Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T03:28:40.012Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Coinage at Lattara. Using archaeological context to understand ancient coins

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 December 2008

Benjamin P. Luley
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Celtic-speaking town of Lattara (modern Lattes) in Iron Age southern Gaul was an important centre of sustained colonial interaction with Etruscans, Massalian Greeks and Romans from the sixth century B.C. One of the important consequences of these encounters was the introduction of coinage. Through an examination of the archaeological context of coins, I investigate how the use and value of money changed at Lattara after the Roman conquest. Drawing upon several anthropological discussions of money in colonial settings, particularly Jean and John Commaroff's (2006) notion of ‘commensuration’, I suggest that the incorporation of coinage into transaction systems at Lattara was related to its expedience as a standardized form of value, which facilitated exchange between the inhabitants of the town and foreign merchants.

Keywords

ancient coinagearchaeological contextcommensurationIron Age southern Gaulspecial-purpose moneyspheres of exchange
Type
Notes
Information
Archaeological Dialogues , Volume 15 , Issue 2 , December 2008 , pp. 174 - 195
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Florus, Epitome of Roman history, tr. Forster, E.S., 1995, Cambridge, MA (Loeb Classical Library).Google Scholar
Livy, Livy, 14 vols., tr. Schlesinger, A.C., 1959, Cambridge, MA (Loeb Classical Library).Google Scholar
Strabo, Geography, 8 vols., tr. Jones, H.J., 1997, Cambridge, MA (Loeb Classical Library).Google Scholar
Tierney, J., 1960: The Celtic ethnography of Posidonius, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 60, 189–275.Google Scholar
Paterculus, Velleius, Compendium of Roman history, tr. Shipley, Frans. F.W., 1961, Cambridge, MA (Loeb Classical Library).Google Scholar
Aarts, J.G., 2000: Coins or money? Exploring the monetization and functions of Roman coinage in Belgic Gaul and Lower Germany 50 BC–AD 450, dissertation, Free University of Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Aarts, J.G., 2005: Coins, money and exchange in the Roman world. A cultural-economic perspective, Archaeological dialogues 12 (1), 1–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, D.F., 1972: British potin coins. A review, in Hill, D. and Jesson, M. (eds), The Iron Age and its hill-forts, Southampton, 127–94.Google Scholar
Allen, D.F., and Nash, D. (eds), 1980: The coins of the ancient Celts, Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Andreau, J., 2000: Commerce and finance, Cambridge ancient history 11, 769–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Appadurai, A., 1986: Introduction. Commodities and the politics of value, in Appadurai, A. (ed.), The social life of things. Commodities in cultural perspective, Cambridge, 1–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barruol, G., 1988: Le toponyme Latara/Lattara, Lattara 1, 1–13.Google Scholar
Barth, F., 1967a: Economic spheres in Dafur, in Firth, R. (ed.), Themes in economic anthropology, New York, 149–74.Google Scholar
Barth, F., 1967b: On the study of social change, American anthropologist 69, 661–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bloch, M., and Parry, J., 1989: Introduction. Money and the morality of exchange, in Parry, J. and Bloch, M. (eds), Money and the morality of exchange, New York, 1–32.Google Scholar
Bohannan, P., 1955: Some principles of exchange and investment among the Tiv, American anthropologist 57, 60–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bohannan, P., 1959: The impact of money on an African subsistence economy, Journal of economic history 19, 491–503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bohannan, P., and Bohannan, L., 1968: Tiv economy, Evanston, IL.Google Scholar
