^{page 318 note a} For more exact representations of the bronzes, see separate plates and figures.

^{page 323 note a} It is hardly necessary to say that this later stream of culture also greatly influenced and modified the pre-existing urn-field system of the North of Europe, to which it arrived by more than one channel.

^{page 325 note a} Notably the suspension handles. Cf. Gen. Pitt Rivers, Excavations in Cranborne Chase, near Rushmore (vol. i. pi. xxxii. figs. 8–10, pi. xxxix. figs. 1, 2, 3; vol. ii. pi. cvii. 6. pi. ex. 8, pi. cxi. 1–2).

^{page 326 note a} As for instance the Natchez Indians and those of the North-West Coast. See Jones, , Antiquities of Southern Indians, 1873, p. 105Google Scholar; and Yarrow, H. C., A. further Contribution to the Study of the Mortuary Customs of the North American Indians. (First Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, 1881.Google Scholar)

^{page 326 note b} Facets are visible on the inferior margin of the tibiae and corresponding portions of the astragali. (See “The influence of posture on the form of articular surfaces of the tibia and astragalus of the different races of man and the higher apes.” By Thomson, Arthur, M.A., M.B., Lecturer on Human Anatomy in the University of Oxford. Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, vol. xxiii., p. 616Google Scholarseqq., and vol. xxiv. p. 210 seqq.)

^{page 327 note a} It is a variety of Evans (Coins of the Ancient Britons), pl. B. 8, see p. 63, seqq. The obverse is blank, the original laureate head of the Philippic prototype having been modified away through successive copying of coins worn on their convex side.

^{page 327 note b} Cf. Evans, op. cit. pl. E. 2, pp. 89, 90.

^{page 327 note c} Lelewel, pi. iii. 36, classes No. I as Atrebatian or Nervian, and states “on retrouve ces monnaies unifaces sur le territoire beige; on les a retirées des marais de Flins.” A variety of No. 2 is given both by Lambert, pi. xi. fig. 12, and Lelewel, pi. iv. ii.

^{page 327 note d} Cæisar simply says of Commios “cuius auctoritas in iis regionibus (sc. Britannia) magni habebatur.” But the mention of sons of Commios on coins of the South-Eastern district suggests a high probability that it was the Commios of Csesar who founded a dynasty in Britain. Cf. Evans, op. cit. p. 153. It further appears from a recently-discovered type that his son Verica also struck coins on both sides of the Channel. (Evans, op. cit. Supplement (1890), p. 508.)

^{page 334 note a} Notizie degli Scavi, &c. 1882, p. 5–37Google Scholar.

^{page 335 note a} Prosdocimi, , Not. d. Scavi, 1882, p. 26Google Scholar, Tav. vi. 1; Zannoni, , Gli scavi delta Certosa di Bologna, p. 157Google Scholar; Chierici, , Bullettino di Paletnologia, Anno vi. p. 103Google Scholar.

^{page 335 note b} Zannoni, op. cit. p. 101, seqq.; Tav. xxv. 7.

^{page 335 note c} Deschmann und Hochstetter, Prähistorische Ansiedlungen und Begräbnissstätten in Krain (Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wissensch. Wien. 1879)Google Scholar.

^{page 335 note d} Cf. Prosdocimi, op. cit. Tav. vi. p. 13, 15; Tav. vii. p. 7, 16.

^{page 336 note a} Sometimes the studs are of lead or tin. I have seen this Oriental method of decorating pottery by the attachment of small pieces of tin still practised in the Bulgarian town of Rustchuk on the lower Danube. The pots in this case have a lustrous black surface.

^{page 336 note b} “Vasi borchiati” have been found not only in the cemeteries of Este and at Bologna (Zannoni, op. cit. p. 395, Tav. cxxxv.), where they appear to be due to Venetian and Euganean influence; but in cemeteries of the Este type near Belluno (Not. d. Scavi, 1883, p. 40); in the Valley of Cadore (op. cit. p. 71), and Treviso (op. cit. p. 119); at Santa Lucia, near Gorizia (Much, Die prähistorischen Funde von Santa Lucia, &c. Mitth. d. k. k. Centr. Comm. &c. 1884); at Vermo, near Pisino, in Istria (Bull, di Paletnologia, 1883, 204, 1885, seqq.); at Waatsch, in Carniola, &c. This form of ornament is already found, though more sparsely, in the earliest Iron Age interments of Italy; e. g. in the well-tombs of Corneto-Tarquinia and Vetulonia, and an elegant black bowl from Hallstatt (Von Sacken, Taf. xxvi. 3) was studded in the same way. At Falerii, Givita Castellana, it is well represented.

