Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T12:19:15.261Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Archaeology and Europe: ‘Reflexiveness’ and Action

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 January 2009

Willem J.H. Willems
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

For more than a decade, since the mid-80s, the context of archaeology has changed rapidly and profoundly all over Europe. We are still in the middle of this development and numerous recent publications show an increasing awareness of archaeologists about its causes and implications. This is what Gramsch in his paper calls the self-reflexive approach and I join him in his appeal for the development of an archaeological reflexive theory embedded in sociological theory and epistemology. Not only to help us to be better aware of the changing context of our work but also to provide us with the insights and the tools to cope with such change.

Type
Discussion
Information
Archaeological Dialogues , Volume 7 , Issue 1 , September 2000 , pp. 36 - 45
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2000

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Albrecht, C., Behrmann, G.C., Bock, M., Homann, H., and Tenbruck, F. H., 1999: Die intellektuelle Gründung der Bundesrepublik. Eine Wirkungsgeschichte der Frankfurter Schule, Frankfurt a. Main/New York.Google Scholar
Arndt, M., 1995: Spengler, Oswald Arnold Gottfried, Literat und Philosoph, Biographisches Kirchenlexikon, vol. X, Herzberg, (http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/s/spengler_o.shtml).Google Scholar
Arnold, B., and Haßmann, H., 1995: Archaeology in Nazi Germany. The legacy of the Faustian bargain, in Kohl, P.L. and Fawcett, C. (eds), Nationalism, politics, and the practice of archaeology, Cambridge, 70–81.Google Scholar
Art News, (Greece) 1997, 56, March.Google Scholar
Atkinson, J.A., Banks, I. and O'Sullivan, J. (eds), 1996: Nationalism and archaeology, Glasgow.Google Scholar
Beloff, M., 1957: Europe and the Europeans, London.Google Scholar
Biehl, P. F., and Gramsch, A., 1997: Europäische Archäologie und die Grenzen der Kommunikation. The European Association of Archaeologists (EAA) und ihr second annual meeting in Riga, Lettland, September 1996, Ethnographisch-archäologische zeitschrift 38, 87–97.Google Scholar
Blitz, H.M., 2000: Aus Liebe zum Vaterland. Die Idee der Nation im 18. Jahrhundert, in Hamburger Institut für Sozialforschung, Arbeitsbereich Nation, Identität und Fremdenfeindlichkeit, Hamburg, (http://www.his-online.de/arbeitsb/nation/vaterland.htm).Google Scholar
Bloomfield, J., 1993: The new Europe. A new agenda for research?, in Fulbrook, M. (ed.), National histories and European history, London, 255–284.Google Scholar
den Boer, P., 1995: Essay 1. Europe to 1914. The making of an idea, in Wilson, K. and van der Dussen, J. (eds), The history of the idea of Europe, London/New York, 13–82.Google Scholar
Boissevain, J., 1994: Towards an anthropology of European communities?, in Goddard, V.A., Llobera, J.R., and Shore, C. (eds), The anthropology of Europe. Identity and boundaries in conflict, Oxford/Providence, 41–56.Google Scholar
Borchardt, K.D., 1995: European integration. The origins and growth of the European Union, Luxembourg, (fourth edition).Google Scholar
Bourdieu, P., 1984: Homo academicus, Paris.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, P., 1990: In other words. Essays towards a reflexive sociology, Stanford/Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bull, J. M., 1993: Widening versus deepening the European Community. The political dynamics of 1992 in historical perspective, in Wilson, T.M. and Smith, E.M. (eds), Cultural change and the new Europe. Perspectives on the European Community, Boulder, 25–45.Google Scholar
Burke, P., 1980: Did Europe exist before 1700?, History of European ideas 1, 21–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burström, M., 1999: Cultural diversity in the home ground. How archaeology can make the World a better place, Current Swedish archaeology 7, 21–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Childe, V.G., 1927 [1925]: The dawn of European civilization, London.Google Scholar
Childe, V. G., 1957: The dawn of European civilization, London (sixth edn).Google Scholar