Briggs, D.N., 1996: Coinage, in Green, M.J. (ed.), The Celtic world, New York, 244–53.Google Scholar
Chausserie-Laprée, J., and Nin, N.., 1987: Le Village protohistorique du quartier de L'Ile à Martigues (B.-du-Rh.), urbanisme et architecture de la phase primitive (début Vème- début IIème s. av. J.-C.), II – données nouvelles sur l'urbanisme et architecture domestique, Documents d'archéologie méridionale 10, 31–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chausserie-Laprée, J., Nin, N. and Domallain, L., 1984: Le Village protohistorique du quartier de L'Ile à Martigues (B.-du-Rh.), urbanisme et architecture de la phase primitive (Vème- IIIème s. av. J.-C.), I – urbanisme et fortification, Documents d'archéologie méridionale 7, 27–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collis, J., 1974: A functionalist approach to pre-Roman coinage, in Casey, J. and Reece, R. (eds), Coins and the archaeologist, 1–11 (BAR Reports 4).Google Scholar
Comaroff, J., 1996: The empire's old clothes. Fashioning the colonial subject, in Howes, D. (ed.), Cross-cultural consumption. Global markets and local realities, New York, 19–38.Google Scholar
Comaroff, J., and Comaroff, J., 2006: Beasts, banknotes and the colour of money in colonial South Africa, Archaeological dialogues 12 (2), 107–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coutagne, D. (ed.), 1993: Archéolgie d'Entremont au Musée Granet, Aix-en-Provence.Google Scholar
Curteis, M., 2006: Distribution and ritual deposition of Iron Age coins in the south Midlands, in de Jersey, P. (ed.), Celtic coinage. New discoveries, new discussion, Oxford, 61–80 (BAR International series 1532).Google Scholar
Dalton, G., 1961: Economic theory and primitive society, American anthropologist 63, 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dalton, G., 1965: Primitive money, American anthropologist 67, 44–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Jersey, P., 2006a: Belgic coins in Britain, in de Jersey, P. (ed.), Celtic coinage. New discoveries, new discussion, Oxford, 117–38 (BAR International series 1532).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Jersey, P., 2006b: Introduction. Retrospect and prospect, in de Jersey, P. (ed.), Celtic coinage. New discoveries, new discussion, Oxford, 1–16 (BAR International series 1532).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dietler, M., 1998: Consumption, agency, and cultural entanglement. Theoretical implications of a Mediterranean colonial encounter, in Cusick, J.G. (ed.), Studies in culture contact. Interaction, culture change, and archaeology, Carbondale, IL, 288–315.Google Scholar
Dietler, M., 1999: Reflections on Lattois society during the 4th century BC, Lattara 12, 663–80.Google Scholar
Dietler, M., 2004: La Société lattoise à l'aube de la conquête romaine: Réflexions sur le colonialisme et la vie quotidienne dans une ville portuaire indigène, Lattara 17, 403–10.Google Scholar
Dietler, M., 2005: Consumption and colonial encounters in the Rhône basin of France. A study of early Iron Age political economy, Lattes (Monographies d'archéologie méditerranéenne 21).Google Scholar
Dietler, M., and Herbich, I., 2001: Feasts and labor mobilization. Dissecting a fundamental economic practice, in Dietler, M. and Hayden, B. (eds), Feasts. Archaeological and ethnographic perspectives on food, politics, and power, Washington, DC, 240–64.Google Scholar
Dietler, M., Kohn, A., Moya i Garra, A. and Rivalan, A., 2008: Les Maisons à cour des IIIe-IIe s. av. n. è. à Lattes: émergence d'une différentiation dans l'habitat indigène. Gallia 65 (in press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duncan-Jones, R., 1990: Structure and scale in the Roman economy, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fiches, J.-L., 1979: Ambrussum: L'Oppidum et le pont romain, Caveirac.Google Scholar
