1 ‘A New College for Cambridge: Design for Robinson College. Architects: Gillespie Kidd & Coia’, Building, 48 (29 November 1974), pp. 55–58.Google Scholar

2 Stamp, Gavin, ‘The Myth of Gillespie Kidd and Coia’, Architectural Heritage, 11 (2000), pp. 67–79 (p. 78).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

3 For general guides, see Ray, Nicholas, Cambridge Architecture: a Concise Guide (Cambridge, 1994)Google Scholar, and Rawle, Tim, Cambridge (London, 2005)Google Scholar; Brooke, Christopher, A History of the University of Cambridge, 4 vols (Cambridge, 2004), iv Google Scholar. For specific projects, see, for example, Goldie, Mark, Le Corbusier Comes to Cambridge: Post-War Architecture and the Competition to Build Churchill College (Cambridge, 2007)Google Scholar, and (on New Hall) Harwood, Elain, Chamberlin Powell and Bon (London, 2011), pp. 57–64.Google Scholar

4 Proctor, Robert, ‘The Architect’s Intention: Interpreting Post-War Modernism through the Architect Interview’, Journal of Design History, 19.4 (2006), pp. 295–307 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Stamp, , ‘Myth of Gillespie Kidd and Coia’, p. 76.Google Scholar

5 Stamp, , ‘Myth of Gillespie Kidd and Coia’, p. 76.Google Scholar

6 Games, Stephen, ‘The House that Robinson Builf’, Guardian, 8 December 1980, p. 11 Google Scholar; Davey, Peter, ‘Cambridge Castle, Robinson College, Cambridge’, Architectural Review, 170 (1981), pp. 81–86 Google Scholar; Ham, Roderick, ‘Building Study: Robinson College, Cambridge’, Architects’ Journal, 174 (5 August 1981), pp. 241–61.Google Scholar

7 Glendinning, Miles, Maclnnes, Ranald and MacKechnie, Aonghus, History of Scottish Architecture (Edinburgh, 1996), p. 485 Google Scholar, and Moore, Rowan, ‘Cambridge’s Tarnished New Jerusalem’, Blueprint, 29 (July/August 1986), p. 38.Google Scholar

8 Proctor, ‘Architect’s Intention’, p. 303.Google Scholar

9 See Gillespie, Kidd & Coia: Architecture 1956–1987, ed. Rodger, Johnny (Glasgow, 2001)Google Scholar, and Proctor, Robert, ‘Churches for a Changing Liturgy: Gillespie, Kidd and Coia and the Second Vatican Council’, Architectural History, 48 (2005), pp. 291–322 (p. 291).Google Scholar

10 See Muthesius, Stefan, The Post-War University, Utopianist Campus and College (New Haven and London, 2000), pp. 59–176.Google Scholar

11 Stamp, , ‘Myth of Gillespie Kidd and Coia’, p. 72.Google Scholar

12 Curtis, William, Modern Architecture since 1900 (London, 1996), p. 13.Google Scholar

13 See, for example, the heated meeting of the Senate on 11 February 1974, reported in Cambridge University Reporter, 104 (13 March 1974).

14 The trustees of the new Foundation were Professor J. W. Linnett (Master of Sydney Sussex, and, at the time, Vice Chancellor), J. R. Bambrough (St John’s), Professor C. O. Brink (Gonville and Caius), Professor W. O. Chadwick (Master of Selwyn), T. C. Gardner (University Treasurer), J. Horwood Smart, Miss A. R. (later Dame Rosemary) Murray (President of New Hall), Dr N. J. T. M. Needham (then Master of Gonville and Caius), Mr F. W. W. (later Sir Francis) Pemberton and Lord Todd (then Master of Christ’s). Needham excused himself from the architectural side in a letter dated 6 November 1974, saying, ‘I have no particular views on the planning of Robinson College, and no special interest in modern Western architecture, so I should be of almost no use to the other Trustees’ (Cambridge, Robinson College Archives, Linnett Papers 2.5).