Cho, J.M., 1995: The crisis of historicism and Troeltsch's Europeanism, History of European ideas 21.2, 195–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cleere, H.F., 1984: World cultural resource management. Problems and perspectives, in Cleere, H.F. (ed.), Approaches to the archaeological heritage. A comparative study of world cultural resource management systems, Cambridge, 125–131.Google Scholar
Crouch, C. and Marquand, D., 1992: Introduction, in Crouch, C. and Marquand, D. (eds), Towards greater Europe? A continent without an iron curtain, Oxford, 1–8.Google Scholar
Coye, N., 1997: La préhistoire en parole et en acte. Méthodes et enjeux de la pratique archéologique, 1830–1950, Paris.Google Scholar
Council of Europe 1992: European Convention on the protection of the archaeological heritage (revised), Strasbourg (European treaty series, 143).Google Scholar
Delanty, G., 1996: Beyond the nation-state. National identity and citizenship in a multicultural society - A response to Rex, Sociological research online 1/3 (http://www.socresonline.org.uk/socresonline/1/3/1.html).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demakopoulou, K., Éluère, C., Jensen, J., Jockenhövel, A. and Mohen, J.P., 1999: Einleitung. Götter und Helden in der Bronzezeit. Europa im Zeitalter des Odysseus, in Götter und Helden der Bronzezeit. Europa im Zeitalter des Odysseus. 25th Exhibition of the European Council, Copenhagen, Bonn, Paris and Athens, 5–9.Google Scholar
Deriarde, E. and Gregorio, D., 1995: Nota introdutiva, in Istituto regionale di ricerca della Lombardia (ed.), Il mercato delle opere d'arte e i problemi della ciscolazione a livello Europeo, Milan, 11–13.Google Scholar
Díaz-Andreu, M. and Champion, T., 1996: Nationalism and archaeology in Europe: an introduction, in Díaz-Andreu, M. and Champion, T. (eds.), Nationalism and archaeology in Europe, London: University College London, 1–23.Google Scholar
Díaz-Andreu, M, and Champion, T. (eds), 1996: Nationalism and archaeology in Europe, London.Google Scholar
Fabião, C., 1996: Archaeology and nationalism. The Portuguese case, in Díaz-Andreu, M. and Champion, T. (eds), Nationalism and archaeology in Europe, London, 90–107.Google Scholar
Fulbrook, M., 1993: Introduction. States, nations, and the developments of Europe, in Fulbrook, M. (ed.), National histories and European history, London, 1–17.Google Scholar
Geertz, C., 1997: Spurenlesen. Die Ethnologie und das Entgleiten der Fakten, München.Google Scholar
Gehrke, H.J., 1994: Mythos, geschichte, politik – antik und modern, Saeculum 45.II, 239–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gellner, E., 1983: Nations and nationalism, Oxford.Google Scholar
Gladwyn, Lord, H.M.G.J.B., 1966: The European idea, London.Google Scholar
Goddard, V.A., Llobera, J.R., and Shore, C. (eds), 1994: The anthropology of Europe. Identity and boundaries in conflict, Oxford/Providence.Google Scholar
Goddard, V.A., Llobera, J.R. and Shore, C., 1994: Introduction. The anthropology of Europe, in Goddard, V.A., Llobera, J.R., and Shore, C. (eds), The anthropology of Europe. Identity and boundaries in conflict, Oxford/Providence, 1–40.Google Scholar
Goyder, J., 1993: Treaties and EC matters. European Community. Free movement of cultural goods and European Community law. Part III. Two new legislative proposals, International journal of cultural property 2.1, 147–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gramsch, A., 1999: Scientific or political ‘reflexiveness’. Archaeology, nationalism, and Europeanism, European journal of archaeology 2.1, 117–124.Google Scholar
Gramsch, A., 2000: Braucht Prähistorie Vergleiche?, in Gramsch, A. (ed.), Vergleichen als archäologische Methode. Analogien in den Archäologien, Oxford, 151–164.Google Scholar
Gramsch, A. (ed.), 2000, Vergleichen als archäologische Methode. Analogien in den Archäologien, Oxford.Google Scholar
Graves-Brown, P., Jones, S. and Gamble, C. (eds) 1996: Cultural identity and archaeology. The construction of European communities, London/New York.Google Scholar
Green, E.L., 1984: Introduction, in Green, E.L. (ed.), Ethics and value in archaeology, New York, ix–xii.Google Scholar
Gustafsson, A., 1999: ‘…wiser than he himself at the time knew’. The histories of archaeology and the Whig problem, Current Swedish archaeology 7, 27–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halle, U. and Schmidt, M., 1999: ‘Es handelt sich nicht um Affinitäten von Archäologen zum Nationalsozialismus – das ist der Nationalsozialismus’. Bericht über die internationale Tagung 'Die mittel- und osteuropäische Ur- und Frühgeschichtsforschung in den Jahren 1933 – 1945, Berlin 19—23 November 1998, Archäologische Informationen 22.1, 41–52.Google Scholar