Fiches, J.-L., 1986: Les Maisons gallo-romaines d'Ambrussum (Villetelle Hérault). La fouille du secteur IV, 1967–1980, Paris (Documents d'archéologie française (DAF) 5).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gailledrat, E., and Soldier, Y., 2004: L'Etablissement côtier de Pech Maho (Sigean, Aude) aux VIe- Ve s. av. J.-C. (fouilles 1959–1979) Pech Maho I, Lattes (Monographies d'archéologie méditerranéenne 19).Google Scholar
Garcia, D., 1996: Dynamique de développement de la ville de Lattara: Implantation, urbanisme et métrologie (VIe s. av. n. è.-IIe s. de n. è.), Lattara 9, 7–22.Google Scholar
Garcia, D., 2004: La Celtique méditerranéenne, Paris.Google Scholar
Gell, A., 1986: Newcomers to the world of goods. Consumption among the Muria Gonds, in Appadurai, A. (ed.), The social life of things. Commodities in cultural perspective, Cambridge, 1–63.Google Scholar
Gerriets, M., 1985: Money in early Christian Ireland according to the Irish laws, Comparative studies in society and history 27 (2), 323–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grierson, P., 1975: Numismatics, Oxford.Google Scholar
Grierson, P., 1978: The origins of money, Research in economic anthropology 1, 1–35.Google Scholar
Gruel, K., 1989: La Monnaie chez les Gaulois, Paris.Google Scholar
Gruel, K., and Haselgrove, C., 2006: Le Développement de l'usage monétaire à l'âge du fer en Gaule et dans les régions voisines, in Haselgrove, C. (ed.), Celtes et Gaulois: L'Archéologie face à l'histoire: Les Mutations de la fin de l'âge du fer, Glux-en-Glenne, 117–38.Google Scholar
Haselgrove, C., 1987: Iron Age coinage in south-east England. The archaeological context, Oxford.Google Scholar
Haselgrove, C., 1992: Iron Age coinage and archaeology, in Mays, M. (ed.), Celtic coinage. Britain and beyond, Oxford, 123–38 (BAR British Series 222).Google Scholar
Haselgrove, C., 1996: Potin coinage in Iron Age Britain. Archaeology and chronology, Gallia 52, 117–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haselgrove, C., 1999: The development of Iron Age coinage in Belgic Gaul, Numismatic chronicle 159, 111–68.Google Scholar
Haselgrove, C., 2005: A new approach to analyzing the circulation of Iron Age coinage, Numismatic chronicle 165, 129–74.Google Scholar
Haselgrove, C., 2006: The impact of the Roman conquest on indigenous coinages in Belgic Gaul and southern Britain, in de Jersey, P. (ed.), Celtic coinage. New discoveries, new discussion, Oxford, 97–116 (BAR International series 1532).Google Scholar
Haselgrove, C., and Wigg-Wolf, D., 2005: Introduction, in Haselgrove, C. and Wigg-Wolf, D. (eds), Iron Age coinage and ritual practices, Mainz, 9–22.Google Scholar
Howgego, C.J., 1992: The supply and use of money in the Roman world, 200 BC–AD 300, Journal of Roman studies 82, 1–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howgego, C.J., 1994: Coin circulation and the integration of the Roman economy, Journal of Roman archaeology 7, 5–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jannoray, J., 1955: Ensérune: Contribution à l'étude des civilisations préromaines de la Gaule méridionale, Paris.Google Scholar
Jenkins, G.K., 1990: Ancient Greek coins, London.Google Scholar
Kopytoff, I., 1986: The cultural biography of things. Commoditization as process, in Appadurai, A. (ed.), The social life of things. Commodities in cultural perspective, Cambridge, 64–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kretz, R., 2006: The silver coinage of Tasciovanos, in de Jersey, P. (ed.), Celtic coinage. New discoveries, new discussion, Oxford, 183–212 (BAR International series 1532).Google Scholar