15 Pooley had been County Architect for Buckinghamshire since 1954. See The Times, 8 May 1973, p. 4.

16 J. M. Richards, ‘Howell, William Gough (1922–1974)’, rev. Catherine Gordon, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, at http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31256 (accessed on 10 April 2012).

17 Author’s interview with Andy MacMillan, 18 February 2012.

18 Glasgow, Glasgow School of Art Archives (hereafter ‘GSA’), GKC/COCAM/1/2, letter to Gillespie, Kidd and Coia, 23 May 1974.

19 Ibid.

20 See Steward, W. A. C., Higher Education in Post-War Britain (Basingstoke, 1989)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Muthesius, Post-War University, passim.

21 Girouard, Mark, Big Jim: the Life and Work of James Stirling (London, 1998), pp. 103–04.Google Scholar

22 Taylor, Nicholas and Booth, Philip, Cambridge New Architecture (Cambridge, 1970), p. 8.Google Scholar

23 Pevsner, Nikolaus, foreword to Cambridge New Architecture, p. 5.Google Scholar

24 Campbell, Louise, ‘Building on the Backs: Basil Spence, Queens’ College Cambridge and University Architecture at Mid-Century’, Architectural History, 54 (2011), pp. 383–405.Google Scholar

25 See Plommer, Hugh, The Line of Duty (Cambridge, 1982).Google Scholar

26 Whyte, William, ‘The Modernist Moment at the University of Leeds’, Historical Journal, 51.1 (2008), pp. 169–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

27 See, for example, Booker, Christopher, The Neophiliacs: Revolution in English Life in the Fifties and Sixties (London, 1969).Google Scholar

28 Powers, Alan, Britain: Modern Architectures in History (London, 2007), p. 164.Google Scholar

29 Muthesius, , Post-War University, pp. 174–81.Google Scholar

30 Annan, Lord, Report on the Disturbances in the University of Essex (Colchester, 1974), p. 32.Google Scholar

31 Muthesius, , Post-War University, p. 186.Google Scholar

32 Cambridge, Robinson College Archives (hereafter ‘RCA’), 2.5b. Letter from Edmund Leach to Gwyneth Lipstein, 2 April 1974, relating to an article in the Cambridge Evening News on 18 March 1974.

33 See Cowling, Maurice, Mill and Liberalism (Cambridge, 1990), pp. xxiix–xxix.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

34 Cambridge Review, 95 (October 1973), frontispiece.

35 ‘Comment’, Cambridge Review, 94 (February 1973), p. 97.Google Scholar

36 Pecksniff, Seth, ‘Pecksniff’s Perambulations: a Tour of Modern Buildings in Cambridge’, Cambridge Review, 94 (May 1974), pp. 124–26Google Scholar. Professor Hugh Brogan informs me that he and John Harris wrote the article.

37 Stamp, Gavin, ‘Stirling’s Worth: The History Faculty Building’, Cambridge Review, 99 (30 January 1976), pp. 77–82.Google Scholar

38 Scruton, Roger, ‘The Architecture of Stalinism’, Cambridge Review, 99 (26 November 1976), pp. 36–41 (p. 38)Google Scholar. Members of the Department of Architecture replied that ‘the tone of the piece was intemperate and abusive in the extreme […]’ in the Review on 25 February 1977, p. 106.

39 Watkin, David, ‘Architecture and Morality I’, Cambridge Review, 97 (24 August 1975), pp. 8–12.Google Scholar

40 See Watkin, David, Morality and Architecture Revisited (London, 2001), p. 3.Google Scholar

41 GSA, GKC/COCAM/1/2, brief to competitors, 23 May 1974.

42 Goldie, , Le Corbusier Comes to Cambridge, p. 8 Google Scholar; Campbell, , ‘Building on the Backs’, pp. 398–99.Google Scholar

43 Robinson College Archives, Cambridge, Linnett Papers 2.4, summary of meeting with Alan Bullock on 27 December (1974?).

44 RCA, Gardner papers, 2.7, letter to Gardner, 2 February 1974. Petition signed by fifteen people, including members of the Department of Architecture such as Nicholas Bullock, Bill Howell and Lionel March.