^{page 337 note a} See especially Dr. S. Gherardini, Notizie degli Scavi, 1883, p. 119, and cf. Prosdocimi, op. cit. 1882, Tav. iv. fig. 1, Tav. v. fig. 13.

^{page 337 note b} In the cemetery of Asolo, near Treviso, see Notizie degli Scavi, 1883, p. 119, 120.

^{page 337 note c} At Caverzano, op. cit. p. 40.

^{page 337 note d} Orsi, Paolo, Bullettino di Paletnologia Italiana, 1885, p. 47Google Scholar, seqq.

^{page 337 note e} Op. cit. 1883, p. 204, 1885, p. 1, seqq.

^{page 337 note f} Much, Die prähistorischen Funde von Santa Lucia, &c. (Mitth. d. Central Comm. 1884, cxl.)

^{page 337 note g} If Heger, Der Tumulus bei Pillichsdorf in Niederösterreich. (Mitth. d. anthropologischen Ges. Wien, 1879, Taf. II. f. 1 and 4.)

^{page 337 note h} C. Pauli, Die Inschriften Nord Etruskischen Alphabets, 1885, and Dr. A. Meyer, Gurina, p. 37, seqq.

^{page 337 note i} See especially Orsi, Paolo, Bull. di Paletnologia Italiana, 1885, p. 114Google Scholar, seqq. Fligier, , Mitth. d. Anthropologischen Gesellsch. in Wien, 1877, 211Google Scholar. It seems to me that distinct Thraco-Illyrian features may be traced in some of the figures and subjects of the bronze situlce belonging to this group. To take a single example, the Jcausia worn by some of the men curiously recalls the head of the Illyrian king Genthios as he appears on coins. Cf., too, the much earlier Thracian coinages &c. A connexion with Northern Greece and its borderlands seems best to explain the strong Hellenic elements in this Illyro-Italic art, which have been well characterized by Dr.Naue, Julius in the Banner Jahrhilcher (1886, p. 1Google Scholar, seqq. Heft, lxxxii.)

^{page 338 note a} Herodotus (1. 196,) calls the Veneti Illyrians. Strabo, (Geogr. xiii. 1. 54) records the legend according to which they came from Thrace under Antênor's guidance. The Iapodes are reckoned by Appian (De Rebus Hlyricis, c. 10, &c.) as an Illyrian tribe, and their Southern borders extended to the neighbourhood of Trieste (Tergestê). By Strabo's time (Geogr. vii. 5, 2, and iv. c. 10) they had become blended with Gallic elements (op. cit. c. 8), and to the same stock belonged the Breones and Genauni of the Brenner and the Valle di Non. (Strabo, iv. 6, 8). The Istrians are reckoned an Illyrian race by Appian.

^{page 338 note b} Strabo (Geogr. v. 1, 9) says that already before the Hannibalic war, the Veneti and their neighbours the Gallic Cenomani were allied together on the Roman side against other Cisalpine Gaulish tribes.

^{page 338 note c} Hist. Lib. ii. c. 17, 5. “Oὐένɛτοι τοῖς μὲν έθɛσι κὰι τῷ κόςμῳ βραχὺ διαφέροντɛς Kɛλτῶν, γλώττῃ δ᾽ ἀλλοίᾳχρώμɛνοι.”

^{page 339 note a} The third tomb of the Villa Benvenuti. Cf. Gherardini, , Notizie degli Scavi, 1883, p. 396Google Scholar, seqq. Prosdocimi, , Not. d. Scavi, 1882, Tav. viii. fig. 3, &cGoogle Scholar.

^{page 339 note b} Gherardini, loc. cit. remarks of this urn, “Mentre il suo tipo e estraneo alle ceramiche arcaiche, come anche la qualità dell' argilla, si è voluto imitare la ornamentazione degli ossuari del III. periodo col circondarlo di due cordoni è di una linea incisa, onde e diviso in zone. Tra i due cordoni è visibilissima, oltre a ciò, l'ocre rossa.” Its outline represents a modification of the earlier situla type.

^{page 339 note c} Strabo, Geogr. vii. 5, 2, after classing the Scordisci as Gauls, adds: “καὶ γὰρ οὖτο7iota; τοῖς Ἰλλυρικοῖς ἔθνɛσι καὶ τοῖς Θρᾳκίο7iota;ς ἀναμὶξ ᾥκησαν.”