Kurke, L., 2002: Money and mythic history. The contestation of transactional orders in the fifth century BC, in Scheidel, W. and von Reden, S. (eds), The ancient economy, New York, 87–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LaMotta, V.M., and Schiffer, M.B., 1999: Formation processes of house floor assemblages, in Allison, P.M. (ed.), The archaeology of household activities, London, 19–29.Google Scholar
Lebeaupin, D., 1994: Fouilles dans l'îlot 4-sud. L'Evolution de deux maisons mitoyennes (IVe s. av. n. è.-Ier s. de n. è.), Lattara 7, 29–79.Google Scholar
Lebeaupin, D., 1998: Ateliers de forgerons et témoins dispersés du travail du fer à Lattes (Hérault) (IVe s. av. – Ier s. ap. J.-C.), in Feugère, M. (ed.), Recherches sur l'économie du fer en Méditerranée nord-occidentale, Montagnac, 80–95.Google Scholar
MacMullen, R., 2000: Romanization in the time of Augustus, New Haven.Google Scholar
Miller, D., 1995: Consumption studies as the transformation of anthropology, in Miller, D. (ed.), Acknowledging consumption, New York, 264–95.Google Scholar
Monteil, M., 1999: Nîmes antique et sa proche campange: Etude de topographie urbaine et périurbaine, fin VIe s. av. J.C./VIe ap. J.C., Lattes (Monographies d'archéologie Méditerranéenne 3).Google Scholar
Nash, D., 1987: Coinage in the Celtic world, London.Google Scholar
Piot, C., 1991: Of persons and things. Some reflections on African spheres of exchange, Man 26, 405–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Py, M., 1978: L'Oppidum des Castels à Nages (Gard) (fouilles 1958–1974), Paris (XXXVe supplément à Gallia).Google Scholar
Py, M., 1981: Recherches sur Nîmes préromaine, Paris.Google Scholar
Py, M., 1992: Meules d'époque protohistorique et romaine provenant de Lattes, Lattara 5, 183–232.Google Scholar
Py, M., 1993: Les Gaulois du Midi: De la Fin de l'âge du bronze à la conquête romaine, Paris.Google Scholar
Py, M., 1996: Les Maisons protohistoriques de Lattara (IVe-Ier s. av. n. è.): Approche typologique et fonctionnelle, Lattara 9, 141–258.Google Scholar
Py, M., 1997: Syslat 3.1: Système d'information archéologique, manuel de référence, Lattara 10.Google Scholar
Py, M., 1999: La cité de Lattara dans le context économique et politique du IVe siècle, Lattara 12, 652–62.Google Scholar
Py, M., 2004a: Le dossier de fouille du quartier 30–35. Structures, stratigraphies et mobiliers, Lattara 17, 7–318.Google Scholar
Py, M., 2004b: Le quartier 30–35 de Lattara dans son context urbanistique, Lattara 17, 395–401.Google Scholar
Py, M., 2006: Les Monnaies préaugustéennes de Lattes et la circulation monétaire protohistorique en Gaule méridionale, Lattara 19.Google Scholar
Py, M., 2008: Un Bilan sur la circulation monétaire préaugustéene à Lattes, Gallia 65 (in press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Py, M. and Garcia, D., 1993: Bilan des recherches archéologiques sur la ville portuaire de Lattara (Lattes, Hérault), Gallia 50, 1–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Py, M., and Lopez, J., 1990: Histoire de l'îlot 4-nord: Stratigraphie, architecture et aménagements (IIe s. av. n. è.-Ier s. de n. è.), Lattara 3, 211–46.Google Scholar
Roux, J., 1994: Une Maison de l'îlot 2: A la Fin du IIIe et au début du IIe s. av. n. è, Lattara 7, 11–28.Google Scholar
Saul, M., 2004: Money in colonial transition. Cowries and francs in West Africa, American anthropologist 106, 71–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seaford, R., 2004: Money and the early Greek mind, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, M., 1994: Histoire de l'îlot 5: Stratigraphie, architecture et aménagements (IIe s. av. n. è.-IIe s. de n. è.), Lattara 7, 81–96.Google Scholar
Von Reden, S., 1997: Money, law and exchange. Coinage in the Greek polis, Journal of Hellenic studies 117, 154–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wellington, I., 2006: The role of Iron Age coinage in archaeological contexts, in de Jersey, P. (ed.), Celtic coinage. New discoveries, new discussion, Oxford, 81–95 (BAR International Series 1532).Google Scholar