45 Brooke, History, rv, p. 582.

46 GSA, GKC/COCAM/1/2, brief to competitors, 23 May 1974.

47 ‘Hellman’, Architects’ Journal, 48 (31 July 1974), p. 262.Google Scholar

48 GSA, GKC/COCAM/1/2, ‘University of Cambridge, Robertson [sic] College’, GKC’s early proposal, 29 June 1974.

49 Ibid.

50 Ibid.

51 RCA, Linnett Papers 2.4.4, note by Linnett on Powell and Moya’s initial proposal.

52 RCA, Linnett Papers 2.4.1, Leslie Martin’s initial proposal.

53 RCA, Linnett Papers 2.4.6, Casson Condor and Partner’s initial proposal.

54 RCA, Linnett Papers 2.4.6, note by Linnett.

55 RCA, Linnett Papers 2.4.9, Eric Lyons, Cunningham and Partner’s initial proposal, with note by Linnett.

56 RCA, Linnett Papers 2.4.2, Terry Farrell/Nicholas Grimshaw’s initial proposal.

57 RCA, Linnett Papers 2.4.7, MacCormac Jamieson Architect’s initial proposal.

58 RCA, Linnett Papers 2.4.8, HT Cadbury-Brown initial proposal.

59 ‘The Rich Get Richer: Choosing the Architects for a New College’, Architects’ Journal, 160 (17 July 1974), p. 180.Google Scholar

60 RCA, Linnett Papers, 2.4, Linnet note on GKC’s initial proposal.

61 RCA, Linnett Papers, 2.4, informal voting slips by Horwood Smart, Linnet, Brink, Todd and two anonymous.

62 RCA, Linnett Papers, 2.4, letter to R. F. Holmes, 15 July 1974.

63 ‘Robinson College, Cambridge — The Designs Revealed’, Architects’ Journal, 160 (1974), pp. 1195–97 (p. 1196).Google Scholar

64 ‘Robinson College, Cambridge — The Designs Revealed’, p. 1197.

65 MacCormac, and Jamieson, , ‘Designs on Landscape: how the existing landscape was not only incorporated into a competition design for Robinson College, Cambridge, but also became part of the design process: Architects, MacCormac & Jamieson’, Architectural Design, 46 (September 1976), pp. 543–47 (p. 546).Google Scholar

66 Refers to the Botanist David Smith (later Sir), later Vice Chancellor at Edinburgh and President of Wolfson College, Oxford.

67 RCA, Linnett Papers 2.4, telephone transcript from the evening of 14 July 1974.

68 Wilson, Colin St John, ‘An Appreciation’, in Gillespie Kidd and Coia, ed. Rodger, Johnny (Glasgow, 2007), p. 235.Google Scholar

69 Proctor, ‘Architect’s Intention’, p. 299.Google Scholar

70 GSA, GKC/COCAM/1/2, letter from GKC to Linnett, 15 October 1974.

71 Ham, , ‘Robinson College’, p. 243.Google Scholar

72 See, for example, Sharp, Thomas, Town and Countryside, Some Aspects of Urban and Rural Development (Oxford, 1932).Google Scholar

73 McKean, J. M., ‘Case Study: University of Essex’, Architects’ Journal, 156 (1972), pp. 637–78.Google Scholar

74 Curtis, William, Denys Lasdun: Architecture, City, Landscape (London, 1994), pp. 87–99.Google Scholar

75 Powell, Chamberlin and Bon, , University of Leeds Development Plan (Leeds, 1960).Google Scholar

76 RCA, Linnett Papers, 2.4, ‘A proposal for Robinson College, Gillespie Kidd and Coia’, November 1974.Google Scholar

77 Ibid.

78 Willis, Robert and Clark, John Willis, The Architectural History of the University of Cambridge, 3 vols (Cambridge, 1988), III, p. 267 Google Scholar. My thanks to Alistair Fair for pointing me towards this.