Hamilakis, Y., 1995: At home with others. Anthropologists, archaeologists and historians in Europe. Review of Goddard, Victoria, Llobera, Joseph and Shore, Cris (eds), The Anthropology of Europe (1994); Sharon Macdonald (ed.), Inside European identities. Ethnography in Western Europe (1993); and Kevin Wilson and Jan van der Dussen (eds), The history of the idea of Europe (1995), Journal of European archaeology 3.2, 221–227.Google Scholar
Hänsel, B., 1997: Gaben an die Götter – Schätze der Bronzezeit Europas – eine Einführung, in , A. and Hänsel, B. (eds), Gaben an die Götter – Schätze der Bronzezeit Europas, Berlin, 11–22.Google Scholar
Heater, D., 1992: The idea of European unity, New York.Google Scholar
Hebditch, M., 1993: Facing the future, Museums journal 93.1, 30–33.Google Scholar
Helskog, K., 1988: Archaeopolitics and responsibilities. The case of a UNESCO world heritage site in Arctic Norway, Antiquity 62 (236), 541–547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herrmann, H.P., 1996: Einleitung, in Herrmann, H.P., Blitz, H.M., and Moßmann, S. (eds), Machtphantasie Deutschland. Nationalismus, Männlichkeit und Fremdenhaß im Vaterlandsdiskurs deutscher Schriftsteller des 18. Jahrhunderts, Frankfurt am Main, 7–31.Google Scholar
Hodder, I., 1997: ‘Always momentary, fluid and flexible’. Towards a reflexive excavation methodology, Antiquity 71, 691–700.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hofter, M., 1998: Aus der nordisch-makedonischen Pfropfkultur, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 262, 11.11. 1998, N6.Google Scholar
Holland, M., 1994: European integration. From community to union, London.Google Scholar
Howe, P., 1995: A community of European. The requisite underpinnings, Journal of common market studies 33.1, 27–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hübinger, P.E., 1990 [1954]: Abendland, Christenheit, Europa. Eine Klärung der Begriffe in geschichtlicher Sicht, in Ditsche, M. and Kottje, R. (eds), Ausgewählte Aufsätze und Vorträge, Siegburg, 1–20.Google Scholar
Jacobs, J., 1996: Zur Wissenschaftsstrategie in der deutschen Archäologie seit 1990, Journal of European archaeology 4, 45–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jung, R., 2000: Das Megaron. Ein Analogie(kurz)schluss der ägäischen Archäologie, in Gramsch, A. (ed.), Vergleichen als archäologische Methode. Analogien in den Archäologien, Oxford, 71–96.Google Scholar
Kerr, A.J.C., 1977: The common market and how it works, Oxford.Google Scholar
Kaeser, M.-A., 2000: Nationalisme et archéologie: quelle histoire?, Revue d'histoire des sciences humaines 2, 155–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaeser, M.-A., (forthcoming): L'internationalisation de la préhistoire, une manoeuvre tactique? Les conséquences épistémologiques de la fondation des Congrès internationaux d'anthropologie et d'archéologie préhistoriques (1865), in Blanckaert, C.(ed.), Les politiques de l'anthropologie, Paris.Google Scholar
Kohl, P. L. and Fawcett, C., 1995: Archaeology in the service of the state: theoretical constructions, in Kohl, P. L. and Fawcett, C. (eds.), Nationalism, politics, and the practice of archaeology, Cambridge, 3–18.Google Scholar
Kohl, P.L., and Fawcett, C. (eds), 1995: Nationalism, politics and the practice of archaeology, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, K., 1990: National archaeology in the age of European integration, Antiquity 64, 835–838.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kristiansen, K., 1993: ‘The strength of the past and its great might’. An essay on the use of the past, Journal of European archaeology 1, 3–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuhn, T.S., 1962: The structure of scientific revolutions, Chicago.Google Scholar
Laughland, J., 1997: The tainted source. The undemocratic origins of the European idea, London.Google Scholar
LAW, Lampeter Archaeology Workshop, 1997: Relativism, objectivity and the politics of the past, Archaeological dialogues 4.2, 164–184.Google Scholar
Layton, R., 1989: Who needs the past, in Layton, R. (ed.), Who needs the past? Indigenous values and archaeology, Cambridge, 3–10.Google Scholar