Wells, P.S., 2006: Objects, meanings and ritual in the emergence of the oppida, in Haselgrove, C. (ed.), Celtes et Gaulois: L'Archéologie face à l'histoire: Les Mutations de la fin de l'âge du fer, Glux-en-Glenne, 137–53.Google Scholar
Willaume, M., 1993: Les Objets de la vie quotidienne, in Coutagne, D. (ed.), Archéolgie d'Entremont au Musée Granet, Aix-en-Provence, 106–42.Google Scholar
Woolf, G., 1998: Becoming Roman. The origins of provincial civilization in Gaul, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ziegaus, B., 1993: Das keltische Münzwesen, in Dannheimer, H. and Gebhard, R. (eds), Das keltische Jahrtausend, Mainz, 220–30.Google Scholar
Florus, Epitome of Roman history, tr. Forster, E.S., 1995, Cambridge, MA (Loeb Classical Library).Google Scholar
Livy, Livy, 14 vols., tr. Schlesinger, A.C., 1959, Cambridge, MA (Loeb Classical Library).Google Scholar
Strabo, Geography, 8 vols., tr. Jones, H.J., 1997, Cambridge, MA (Loeb Classical Library).Google Scholar
Tierney, J., 1960: The Celtic ethnography of Posidonius, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 60, 189–275.Google Scholar
Paterculus, Velleius, Compendium of Roman history, tr. Shipley, Frans. F.W., 1961, Cambridge, MA (Loeb Classical Library).Google Scholar
Aarts, J.G., 2000: Coins or money? Exploring the monetization and functions of Roman coinage in Belgic Gaul and Lower Germany 50 BC–AD 450, dissertation, Free University of Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Aarts, J.G., 2005: Coins, money and exchange in the Roman world. A cultural-economic perspective, Archaeological dialogues 12 (1), 1–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, D.F., 1972: British potin coins. A review, in Hill, D. and Jesson, M. (eds), The Iron Age and its hill-forts, Southampton, 127–94.Google Scholar
Allen, D.F., and Nash, D. (eds), 1980: The coins of the ancient Celts, Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Andreau, J., 2000: Commerce and finance, Cambridge ancient history 11, 769–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Appadurai, A., 1986: Introduction. Commodities and the politics of value, in Appadurai, A. (ed.), The social life of things. Commodities in cultural perspective, Cambridge, 1–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barruol, G., 1988: Le toponyme Latara/Lattara, Lattara 1, 1–13.Google Scholar
Barth, F., 1967a: Economic spheres in Dafur, in Firth, R. (ed.), Themes in economic anthropology, New York, 149–74.Google Scholar
Barth, F., 1967b: On the study of social change, American anthropologist 69, 661–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bloch, M., and Parry, J., 1989: Introduction. Money and the morality of exchange, in Parry, J. and Bloch, M. (eds), Money and the morality of exchange, New York, 1–32.Google Scholar
Bohannan, P., 1955: Some principles of exchange and investment among the Tiv, American anthropologist 57, 60–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bohannan, P., 1959: The impact of money on an African subsistence economy, Journal of economic history 19, 491–503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bohannan, P., and Bohannan, L., 1968: Tiv economy, Evanston, IL.Google Scholar
Briggs, D.N., 1996: Coinage, in Green, M.J. (ed.), The Celtic world, New York, 244–53.Google Scholar
Chausserie-Laprée, J., and Nin, N.., 1987: Le Village protohistorique du quartier de L'Ile à Martigues (B.-du-Rh.), urbanisme et architecture de la phase primitive (début Vème- début IIème s. av. J.-C.), II – données nouvelles sur l'urbanisme et architecture domestique, Documents d'archéologie méridionale 10, 31–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chausserie-Laprée, J., Nin, N. and Domallain, L., 1984: Le Village protohistorique du quartier de L'Ile à Martigues (B.-du-Rh.), urbanisme et architecture de la phase primitive (Vème- IIIème s. av. J.-C.), I – urbanisme et fortification, Documents d'archéologie méridionale 7, 27–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collis, J., 1974: A functionalist approach to pre-Roman coinage, in Casey, J. and Reece, R. (eds), Coins and the archaeologist, 1–11 (BAR Reports 4).Google Scholar