^{page 339 note d} Strabo, Geogr. vii. 5, 4.

^{page 340 note a} Cochet, , Sépultures Gauloises, &c. p. 10Google Scholar. For a black vase with nine cordons see Charvet, , Poterie Gauloise, p. 98, fig. 68Google Scholar.

^{page 340 note b} Op. cit. p. 42, and cf. Hecqnet d'Orval in Mémoires de le Société d'Émulation d'Abbeville, 1838–40, p. 285–95.

^{page 340 note c} Cochet, , Revue Archéologique, xxviii. (1874), p. 55Google Scholar.

^{page 341 note a} In the cemetery of Hallais, between Neufchâtel and Aumale. See Cochet, Sépultures Gauloises, &c. p. 397, seqq.

^{page 342 note a} Revue Archéologique, 1868 (T. xvii.) p. 92, sqq. Note de la Redaction, &C. and pi. iii. For other vessels of the same form from the Aisne see Moreau, Collection Garanda, pi. xxxviii. xl. xli. while in pl. F. an arrangement of these vessels may be seen beside the skeleton of a Gaulish warrior and the remains of his chariot in a grave excavated at Sablonière in the same district.

^{page 342 note b} Loc. cit. pi. iii. f. 3. For other remarkable pedestalled vases of the same class from Champagne see Charvet, Poterie Gauloise, p. 94, fig 63, p. 95, fig. 64.

^{page 342 note c} The angular shoulders of this group of vessels from the Marne,—the “carinated vases ” of French antiquaries,—seems to show that they were derived immediately from bronze originals.

^{page 343 note a} F. Moreau, Collection Garanda, pl. xxxviii. figs. 6 and 7.

^{page 344 note a} To these must be added the curious painted kylikes of half-barbaric fabric, such as those found in Posen and Silesia, at Frelsdorf in Hanover, &c.

^{page 344 note b} Sigmund von Schab, Pfahlbauten im Wurmsee (Beiträge zur Anthr. u. Urgeschichte Bayerns, I. seqq. & T. II.) Amongst the fragments discovered were part of a characteristic Tarentine or Apulian vase with an androgynous winged figure, &c, parts of a kyliæ, and another vessel of the same Magna-Græian fabric. There was a part of a kyliæ (?) of Corinthian make, which also points to an Adriatic source. Intermediate traces of this line of commerce are to be seen in the series of finds of Magna-Græcian pottery at Risano, Lissa, Lesina, and again at Pizzughi in Istria.

^{page 344 note c} A small “Apulian” Lekythos, in the Museum of Zurich. A kelebê with red figures in a relaxed style was also found on the Uetliberg near this place (Keller, , Anzeiger für Schweitzerische Alterthumshunde, July, 1871, No. 3Google Scholar). Another “Apulian” Lekythos, from near Constance, is to be seen in the same museum.

^{page 344 note d} Lindenschmit op. cit. B. III. H. 4, &c.

^{page 345 note a} In the Worms Museum.

^{page 345 note b} A striking example of the imitation of the form of a Greek painted vase north of the Alps is to be seen in a fine jar of a dark terracotta colour from the important late Hallstatt find at Hundersingen, on the Upper Danube. It is unquestionably copied from a Greek fourth-century amphora, the handles only being omitted. It is in the Stuttgart Museum.

^{page 345 note c} These are now in the Natural History Museum at Vienna. The pottery has been erroneously described as “Roman.”

^{page 346 note a} Vedel, , Bornholms Oldtidsminder og Oldsager (Kjœbenhavm, 1886). p. 105, figs. 224, 226, &cGoogle Scholar.

^{page 346 note b} Undset, Auftreten des Eisens, p. 429, fig. 134. For another apparently metallic form see Von Sehested, Fortidsininder og Oldsager fra Egnen om, Broholm, pl. xxxvi. f. 56, b. For other somewhat later illustrations see Engelhardt, Influence Classique, &c. (Mém. de la Soc. des Ant. du Nord, 1872–7, p. 252.)

^{page 346 note c} Osborne, W., Hradisht hex Stradonic (Mitth. d. anthr. Gesellsch. von Wien, 1881, T. II. 1Google Scholar).

^{page 347 note a} These objects are now in the Ashmolean Museum, at Oxford. I propose to give a fuller account of this find elsewhere.

^{page 348 note a} J. Evans, Ancient Bronze Implements, &c. p. 412, 413.

