourdieu, Pierre, Distinction: a Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste, trans. Nice, Richard (London, 2010), p. xxiv.Google Scholar

121 Ibid., p. 17.

122 Muthesius, , Post-War University, p. 76.Google Scholar

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124 McKean, John, ‘Do University Students Need Special Housing?’, RIBA Journal, 82.10 (October 1975), pp. 9–20.Google Scholar

125 ‘The Universities Build’, Architectural Review, 134.800 (October 1963), pp. 231–32.

126 Harvey and Johnson note in ‘Obituary: Dame Janet Vaughan’ that she spent the greater part of each day 100 in the laboratory, invariably responding to reports that she had missed callers to her college office with the question, ‘do they think I sit there knitting?’.

127 Ibid.

128 SCA, minutes of Building Committee, 27 January 1959.

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132 Allan, John, Berthold Lubetkin: Architecture and the Tradition of Progress(London, 1992), p. 490.Google Scholar

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135 See, e.g., Summerson, John, ‘The Mischievous Analogy’, in Heavenly Mansions and Other Essays on Architecture (London, 1949), pp. 195–218 (pp. 202-03)Google Scholar. The key texts include Sert, Josep Lluís, Léger, Fernand and Giedion, Sigfried, ‘Nine Points on Monumentality’, in Architecture, You and Me: the Diary of a Development, ed. Giedion, Sigfried (Cambridge, MA, 1958), pp. 48–51 Google Scholar. For the impact on public buildings, see Fair, Alistair, ‘“A New Image of the Living Theatre”: the Genesis and Design of the Belgrade Theatre, Coventry, 1948–58’, Architectural History, 54 (2011), pp. 347–82 (pp. 372–76)Google Scholar; also Holland, Jessica and Jackson, Iain, ‘A Monument to Humanism: Pilkington Brothers' Headquarters (1955–65) by Fry, Drew and Partners’, Architectural History, 56 (2013), pp. 343–86.Google Scholar

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137 Proctor, , ‘Social Structures’, p. 120 Google Scholar. Metzstein's architectural partner, Andy MacMillan, was more willing to admit to Team X influence.

138 Brawne, Michael, ‘Approaches to Student Living’, Architectural Review, 134.800 (October 1963), pp. 289–98 (p. 293).Google Scholar

139 Dowson, , ‘A Room of One's Own’, p. 164.Google Scholar

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142 ‘Graduate Building: Somerville College, Oxford’, Architectural Review, 137.816 (February 1965), pp. 111–13 (p. 112)Google Scholar.

143 ‘Proposed Extension to St Hilda's College, Oxford University’, Architectural Design, 38 (October 1968), pp. 479–80 (p. 480)Google Scholar.

144 Smithson, and Smithson, , The Shift, pp. 73, 67.Google Scholar

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149 Heynen, Hilde, ‘Modernity and Domesticity: Tensions and Contradictions’, in Negotiating Domesticity: Spatial Productions of Gender in Modern Architecture, ed. Heynen, Hilde and Baydar, Gülsüm (London, 2005), pp. 1–20 (p. 10).Google Scholar

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158 See, e.g., Clive Fenton's discussion of the Ravelston Garden (‘Jenners’) flats in Edinburgh of 1936: ‘There is, however, avoidance of such embellishments as machine age motifs, attenuated classical derivations, or the geometric decorations that architects used to interest a fashionable “smart” clientele.’ Fenton, Clive B., ‘ Appleton's Architects: Building the University of Edinburgh’ (doctoral thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2002), p. 102.Google Scholar

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171 SCA, Council minutes, 15 November 1961.

172 Colvin, Howard, Unbuilt Oxford (New Haven and London, 1983), pp. 166–77Google Scholar. His lack of enthusiasm for contemporary design stretched also to the cars produced by his company, Morris Motors; he likened Alec Issigonis' design for the Morris Minor of 1948 to a ‘poached egg’. See Skilleter, Paul, Morris Minor: the World's Supreme Small Car (London, 1981), p. 41.Google Scholar

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174 SCA, Vaughan, ‘Jogging Along’, n.p.

175 Pevsner, and Sherwood, , Oxfordshire, p. 252.Google Scholar

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