Comaroff, J., 1996: The empire's old clothes. Fashioning the colonial subject, in Howes, D. (ed.), Cross-cultural consumption. Global markets and local realities, New York, 19–38.Google Scholar
Comaroff, J., and Comaroff, J., 2006: Beasts, banknotes and the colour of money in colonial South Africa, Archaeological dialogues 12 (2), 107–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coutagne, D. (ed.), 1993: Archéolgie d'Entremont au Musée Granet, Aix-en-Provence.Google Scholar
Curteis, M., 2006: Distribution and ritual deposition of Iron Age coins in the south Midlands, in de Jersey, P. (ed.), Celtic coinage. New discoveries, new discussion, Oxford, 61–80 (BAR International series 1532).Google Scholar
Dalton, G., 1961: Economic theory and primitive society, American anthropologist 63, 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dalton, G., 1965: Primitive money, American anthropologist 67, 44–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Jersey, P., 2006a: Belgic coins in Britain, in de Jersey, P. (ed.), Celtic coinage. New discoveries, new discussion, Oxford, 117–38 (BAR International series 1532).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Jersey, P., 2006b: Introduction. Retrospect and prospect, in de Jersey, P. (ed.), Celtic coinage. New discoveries, new discussion, Oxford, 1–16 (BAR International series 1532).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dietler, M., 1998: Consumption, agency, and cultural entanglement. Theoretical implications of a Mediterranean colonial encounter, in Cusick, J.G. (ed.), Studies in culture contact. Interaction, culture change, and archaeology, Carbondale, IL, 288–315.Google Scholar
Dietler, M., 1999: Reflections on Lattois society during the 4th century BC, Lattara 12, 663–80.Google Scholar
Dietler, M., 2004: La Société lattoise à l'aube de la conquête romaine: Réflexions sur le colonialisme et la vie quotidienne dans une ville portuaire indigène, Lattara 17, 403–10.Google Scholar
Dietler, M., 2005: Consumption and colonial encounters in the Rhône basin of France. A study of early Iron Age political economy, Lattes (Monographies d'archéologie méditerranéenne 21).Google Scholar
Dietler, M., and Herbich, I., 2001: Feasts and labor mobilization. Dissecting a fundamental economic practice, in Dietler, M. and Hayden, B. (eds), Feasts. Archaeological and ethnographic perspectives on food, politics, and power, Washington, DC, 240–64.Google Scholar
Dietler, M., Kohn, A., Moya i Garra, A. and Rivalan, A., 2008: Les Maisons à cour des IIIe-IIe s. av. n. è. à Lattes: émergence d'une différentiation dans l'habitat indigène. Gallia 65 (in press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duncan-Jones, R., 1990: Structure and scale in the Roman economy, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fiches, J.-L., 1979: Ambrussum: L'Oppidum et le pont romain, Caveirac.Google Scholar
Fiches, J.-L., 1986: Les Maisons gallo-romaines d'Ambrussum (Villetelle Hérault). La fouille du secteur IV, 1967–1980, Paris (Documents d'archéologie française (DAF) 5).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gailledrat, E., and Soldier, Y., 2004: L'Etablissement côtier de Pech Maho (Sigean, Aude) aux VIe- Ve s. av. J.-C. (fouilles 1959–1979) Pech Maho I, Lattes (Monographies d'archéologie méditerranéenne 19).Google Scholar
Garcia, D., 1996: Dynamique de développement de la ville de Lattara: Implantation, urbanisme et métrologie (VIe s. av. n. è.-IIe s. de n. è.), Lattara 9, 7–22.Google Scholar