79 Ray, Cambridge Architecture, p. 105.Google Scholar

80 RCA, Linnett Papers, 2.4, telephone conversation on night of Sunday 10 November 1974, between Pooley and Linnett.Google Scholar

81 Steele, Gordon, ‘Robinson College Cambridge: Democracy at Work?’, Architects’ Journal, 160 (1974), p. 1257.Google Scholar

82 RCA, Linnett Papers, 2.4, draft of letter to Powell and Moya from Bill Howell, 16 July 1974.Google Scholar

83 Powers, Britain, p. 204.Google Scholar

84 RCA, Linnett Papers, 2.5.b.

85 RCA, Linnett Papers 2.5, letter from Swanage Brick & Tile Company, 5 April 1976.

86 GSA, GKC / COCAM /1 / 9, letter of 14 May 1976.

87 See, for example, GSA, GKC/COCAM/1/19, minutes of meeting, 7 July 1977.

88 GSA, GKC / COCAM /1 /19, minutes of meeting with the architects at Robinson College, 24 June 1977.

89 Daily Telegraph, 1 August 1980.

90 Author’s interview with Isi Metzstein, 18 January 2011.

91 Interview with Metzstein, 18 January 2011. A version of this story also appears in Spalding, Frances, John Piper Myfanwy Piper, Lives in Art (London, 2009), p. 454 Google Scholar. However, Andy MacMillan reports that the anecdote is an exaggeration (author’s interview with Andy MacMillan, 18 February 2012).

92 Vidler, Anthony, James Frazer Stirling: Notes from the Archive (New Haven and London, 2010), p. 183.Google Scholar

93 For example, Davey, , ‘Cambridge Castle’, p. 83.Google Scholar

94 Taylor, Nicholas, Village in the City (London, 1973), p. 17.Google Scholar

95 Goldie, , Le Corbusier Comes to Cambridge, p. 14.Google Scholar

96 Games, ‘The House that Robinson Built’, p. 11.Google Scholar

97 GSA, GKC/COCAM/1/11, letter from Swanage Tile and Brick Company, 17 March 1976.

98 The Amsterdam School, Dutch Expressionist Architecture, 1915–1930, ed. Wit, Wim de (Cambridge and London, 1983).Google Scholar

99 Davey, , ‘Cambridge Castle’, p. 85.Google Scholar

100 Stamp, Gavin, ‘How Hillingdon Happened’, Architectural Review, 169 (1979), pp. 80–92.Google Scholar

101 See, for example, Walker, Derek, The Architecture and Planning of Milton Keynes (London, 1981), pp. 109–17.Google Scholar

102 Samuel, Raphael, Theatres of Memory: Volume 1: Past and Present in Contemporary Culture (London, 1996), p. 120.Google Scholar

103 Proctor, Robert, ‘Social Structures: Gillespie, Kidd and Coia’s Halls of Residence at the University of Hull’, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 67.1 (March 2008), pp. 106–29 (p. 120).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

104 Rodger, Johnny, ‘Towards the Macmillan and Metzstein Years’, in Gillespie, Kidd & Coia: Architecture 1956–1987, ed. Rodger, Johnny (Glasgow, 2007), p. 15.Google Scholar

105 Stamp, ‘The Myth of Gillespie Kidd and Coia’, p. 76.Google Scholar

106 Davey, , ‘Cambridge Castle’, p. 83.Google Scholar

107 Games, ‘The House that Robinson Built’, p. 11.Google Scholar

108 Powers, Britain, pp. 163–95.Google Scholar

109 Interview with Metzstein, 18 January 2011.

110 Ham, ‘Robinson College’, p. 241.Google Scholar

111 Andy MacMillan, ‘The Inhabited Wall: a Strategy for Contemporary Urban Building’, copy of text of 2008 supplied to author by MacMillan.