^{page 348 note b} e.g. From St. Jean-sur-Tourbe (Marne), Rev. Arch. 1883, p. 201, seqq. PL XXI. see p. 28, Note c; from Waldalgesheim, (E. Aus'm Weerth Festprogramm zu Winkelmann's Geburtstag, Bonn, 1870)Google Scholar; and another in the Germanic Museum at Nuremberg from a Rhenish site.

^{page 348 note c} See for example the urn from Schärloch, figured in De Bonstetten, Supplément au récueil des Antiquités Suisses, pl. vii. 1.

^{page 348 note d} In the Museum of Chalons-sur-Marne I have recently obtained for the Ashmolean Museum a specimen of a similar type from a Gaulish grave of the second century, B.C. found near Chalons.

^{page 348 note e} Also in the Chalons Museum.

^{page 349 note a} A pot with very similar ornamentation has now been recently found in a grave belonging to the Gaulish cemetery of Lutetia (Paris). (See Eug. Toulouze. Rev. Arch. 1890, p. 374.)

^{page 350 note a} From the hill above Kits' Coty House were also obtained three British bronze coins, one uninscribed (Evans, Coins of the Ancient Britons, pi. Gr. 13, p. 122), one of Eppillus (op. cit. pi. iv. 3, p. 197), and one probably of Amminus {op. cit. pi. xiii. 12, p. 354).

^{page 350 note b} It is probably to the same cemetery that the curious British cist described in the Arch. Ass. Journal (iv. p. 65) must be referred. It presented the peculiarity of having its walls and the domical cover above of clay baked in situ. Within was a skeleton in a somewhat contracted posture.

^{page 351 note a} I am indebted to Mr. H. Lewis, of Camberwell, for this information. At the same spot was a funnel-shaped hole 6 feet deep excavated in the chalk and with burnt clay at the bottom, which Mr, Lewis believed to have been used as a kiln for baking the urns in question.

^{page 351 note b} See p. 359, fig. 10.

^{page 351 note c} Romanizing influences need not here be excluded in the case of the pottery. See p. 383.

^{page 351 note d} Mr. Prigg writes, “From the fragments before me it is clear that your idea that these relics accompanied an interment is correct. The fragments in question consist of about a dozen pieces of roughly calcined human bones, among which are the portion of the base of a skull of a young individual, the head of a femur, and, I think, a portion of a scapula.” Mr. Prigg considered that “the bones had the appearance of having been buried loose in the earth and not in an urn,” but the absence of any green stain from the bronze vessel and the Aylesford analogies tell the other way. These bones were sent to Mr. Prigg, with the tankard and urns, by a Mr. Fenton. Two years later, some of the workmen who had dug up the remains, when examined by Mr. Prigg, denied having found bones, but there can be no reasonable doubt that the original account was the true one, and that the whole formed part of an interment of the same class as that of Aylesford, Hitchin, etc. Fragmentary calcined bones do not impress themselves on the observation or memory of untrained excavators. The objects were exhibited by Mr. Prigg, in February 1889, to the British Archæological Association, and a brief notice published in their Journal, vol. xlv. p. 81.

^{page 352 note a} It is engraved by Prof. J. S. Henslow (Publications of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society, 1846). Prof. Henslow was of opinion that the vases were Romano-British sepulchral vessels. He refers to No. 10 of the publications of the Society, where they were originally described as of oak. He describes the shale vase as made in four sections. Prof. Middleton, however, to whose kindness is due the sketch engraved in fig. 8, assures me that it is only divided into two parts.

^{page 353 note a} Arch. Inst. Journal, vol. xxv. (1868), p. 301Google Scholar.

^{page 353 note b} The Hon.Neville, R. C. (Arch. Inst. Journal, vol. xiv. (1857), pp. 85–87Google Scholar).

^{page 353 note c} Two silver fibulœ, the forms of which are not given, attached to each other by a wire chain (a characteristic “Tene” fashion), were also found near (op. cit. p. 85). Other vases of the same character raised on a foot or “stand ” are described as having been found east of Chesterford. In the Arch. Inst. Journal (1860, p. 127) another vase of the Aylesford type is figured and described as coming from this site. It was “of dark coloured ware,” with a slight cordon round its neck and body, and a more pronounced one round its pedestal. It is there classed as “Roman.”

^{page 353 note d} Henslow, loc. cit.

^{page 353 note e} Neville, op. cit. p. 87.

^{page 353 note f} See p. 5.