Garcia, D., 2004: La Celtique méditerranéenne, Paris.Google Scholar
Gell, A., 1986: Newcomers to the world of goods. Consumption among the Muria Gonds, in Appadurai, A. (ed.), The social life of things. Commodities in cultural perspective, Cambridge, 1–63.Google Scholar
Gerriets, M., 1985: Money in early Christian Ireland according to the Irish laws, Comparative studies in society and history 27 (2), 323–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grierson, P., 1975: Numismatics, Oxford.Google Scholar
Grierson, P., 1978: The origins of money, Research in economic anthropology 1, 1–35.Google Scholar
Gruel, K., 1989: La Monnaie chez les Gaulois, Paris.Google Scholar
Gruel, K., and Haselgrove, C., 2006: Le Développement de l'usage monétaire à l'âge du fer en Gaule et dans les régions voisines, in Haselgrove, C. (ed.), Celtes et Gaulois: L'Archéologie face à l'histoire: Les Mutations de la fin de l'âge du fer, Glux-en-Glenne, 117–38.Google Scholar
Haselgrove, C., 1987: Iron Age coinage in south-east England. The archaeological context, Oxford.Google Scholar
Haselgrove, C., 1992: Iron Age coinage and archaeology, in Mays, M. (ed.), Celtic coinage. Britain and beyond, Oxford, 123–38 (BAR British Series 222).Google Scholar
Haselgrove, C., 1996: Potin coinage in Iron Age Britain. Archaeology and chronology, Gallia 52, 117–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haselgrove, C., 1999: The development of Iron Age coinage in Belgic Gaul, Numismatic chronicle 159, 111–68.Google Scholar
Haselgrove, C., 2005: A new approach to analyzing the circulation of Iron Age coinage, Numismatic chronicle 165, 129–74.Google Scholar
Haselgrove, C., 2006: The impact of the Roman conquest on indigenous coinages in Belgic Gaul and southern Britain, in de Jersey, P. (ed.), Celtic coinage. New discoveries, new discussion, Oxford, 97–116 (BAR International series 1532).Google Scholar
Haselgrove, C., and Wigg-Wolf, D., 2005: Introduction, in Haselgrove, C. and Wigg-Wolf, D. (eds), Iron Age coinage and ritual practices, Mainz, 9–22.Google Scholar
Howgego, C.J., 1992: The supply and use of money in the Roman world, 200 BC–AD 300, Journal of Roman studies 82, 1–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howgego, C.J., 1994: Coin circulation and the integration of the Roman economy, Journal of Roman archaeology 7, 5–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jannoray, J., 1955: Ensérune: Contribution à l'étude des civilisations préromaines de la Gaule méridionale, Paris.Google Scholar
Jenkins, G.K., 1990: Ancient Greek coins, London.Google Scholar
Kopytoff, I., 1986: The cultural biography of things. Commoditization as process, in Appadurai, A. (ed.), The social life of things. Commodities in cultural perspective, Cambridge, 64–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kretz, R., 2006: The silver coinage of Tasciovanos, in de Jersey, P. (ed.), Celtic coinage. New discoveries, new discussion, Oxford, 183–212 (BAR International series 1532).Google Scholar
Kurke, L., 2002: Money and mythic history. The contestation of transactional orders in the fifth century BC, in Scheidel, W. and von Reden, S. (eds), The ancient economy, New York, 87–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LaMotta, V.M., and Schiffer, M.B., 1999: Formation processes of house floor assemblages, in Allison, P.M. (ed.), The archaeology of household activities, London, 19–29.Google Scholar
Lebeaupin, D., 1994: Fouilles dans l'îlot 4-sud. L'Evolution de deux maisons mitoyennes (IVe s. av. n. è.-Ier s. de n. è.), Lattara 7, 29–79.Google Scholar
Lebeaupin, D., 1998: Ateliers de forgerons et témoins dispersés du travail du fer à Lattes (Hérault) (IVe s. av. – Ier s. ap. J.-C.), in Feugère, M. (ed.), Recherches sur l'économie du fer en Méditerranée nord-occidentale, Montagnac, 80–95.Google Scholar