112 See Robin Hood Gardens Re-Visions, ed. Powers, Alan (London, 2010)Google Scholar; Copcutt, Geoffry, ‘Planning and Designing the Central Areas of Cumbernauld New Town’, in Architect’s Year Book 12: Urban Structures, ed. Lewis, David (London, 1968)Google Scholar; Lynn, Jack, ‘Park Hill Redevelopment’, RIBA Journal, 69 (December 1962), pp. 447–69Google Scholar; Freear, Andrew, ‘Alexandra Road’, AA Files, 30 (Autumn 1995)Google Scholar; Crosby, Theo and Brown, Neave, ‘Brunswick Centre’, Architectural Review, 152 (1972), pp. 196–218.Google Scholar

113 RCA, Linnett Papers, 2.4, ‘A proposal for Robinson College, Gillespie Kidd and Coia, November 1974’.

114 Ibid.

115 Cantacu, Marina, ‘A Student’s View’, Architects’ Journal, 174 (1981), p. 254.Google Scholar

116 Author’s interview with Mark Baines, 18 February 2012.

117 Pevsner, Nikolaus, Visual Planning and the Picturesque (Los Angeles, 2010), p. 51 Google Scholar. Originally written in 1949.

118 Oxford, Wadham College Archives, 6616A, report of the Buildings Committee, 16 February 1966.

119 Interview with Clifford S. L. Davies, 29 February 2012. Confirmed to author by Carter’s widow.

120 Interview with Davies, 29 February 2012.

121 Oxford, Wadham College Archives, 82/B/61, New Library Proposal, 1973.

122 Oxford, Wadham College Archives, 82/11/1, Development Plan, 1966.

123 Ibid.

124 Ibid.

125 Ibid.

126 Goldie, , Corbusier Comes To Cambridge; Campbell, ‘Building on the Backs’, Tyack, Geoffrey, Modern Architecture in an Oxford College: St John’s College, 1945–2005 (Oxford, 2005), pp. 19–41.Google Scholar

127 Cambridge, St John’s College Archives, D33.18, Proposed New Buildings, St John’s College Cambridge, Powell and Moya Architects, April 1963.

128 Ibid.

129 Stamp, Gavin, ‘Classics Debate’, Architects’ Journal, 187 (16 March 1988), pp. 34–51 (p. 36.)Google Scholar

130 Cambridge, Downing College Archives, DCAR/1/2/4/1/47, report of an informal meeting of the Governing Body, 10 January 1966. An account of the Downing project, drawing in detail on the archives, will be published by the present author in the journal of the Twentieth Century Society in 2013.

131 Cambridge, Downing College Archives, DGCB/M/1/12, Governing Body Minutes, 27 November 1964, p. 334.

132 Cambridge, Downing College Archives, report on an informal meeting of the Governing Body, 10 January 1966.

133 Goldie, , Corbusier Comes to Cambridge, p. 28.Google Scholar

134 SirMartin, Leslie and Wilson, Colin St John, ‘The Collegiate Plan’, Architectural Review, 126 (1959), pp. 43–48 (p. 43).Google Scholar

135 SirMartin, Leslie, ‘Sir Leslie Martin: an Architect’s Approach to Architecture’, RIBA Journal, 74 (May 1967), p. 197.Google Scholar

136 Cambridge, Murray Edwards College Archive, NHAR 4/4/8, report to New Hall, October 1958.

137 GSA, GKC/COCAM/1/2, ‘University of Cambridge, Robertson [sic] College’, GKC’s early proposal, 29 June 1974.

138 Knobel, Lance, ‘Barbican Arts Centre’, Architectural Review, 170 (October 1981) pp. 238–52 (p. 242).Google Scholar

139 Rowe, Colin and Koetter, Fred, Collage City (Chicago, 1978).Google Scholar

140 Knobel, , ‘Barbican Arts Centre’, p. 242.Google Scholar

141 For particular consideration of the blurred boundaries between what are often considered distinct categories of design, see Calder, Barnabas, ‘“A very personal collection”: the Burrell Collection Architectural Competition, 1970–72’, in The Seventies — Rediscovering a Lost Decade of British Architecture, Twentieth-Century Architecture, 10, ed. Harwood, Elain and Powers, Alan (London, 2012), pp. 37–49 Google Scholar.

142 Games, ‘House that Robinson Built’, p. 11.Google Scholar

143 Interview by author with Jeremy Dixon, 18 January 2012. See Otto Saumarez Smith, ‘Building of the Month, St Mark’s Road Housing’, online at <> (accessed on 15 March 2012).

144 Wilson, Colin St John, The Other Tradition of Modern Architecture: the Uncompleted Project (London, 2007), p. 16.Google Scholar