Leube, A., 1998: Zur Ur- und Frühgeschichtsforschung in Berlin nach dem Tode Gustaf Kossinnas bis 1945, Ethnographisch-archaeologische Zeitschrift 39, 373–427.Google Scholar
Lewis, G., 1992: Cultural property in the community, in Pearce, S.M. (ed.), Museums and Europe 1992, London, 24–44.Google Scholar
Lillios, K.L., 1995: Nationalism and copper age research in Portugal during the Salazar regime (1932 – 1974), in Kohl, P.L. and Fawcett, C. (eds.), Nationalism, politics and the practice of archaeology, Cambridge, 57–69.Google Scholar
Lipgens, W., 1979: Towards a history of European integration, Journal of common market studies 17.1, 83–96.Google Scholar
Louis, J.V., 1995: The Community legal order, Luxembourg.Google Scholar
Lowenthal, D., 1985: The past is a foreign country, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Lowenthal, D., 1995: Heritages for Europe, International journal of cultural property 4.2, 378–381.Google Scholar
Lüth, F., Olivier, A., Willems, W. and Wollák., K., 2000: A Stategic Plan for the EAC, in: Willems, W.J.H. (ed.), Challenges for European archaeology, Zoetermeer, 19–25.Google Scholar
Mathijsen, P.S.R.F., 1990: A guide to European Community law (2nd edn), London.Google Scholar
Merryman, J.H., 1986: Two ways of thinking about cultural property, American journal of international law, 80, 831–853.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Möckl, K., 1999: Europa als Vision und Wirklichkeit im 19 Jahrhundert – konservative Vorstellungen, in Bahadir, S.A. (ed.), Kultur und Region im Zeichen der Globalisierung, Erlangen, (http://www.uni-erlangen.de/orient/kultur/papers/moeckl.htm).Google Scholar
Morris, I., 1994: Archaeologies of Greece, in Morris, I. (ed.), Classical Greece. Ancient histories and modern archaeologies, Cambridge, 8–47.Google Scholar
Müller, J., 1998: Zur deutschsprachigen Theoriediskussion, Archäologisches Nachrichtenblatt 3.3, 219–221.Google Scholar
Olivier, L., 1998: L'archéologie française et le Régime de Vichy (1940 – 1944), European journal of archaeology 1.2, 241–264.Google Scholar
Palmer, N., and Goyder, J., 1992: Free movement of cultural goods and the European Community, in Pearce, S. M. (ed.), Museums and Europe 1992, London, 5–23.Google Scholar
Panagiotopoulou, R., 1997: Greeks in Europe. Antinomies in national identities, Journal of modern Greek studies, 15.2, 349–370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, W.H., 1960: Europe. How far?, Geographical journal 136, 278–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearce, S.M., (ed.), 1992: Museums and Europe 1992, London.Google Scholar
Pisani, E., 1989: Europe. Neither market nor state, Contemporary European affairs 1.1/2, 11–14.Google Scholar
Pluciennik, M., 1998: Archaeology, archaeologists and ‘Europe’, Antiquity 72.278, 816–824.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prinz, F., 1985: Neue Deutsche Geschichte, Vol.1, München.Google Scholar
Rathje, J., 1980: Geschichte, Wesen und Öffentlichkeitswirkung der Patriotischen Gesellschaft von 1724 in Hamburg, in Vierhaus, R. (ed.), Deutsche patriotische und gemeinnützige Gesellschaften, München, 51–70.Google Scholar
Renfrew, A.C., 1994: The identity of Europe in prehistoric archaeology, Journal of European archaeology 2.2, 153–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rex, J., 1996: National identity in the democratic multi-cultural State, Sociological research online 1/2, (http://www.socresonline.org.uk/socresonline/l/2/l.htmltop).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schadla-Hall, T., 1999: Public archaeology, European journal of archaeology 2.2, 148–158.Google Scholar
Schmale, W., 1997a: Scheitert Europa an seinem Mythendefizit?, Bochum.Google Scholar
Schmale, W., 1997b: Einführung in die Europäistik (©). Konzept, methode und Gegenstand der Europäischen Geschichte als Wissenschaft, München (http://www.lrzmuenchen.de/~ng/gfn/vl_97_wos.html).Google Scholar
Schmidt, H.D., 1966: The establishment of ‘Europe’ as a political expression, The historical journal 9, 172–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schülke, A., 2000: Conference review. ‘Die mittel- und osteuropäische Ur- und Frühgeschichts-forschung in den Jahren 1933 – 1945’, Berlin, November 19th - 23rd, 1998, European journal of archaeology 3.3.Google Scholar
Shaw, T., 1986: Archaeology and the politics of academic freedom, Archaeological review from Cambridge 5.1, 5–24.Google Scholar
