^{page 189 note a} See note

^{page 189 note b} post, p. 200. Mr. Hallam has briefly pointed out the original connection between knighthood and tenure. (Middle Ages, vol. III. p. 483, 7th ed.) See also M. Guizot's remarks on the origin of knighthood. (Histoire de la Civilisation en France, vol. III. p. 366.)

^{page 190 note a} See Turner's Anglo-Saxons, vol. III. book vii. cap. 12.

^{page 190 note b} Tacitus de Moribus Germ. s. 13.

^{page 191 note a} See, as to the use of the word cniht, a letter by H. C. C. in Gent. Mag. N.S. vol. XXXI. p. 263.

^{page 191 note b} See an interesting chapter upon the Fyrd in the second volume of Palgrave's English Commonwealth.

^{page 191 note c} Ancient Laws of England (Record Commission), pp. 80, 81.

^{page 191 note d} Ancient Laws of England, p. 178.

^{page 191 note e} De relief a vavassur a sun lige seinur: deit estre quite par le cheval sun pere tel cum il out le jur de sa mort, e par sun haume e par sun escu e par sun hauberc e par sa lance et par s'espee. E sil fust desaparaille quil noust cheval ne armes, fuste quite par C. sol. (Leges Willelmi Conquestoris, c. 20. Ancient Laws of England, p. 205.)

^{page 191 note f} The word vavassor, which is evidently the same in its origin as vassus and vassallus, was used by the foreign feudists, and by our own lawyers of the 11th and 12th centuries, for a military tenant holding under a baron or tenant in chief of the king (see Lib. Feud. lib. i. tit. 1); and such an estate, or such a tenure, was called vavassoria, vavassura, or vavasseria, (see Abbrev. Plac. in dom. cap. Westm. asserv. f. 61 b, 88; Bracton, f. 93 b.) Hence in a charter of Henry II. of England, anno 1666, cited by Ducange, the class of vavassors is mentioned between barones and milites. And Walter Mapes describes Henry Las giving audience to suitors, secum habens comites, barones, et proceres vavassores. (Map. de Nugis Cur. Distinc. v. cap. 6. p. 225.) But the word was not strictly confined to those standing in the second degree of tenure from the sovereign, and the military tenants of the greater vavassors were in Italy called minor vavassors. (Lib. Feud, ubi cit.) And in Normandy and France, where the word continued longer in use than in England, it seems to have been latterly applied to the inferior military tenants holding less than a knight's fief. (Ducange, sub voc. vavassor). Bracton, writing when the word does not seem to have been in technical use, speaks vaguely of vavassors as magnates and magnœ dignitatis viri. (Bract, lib. i. c. 8, § 4.)

^{page 192 note a} See the Chronicle of Abingdon, vol. II. p. 3.

^{page 192 note b} In several counties, in Domesday, the minor tenants in capite of English origin are classed separately as Taini regis. See especially in Dorsetshire, where in the list at the beginning of the county the Taint regis are preceded by Hugo de Luri et alii Franci, and followed by Willūs Belet et alii servientes regis. (Domesd. 75.) See also in Wiltshire and Somersetshire, Domesd. 64 b., 86.

^{page 192 note c} In the roll of knight's fees held of the Bishop of Hereford, 1304, printed in the Appendix to Bishop Swinfield's Household Eoll (Camden Soc. 1854) the knight's fees appear to be generally five or six hydes. Examples may be found of knight's fees containing sixteen, twenty-seven, and even forty-eight ploughlands. See Abbrev. Placit. t. Ric. I. to Ed. II. pp. 73, 33, 304. See also Coke Inst. pt. 2. p. 596. Smyth, in his work on the Berkeleys, mentions that the knight's fees in that barony did not exceed four ploughlands. Some of the knight's fees of the Abbey of Peterborough appear to be small. (See Chronicon Petroburgense, Appendix). This no doubt arose from the importance of multiplying the defenders of the abbey by granting lands to stipendiaries. As to the estate of an Anglo-Saxon thane, see Selden, Tit. Hon. p. 621.

^{page 193 note a} As to compulsory knighthood in Normandy, see note to Leges Henrici I. in Ancient English Laws (Record Commission), p. 217.

^{page 194 note a} Quia vero non erant adhuc tempore regis Willielmi Milites in Anglia, sed Threnges, prsecepit Rex,. ut de eis Milites fierent ad terram defendendam. Fecit autem Lanfrancus Threngos suos Milites. Monachi vero non fecerunt, sed de portione sua ducentas libratas terræ dederunt Archiepiscopo ut per milites suos terras eorum defenderet, et omnia negotia eorum apud curiam Romanam suis expensis expediret. Unde adhuc in tota terra Monachorum nullus miles est, sed in terra Archiepiscopi. (Somner on Gavelkind, App. p. 209.)

The class of tenants called Threngs, who are mentioned by the monks as having had knighthood imposed upon them by order of the Conqueror, were no doubt the thanes; though the word by which they are designated might seem rather to point to a peculiar order of tenants who are mentioned in Domesday Book by the name of Drench, and who appear to have been superior freeholders in the Danish regions of England.—See Ducange sub voce Drench, Drengagium; Abbrev. Plac. t. Ed. I. p. 194.