^{page 353 note g} Rev.Kirwan, R., “Sepulchral Barrows at Broad Down, near Honiton, &c (Arch. Inst. Journal, vol. xxv. [1868], p. 296Google Scholar, seqq.). It is certainly of bituminous shale, and probably, as Mr. Pranks has suggested, from the Kimmeridge deposits.

^{page 353 note h} Arch. Inst. Journal, vol. xiii. (1856), p. 183Google Scholar.

^{page 353 note i} Arch. Inst. Journal, vol. xxiv. (1867), p. 189Google Scholar.

^{page 354 note a} Exhibited by Mr. W. Ransom, F.S.A. at the Society of Antiquaries, Dec. 5th, 1889. Iron shears, so typical of the contemporary “Tène ” deposits of the Continent, were discovered in one of the graves.

^{page 354 note b} In the Aylesbury Museum.

^{page 354 note c} In the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.

^{page 354 note d} In the Dorchester Museum. I am indebted for a sketch of this urn to Mr. H. J. Motile, the Curator of the Dorset Museum. It is somewhat globular, of the usual dark brown colour, and with several cordons round its neck. Another cordoned cup in the same museum from Ridgeway, Dorset, seems to belong to the same class. It is however described as of a stone colour, unburnt.

^{page 354 note e} In the British Museum.

^{page 354 note f} In the British Museum.

^{page 355 note a} In the Northampton Museum. This style of pottery finds its analogies in some excavated in the late British camp of Mount Caburn, in Sussex, by General Pitt Rivers, on some fragments of which similar incised lozenges occurred (cf. Archaeologia, xlvi. pi. xxv. p. 39).

^{page 355 note b} Sir Henry Dryden, Hunsbury or Danes' Camp and the discoveries there, p. 4 (reprint from Proceedings of the Northampton Architectural Society,), speaks of some of the pottery as Roman, probably referring to this class of ware. From this view, however, I have ventured to differ, A specimen is figtired on pl. v. 12, of the above paper.

^{page 355 note c} Douglas, Nenia Britannica, p. 133, pi. xxvi. The relics found included besides three early Romano-British fibulæ and the iron blade of a sword. They are now in the Ashmolean Museum, with the exception of the pot and sword-blade. In this important find, approximately dated by the two coins of Claudius as belonging to the middle of the first century after Christ, objects belonging to the intrusive Roman culture are blended indiscriminately with others that represent the survival of indigenous British arts in this still unconquered Western district. The decorative motive on the vase, which consists of returning spirals without any other adjunct, is as purely Celtic in character as that on some of the bronze ornaments.

^{page 355 note d} Archaeologia, xlvi. pp. 440 and 446, pi. xxv. 32, 35, 36.

^{page 356 note a} It is figured in the British Arch. Association Journal, iv. p. 375.

^{page 356 note b} British Arch. Association Journal, i. pp. 243, 244.

^{page 357 note a} The plates themselves were in a fragmentary condition, but on three of the remaining pieces the points of attachments of the handles were clearly visible.

^{page 358 note a} From the Antrim collection in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford.

^{page 359 note a} For a further account of this deposit and the associated pottery see p. 37. It was from the analogy of the Aylesford tankard that Mr. Prigg was enabled so successfully to restore the Elveden example.

^{page 360 note a} Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. vol. vii., 1870, p. 8, fig. 2.

^{page 361 note a} Cf., for example, Layard, Monuments, &c, series 1. pl. 51; Perrot et Chipiez, Chaldée et Assyrie, p. 754, and p. 396.

^{page 363 note a} Mus. Disneianum, pt. II. pi. lxviii. A two-handled bronze cauldron, the attachment of which is adorned with a head of Hercules, was found at Mosbæk Moss, near Giver, in the Aalborg Amt. Denmark (see Aarboger for nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie, 1881, p. 108).

^{page 363 note b} One of these is to be seen in the Museum of St. Germains.

^{page 363 note c} Cf. Lindenschmit, Alterthümer, &c. B. ii. H. iv. Taf. 2, figs. 3, 4, 5; B. iii. H. ix. T. 1, 5. For one from near Berlin see Undset, Auftreten des Eisens, pl. xxii. f. 11. In some cases the upper part of the head is covered with a kind of skull-cap answering to the hemispherical covering which forms the lower part of the helmet in the Aylesford head.

^{page 364 note a} Lindenschmit, op. cit. B. ii. H. iv. Taf. 2, f. 1.