Sherratt, A., 1995: Reviving the grand narrative. Archaeology and long-term change. Journal of European archaeology 3.1, 1–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shore, C., 1996: Imagining the New Europe. Identity and heritage in European Community discourse, in Graves-Brown, P., Jones, S. and Gamble, C. (eds), Cultural identity and archaeology. The construction of European communities, London/New York, 96–115.Google Scholar
Siegmund, F. and Zimmermann, A., 2000: Konfrontation oder Integration? Ein Kommentar zur gegenwärtigen Theoriediskussion in der Archäologie, Germania 78.1.Google Scholar
Smith, A.D., 1992: National identity and the idea of European unity, International affairs 68, 55–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, L., 1994: Heritage management as postprocessual archaeology?, Antiquity 68 (259), 300–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snyder, L.L., 1984: Macro-nationalisms. A history of the pan-movements, Westport/London.Google Scholar
Spence, D., 1994: Towards enlargement of the European Union, The courier 145, 61–67.Google Scholar
Staab, F., 1996: Die Franken – Wegbereiter Europas, in Wieczorek, A., Périn, P., von Welck, K., and Menghin, W. (eds), Die Franken – Wegbereiter Europas/ Les Francs – Pionniers de l'Europe, Mainz, 10–22.Google Scholar
Stone, P.G., 1989: Interpretations and uses of the past in modern Britain and Europe. Why are people interested in the past? Do the experts know or care? A plea for further study, in Layton, R. (ed.), Who needs the past? Indigenous values and archaeology, Cambridge, 196–205.Google Scholar
Tarschys, D., 1999: Vorwort des Generalsekretärs des Europarats, in Götter und Helden der Bronzezeit. Europa im Zeitalter des Odysseus. 25th Exhibition of the European council, Copenhagen, Bonn, Paris and Athens, ix.Google Scholar
Theune, C., 1999: Tagungsbericht. ‘Eine hervorragend nationale Wissenschaft’, Deutsche Prähistoriker zwischen 1900 und 1995, Ethnographisch-archäologische Zeitschrift 40.2, 263–166.Google Scholar
Trigger, B., 1989: A history of archaeological thought, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Trigger, B., 1995: Romanticism, nationalism and archaeology, in Kohl, P.L. and Fawcett, C. (eds), Nationalism, politics and the practice of archaeology, Cambridge, 263–279.Google Scholar
Urwin, D.W., 1991: The community of Europe. A history of European integration since 1945, London.Google Scholar
Varenne, H., 1993: The question of European nationalism, in Wilson, T.M. and Smith, M.E. (eds), Cultural change and the new Europe. Perspectives on the European Community, Boulder, 223–240.Google Scholar
Veit, U., 1998: Der Archäologe und das Fremde. Zur Erkenntnisstruktur der Ur- und Frühgeschichtswissenschaft, Mitteilungen der anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien 128, 125–137.Google Scholar
Veyne, P., 1988: Die Originalität des Unbekannten. Für eine andere Geschichtsschreibung, Frankfurt am Main.Google Scholar
Warren, J., 1992: 1992 and the movement of works of art, in Pearce, S.M. (ed.), Museums and Europe 1992, London, 45–65.Google Scholar
Wieczorek, A., Périn, P., von Welck, K., and Menghin, W. (eds), 1996: Die Franken – Wegbereiter Europas/ Les Francs – Pionniers de l'Europe, Mainz.Google Scholar
Wienberg, J., 1999: The perishable past. On the advantage and disadvantage of archaeology for life, Current Swedish archaeology 7, 183–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willems, W., 1998: Archaeology and heritage management in Europe. Trends and developments, European journal of archaeology 1.3, 293–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willems, W.J.H. 1999: The future of European archaeology, Oxbow Lecture 3, Oxford.Google Scholar
Willems, W.J.H. (ed.) 2000: Challenges for European archaeology. Report on the inaugural meeting of the Europae Archaeologiae Consilium, Zoetermeer.Google Scholar
Wilson, K. and van der Dussen, J., 1995: Introduction to book 1, in Wilson, K. and van der Dussen, J. (eds), The history of the idea of Europe, London/New York, 9–11.Google Scholar
Wilson, T.M., 1993: An anthropology of the European Community, in Wilson, T.M. and Smith, M.E. (eds.), Cultural change and the new Europe. Perspectives on the European Community, Boulder, 1–23.Google Scholar
Wiwjorra, I., 1996: German archaeology and its relation to nationalism and racism, in Díaz-Andreu, M. and Champion, T. (eds), Nationalism and archaeology in Europe, London, 164–188.Google Scholar