MacMullen, R., 2000: Romanization in the time of Augustus, New Haven.Google Scholar
Miller, D., 1995: Consumption studies as the transformation of anthropology, in Miller, D. (ed.), Acknowledging consumption, New York, 264–95.Google Scholar
Monteil, M., 1999: Nîmes antique et sa proche campange: Etude de topographie urbaine et périurbaine, fin VIe s. av. J.C./VIe ap. J.C., Lattes (Monographies d'archéologie Méditerranéenne 3).Google Scholar
Nash, D., 1987: Coinage in the Celtic world, London.Google Scholar
Piot, C., 1991: Of persons and things. Some reflections on African spheres of exchange, Man 26, 405–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Py, M., 1978: L'Oppidum des Castels à Nages (Gard) (fouilles 1958–1974), Paris (XXXVe supplément à Gallia).Google Scholar
Py, M., 1981: Recherches sur Nîmes préromaine, Paris.Google Scholar
Py, M., 1992: Meules d'époque protohistorique et romaine provenant de Lattes, Lattara 5, 183–232.Google Scholar
Py, M., 1993: Les Gaulois du Midi: De la Fin de l'âge du bronze à la conquête romaine, Paris.Google Scholar
Py, M., 1996: Les Maisons protohistoriques de Lattara (IVe-Ier s. av. n. è.): Approche typologique et fonctionnelle, Lattara 9, 141–258.Google Scholar
Py, M., 1997: Syslat 3.1: Système d'information archéologique, manuel de référence, Lattara 10.Google Scholar
Py, M., 1999: La cité de Lattara dans le context économique et politique du IVe siècle, Lattara 12, 652–62.Google Scholar
Py, M., 2004a: Le dossier de fouille du quartier 30–35. Structures, stratigraphies et mobiliers, Lattara 17, 7–318.Google Scholar
Py, M., 2004b: Le quartier 30–35 de Lattara dans son context urbanistique, Lattara 17, 395–401.Google Scholar
Py, M., 2006: Les Monnaies préaugustéennes de Lattes et la circulation monétaire protohistorique en Gaule méridionale, Lattara 19.Google Scholar
Py, M., 2008: Un Bilan sur la circulation monétaire préaugustéene à Lattes, Gallia 65 (in press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Py, M. and Garcia, D., 1993: Bilan des recherches archéologiques sur la ville portuaire de Lattara (Lattes, Hérault), Gallia 50, 1–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Py, M., and Lopez, J., 1990: Histoire de l'îlot 4-nord: Stratigraphie, architecture et aménagements (IIe s. av. n. è.-Ier s. de n. è.), Lattara 3, 211–46.Google Scholar
Roux, J., 1994: Une Maison de l'îlot 2: A la Fin du IIIe et au début du IIe s. av. n. è, Lattara 7, 11–28.Google Scholar
Saul, M., 2004: Money in colonial transition. Cowries and francs in West Africa, American anthropologist 106, 71–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seaford, R., 2004: Money and the early Greek mind, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, M., 1994: Histoire de l'îlot 5: Stratigraphie, architecture et aménagements (IIe s. av. n. è.-IIe s. de n. è.), Lattara 7, 81–96.Google Scholar
Von Reden, S., 1997: Money, law and exchange. Coinage in the Greek polis, Journal of Hellenic studies 117, 154–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wellington, I., 2006: The role of Iron Age coinage in archaeological contexts, in de Jersey, P. (ed.), Celtic coinage. New discoveries, new discussion, Oxford, 81–95 (BAR International Series 1532).Google Scholar
Wells, P.S., 2006: Objects, meanings and ritual in the emergence of the oppida, in Haselgrove, C. (ed.), Celtes et Gaulois: L'Archéologie face à l'histoire: Les Mutations de la fin de l'âge du fer, Glux-en-Glenne, 137–53.Google Scholar
Willaume, M., 1993: Les Objets de la vie quotidienne, in Coutagne, D. (ed.), Archéolgie d'Entremont au Musée Granet, Aix-en-Provence, 106–42.Google Scholar
Woolf, G., 1998: Becoming Roman. The origins of provincial civilization in Gaul, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ziegaus, B., 1993: Das keltische Münzwesen, in Dannheimer, H. and Gebhard, R. (eds), Das keltische Jahrtausend, Mainz, 220–30.Google Scholar