^{page 364 note b} This is seen best perhaps in the design as it appears on pi. 1. fig. 4, of M. Gross, La Tene, un Oppidum Helvète. On another sheath again (pi. 1, fig. 6), the central leaf of the palmetto can be distinctly recognised, together with the side festoons (such as they are seen, for example, on the Greek bronze situla of the Waldalgesheim find) here converted into grotesque serpentine heads.

^{page 364 note c} Akin to a very old Oriental type consisting of swelling S-shaped curves with taper connections, an example of which occurs among the ornaments of a half disk of an Egyptian pilaster (Rosellini, Momimenti del Culto, xvii.). It is found at Mykenæ along with other closely-allied ornamental designs, and is a characteristic feature of the bronze shields and disks found in Etruscan and South Italian tombs of the seventh and eighth centuries B.C. On the hilts of swords belonging to the latest Hungarian Bronze Age (contemporary with the Early Hallstatt Period), this ornamental motive appears in the simplified shape of the interlocked scrolls, which form such a vital element in all Late-Celtic Art. So striking, indeed, is the parallel, that it can hardly be questioned that it originally reached the Celtic peoples from a common source. They were, however, also undoubtedly familiarized with later classical examples of a kindred design, such as may be seen on the imported bronze basins found at Armsheim in Rhenish Hesse, at Rodenbach in the Rhenish Palatinate, at Zerff, near Trier, and (in this case, perhaps, a Gallic imitation) at Piemont, near Bussy-le-Château, Marne. Precisely similar basins with the same ornament were found at Dodona.

^{page 365 note a} Der Grabfund von Waldalgesheim, Weerth, E. Aus'm (Festprogramm zu Winkelmanns Geburtstag. Bonn, 1870)Google Scholar, Taf. iii.; and cf. Lindenschmit, Alterthiimer, &c. B. iii. H. i. T. 1.

^{page 367 note a} Reliquiaa Aquitanicas, pl. x. B. fig. 7.

^{page 367 note b} It is very conspicuous in the so-called “Island Gems ” found at Mykênæ, notably those from the recently discovered tombs.

^{page 367 note c} Prof. Prosdocimi, Necropoli Euganee di Este in Notizie degli Scavi, 1882, Tav. vii. fig. 7A. Another example occurs on a situla in the Nazzaro Collection at Este. These situlce belong to the end of the Third or the beginning of the Fourth Period of the Este interments as classified by Signor Prosdocimi.

^{page 368 note a} Furtwaengler, A., Der Goldfund von Vettersfelde (xxxiv^tes Programm zum Winlcelmannsfeste. Berlin, 1883)Google Scholar. Furtwaengler regards this find as a wholly isolated phenomenon connected with the migration of some Scythian tribe at the end of the sixth century B.C. in order to escape Darius. That this Persian invasion may have powerfully contributed to bring Scythian elements into contact with the central European peoples is probable, but it does not seem safe to conclude that the Vettersfeld deposit, which seems to have been of a sepulchral kind, was an isolated phenomenon. Further finds in East-Central Europe may throw a fresh light on this question, but it is by no means clear that other “mix-Hellenic ” objects found in early Celtic finds did not arrive from the same source. In this connection I may also mention a gold bracelet in the Breslau museum, the palmetto ornaments of which are nearly allied to Greek decoration of this class on jewellery; and, above all, the gold bracelet from Rodenbach in the Rhenish Palatinate, where the rams' horns are executed in a peculiar ornamental style, strikingly suggestive of the stags' horns of Kul Oba. See p. 55, note.

^{page 369 note a} Amongst the most obvious points of comparison between Late-Celtic forms and ornaments and those of the Pontic Art Province may be mentioned, besides the horned monsters referred to, the horned sphinxes, rare in Greek and Etruscan art, but almost universal in Grseco-Scythian goldwork as well as on that found in the graves of the Rhenish and Celtic districts; the decorative character of many of the animal representations, e. g. in the antlers of stags and horns of rams, which show some striking coincidences; certain ornaments on the sheaths and hilts, which also suggest Assyrian and Persian parallels; the occurrence in the Pontic regions of non-Celtic fibulae of the retroflected Late-Celtic form; forms of horse ornaments and trappings; forms of weapons like the scimitar knives with their Dacian and West Asiatic range; finally the prevalence in both groups of the use of enamel, so comparatively rare in Greek and Etruscan works.

^{page 370 note a} See, for example, the coin engraved by Lelewel, pi. ii., p. 31. The spray may in some cases be derived from the protruding tongue which is also characteristic of lions and other animals on archaic bronze-work and its derivatives. The lion on the bronze bason from Castelletto Ticino shows this feature in a marked degree.

^{page 370 note b} Lelewel, pi. ii., p. 22.

^{page 370 note c} Evans, pi. B. 5. This type is principally found on the south coast, but ranges as far as Oxfordshire. The average weight of coins of this class is 95 grains.

^{page 370 note d} Evans, pi. xiv. 1.

^{page 371 note a} Of. especially the find of Heerapfel near Saarbruck (Gerhard, Arch. Zeitung, 1856, Denkmäler u. Forschungpn. Taf. lxxxv., and Bonner Jahrbücher xxiii. (1856) p. 130Google Scholar, Taf. iv. v. vi. Lindenschmit, Alterthümer, &o. B. ii. H. i. Beilage i. zu Taf. 1 u. 2) and that of Waldalgesheim (Grabfund von Waldalgesheim, Weerth, E. Auss'm, Winhelmann s Programm, Bonn, 1870Google Scholar, and Lindenschmit op. cit. B. iii. H. i. T. i.) in both of which the triquetra occurs as an ornamental motive. These finds belong, as is well known, to a considerable group of which the Saar and Mosel valleys supply the principal nucleus, but which extend to the Upper Rhine and the Meuse.

^{page 372 note a} Cf. Lelewel, pi. ii. p. 31.

^{page 372 note b} Notizie degli Scavi, 1885, Tav. I. i., and p. 27. See also Baron J. de Baye, Société des Antiquaires de France 1886 {Seance du 29-me Dec). The cup served as cover for a cista a cordoni containing incinerated remains. The cista was of the later class, having ten cordons, and, judging from the character of the Greek vases and other snch remains associated with ciste of this type at Tolentino, Bologna, Ludwigsberg in Würtemberg, and elsewhere, cannot well be earlier than the fifth century B.C., while it may well belong to the succeeding century. At Eygenbilsen, near Tongres, a cordoncd bucket of this class (H. Schuermans, Objets Étrusques trouvés en Belgique, pi. ii.) served as a cinerary in a typical Late-Celtic deposit belonging to the early group of finds already referred to as characteristic of the Saar, Mosel, Meuse, and upper Rhine valleys.

^{page 374 note a} From the fact that this hoard contained some Roman family coins, the latest of which was one of Antony and Octavius struck in B.C. 39, M. Anatole de Barthélemy was inclined to regard the latter year as giving the approximate date of the deposit (Étude sur les monnaies gauloises découvertes en Jersey en 1875, p. 177, seqq. and Revue Numismatique, 1884.) The coin of Amminus, however, in all probability a successor of Bppillus in South-Eastern Britain (see Evans, op. cit. p. 208, seqq.), must be taken to bring the deposit down to a somewhat later date.

^{page 375 note a} See especially Dr. 0. Tischler's excellent observations on the Celtic swords in Schriften d.phyökon. Gesellsch. zu Königsberg, 1882. Sitzungsberichte, p. 17, seqq., and again in his Archäologiscke Studien aus Franhreich (Schriften, &c, 1884).

^{page 375 note b} Lindenschmit, Alterthümer, &c, B. ii., H. ii., Taf. 1, 2, 3.

^{page 375 note c} Gerhard, , Bonner Jahrbücher, xxiii. (1856)Google Scholar Taf. 4, 5, 6. Lindenschmit (op. cit. B. ii., H. ii., Beilage zu Taf. 1, n. 2) refers to this place as “Grabhügel von Schwartzenbach.” For an early example of a beaked æchoe of this class in a Celtic tumulus at Hradisht, in Moravia, see Wocel, Pravek zeme Ceské, p. 202.

^{page 377 note a} The tripod found at Dürkheim near Speier (see Lindenschmit, loc. cit.) is the exact counterpart, almost to the minutest detail, of the tripod from Vulci, now in the British Museum. Some of the figures on the stand are in this case obviously Etruscan.

^{page 377 note b} E. g. from Hradisht, Moravia (Wocel, loc. cit.) from Rodenbach, in the Rhenish Palatinate, from Armsheim, in Rhenish Hesse, and Zerff, near Trier (Grenthe, Ueber den etruskischen Tauschhandel nach dem Norden p. 165). An identical vessel was discovered at Dodona.

^{page 376 note c} A situla of this shape was found for instance in a tomb discovered in 1888 at Chianciano, near Cliusi, with alabaster urns of the family of Narχni, and belonging to the second century b.c. Now in the Museo Etrusco, Florence.

^{page 377 note a} Worsaae, Afbildninger fra det h. Museum for nordiske Oldsager in Kjöbenhavn, p. 60, fig. 225.

^{page 378 note a} l ow in tho Ashmolean Museum at Oxford.

^{page 378 note b} C. Deschmann, Funde von Zirknitz (Mittheilungcn der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft von Wien, 1879, (viii.) p. 137, seqq. See fig. 10).

^{page 379 note a} Pompeio Castelfranco, Liguri Galli e Galli Bomani (Bullettino di Paletnologia italiana, 1886, Tav. xiii. 68, p. 245.)

^{page 379 note b} Castelfranco, op. cit. Tav. xiii. 66, and see p. 245. A vase of an identical type was found in the Gaulish cemetery of Povegliano, near Verona (Cipolla, C., Notizie degli Scavi, 1880, Tav. viii. 9Google Scholar).

^{page 379 note c} The long-handled, bronze vessels that occur with Roman remains in Britain are bowl-shaped and partake more of the nature of a saucepan than a frying-pan. They are also of heavier fabric.

Two imported Roman objects of this class with colanders to fit them were found in the Danish Early Iron Age interment of Moellebanke in Seeland (Engelhardt, Influence Glassique sur le Jsford pendant VAntiquite, Mem. de la Soc. des Antiquaires du INTord, 1876, p. 233, f. 30).

^{page 379 note d} Pompeio Castelfranco, Liguri Galli e Galli Homani (Bullettino di Paletnologia italiana, 1886, p. 245, Tav. xiii. f. 65.) Castelfranco gives the date as 300–200 B.C., but the presence of an uncial is and of certain ‘Korth Etruscan ’ inscriptions brings the cemetery down to the succeeding century.

^{page 379 note e} Prof. Gr. Pellegrini Di un Sepolcreto preromano scoperto a Povegliano, Verona, 1878; and see Notizie degli Scavi, 1880, Tav. viii. f. 8, and p. 238. This cemetery contained “flat-graves,” with skeletons.

^{page 379 note f} Fabrotti, Scavi di Carrú, Tav. vii.; Crespellani, Scavi del Modenese, 1879, Tav. ii.

^{page 380 note a} They were exhibited to the Society of Antiquaries of London by Mr. Mathew Bigge.

^{page 380 note b} Die Gewandnadeln oder Fibeln (von Gurina) in Gurina irn Ohergailthal (Karnthen), Dr. A, Meyer, Dresden, 1885, and of. Dr. Tischler's earlier work, Archaologische Studien aus Frankreich (Schriften der Physikalisoh-Oekonomischen Gesellschaft zu. Koenigsberg xxv. (1884) Sitzungsberichte, p. 18, seqq.)

^{page 381 note a} Hildebrand, Bidrag til Spännets Historia, Antikvarisk Tidskrift for Sverige, iv. 1872–1880; and Montelius, Spännen fran Brunsåldern, &c, pp. 185, 186, and cf. fig. 188.

^{page 381 note b} Tischler, Gurina, &c, p. 26.

^{page 382 note a} Tischler, op. cit.

^{page 382 note b} Cf. Evans, Ancient British Coins, p. 31.

^{page 384 note a} E. g. on the radiated crown from the Petrie collection described in Archaeologia, xlvii. p. 475. From the spiked form of this crown, analogous to that usual on coins of the Roman Emperors during the period that succeeded the reign of Caracalla, it is probable that this crown is posterior to c. 200 A.D.

^{page 384 note b} Archåoloqische Studien aus Frankreich (Schriften der phys.-ökon. Gesellschaft zu Konigsberg, 1884, p. 27), and cf. Gurina, &c. p. 24. This fibula has been found on the site of the station of Stradonic in Bohemia, at Bibraote, Lyons, Besancon, &c.

^{page 384 note c} Hist. Rom. 1. ii., c. 110.

^{page 385 note a} Geogr., 1. iv. C. 5, 3, “ἀναθήματα τɛ ἀνɛθήκαν ἐν τῷ Kαπɛωλίῳ καὶ οχɛίαν σχɛδόν τι παραασκɛύασαν τοῖς Ῥωναίοις ὄλην τὴν νῆσον.”

^{page 385 note b} Strabo (lib. iv. c. 5, 3) mentions the import of glass vessels into Britain during this period (before c. A.D. 24).