Gervasius of Canterbury, a contemporary, writing of the same dispute between Archbishop Baldwin and the monks, says that the possessions of the Church of Canterbury were originally common to the archbishop and the convent; and that, after the lands of the Church had been plundered by the Norman conquerors, Lanfranc obtained their restitution, and granted to the monks the administration of their own portion: not that all the archbishop's lands, he adds, do not belong to the Church, sed quia ab antiquis temporibus assignaverunt nescio qui archiepiscopi villas et redditus conventui sufficientes, ceteris sibi pacificè retentis: sibi etiam reservaverunt comites, barones, milites, monachis vero assignaverunt rusticos et agricultores. Dicunt autem quidam Lanfrancum id fecisse. (Gervas. Doroborn. ed. Twysden, p. 1311.)

^{page 195 note a} Taliter itaque regni tumultuantibus causis, domnus Adellelmus abbas locum sibi commissum munita manu militum secure protegebat: et primo quidem stipendiariis in hoc utebatur. At his sopitis incursibus, cum jam regis edicto in annalibus annotaretur quot de episcopiis quotve de abbatiis ad publicam rem tuendam milites exigerentur, eisdem donativis prius retentis abbas mansiones possessionum ecclesias pertinentibus (sic) inde delegavit, edicto cuique tenore parendi de suæ portionis mansione. Quæ possessiones ab eis habitæ fuerant quos Tahinos dicunt et in bello Hastingis occubuerant.—Chronicon monasterii de Abingdon, vol. II. p. 3.

^{page 195 note b} Thomas Sprottus, who lived in the time of the two first Edwards, states the number of knights' fees under the Conqueror's settlement to have been 60,215, and this number he gives as the result of the Conqueror's survey. (Cronica Sprotti, Hearne, p. 114.) Spelman appears to adopt this statement. (Glossary sub voce Feodum.) So Blackstone states that, as a consequence of the tenure by knight-service, the Conqueror had always at his command an army of 60,000 milites, or knights (Blackst. Comm. vol. IV. p. 419). M. Guizot has repeated the same assertion. (Essais sur l'Histoire de Prance, p. 261.) An oxamination of the Domesday Survey does not confirm this conclusion. There are no knight's fees (under that name) in Domesday, and the total number of free tenants, including tenants in capite, lords of manors, and liberi homines, appears not to amount to much more than twenty thousand. (See Ellis's Observations on Domesday Book.)

^{page 195 note c} See as to the custom in Berkshire, Domesday, Berrochescire, p. 56; and see Palgrave, English Commonwealth, vol. II. p. 368.

^{page 195 note d} Carta Eegis Willelmi Conquisitoris.—

V. Volumus etiam ac firmiter precipimus et concedimus ut omnes liberi homines totius monarchic regni nostri predicti habeant et teneant terras suas et possessiones suas bene et in pace, libere ab omni exactione injusta et ab omni tallagio, ita quod nichil ab eis exigatur vel capiatur nisi servitium suum liberum, quod de jure nobis facere debent, et facere tenentur; et prout statutum est eis, et illis a nobis datum et concessum jure hereditario in perpetuum, per commune consilium totius regni nostri predicti.

VIII. Statuimus et firmiter precipimus, ut omnes comites et barones et milites et servientes et universi liberi homines totius regni nostri predicti habeant et teneant se semper bene in armis et in equis, ut decet et oportet, et quod sint semper prompti et parati ad servitium suum integrum nobis explendum et peragendum, cum semper opus adfuerit, secundum quod nobis debent de feodis et tenementis suis de jure facere, et sicut illis statuimus per commune consilium totius regni nostri predicti, et illis dedimus et concessimus in feodo jure hereditario. Hoc preceptum non sit violatum ullo modo super forisfacturam nostram plenam. (Leges Gulielmi Conquestoris, Wilkins, pp. 217, 229. Ancient Laws of England (Record Commission), pp. 211, 212.)

^{page 196 note a} Even the liability of a thane to forfeit his land for absence from the royal army was not a novelty, but was recognised by the ancient English laws. See Laws of Ine (circa A.D. 700) s. 51; Thorpe's Ancient English Laws (Eecord Commission) p. 58; Leges Henrici I. xiii. 11; Ancient English Laws, p. 227; Domesday Book, Wirecestrescire, f. 172.

^{page 196 note b} Blackstone, Comm. vol. II. p. 60.

^{page 196 note c} The word feudum, when used in Domesday Book, generally expresses the relation of seignory and vassalage. Dislea tenet Godwinus de rege in feudo. Hæ terræ sunt de feudo reginœ, &c. &c. It is a remarkable illustration of the importance of the Conqueror's charter as connecting the introduction of feudality with the establishment of the hereditary principle of succession, that the word feodum in English law became especially devoted to express the heritable quality of an estate, so that as soon as estates not properly feudal became hereditary, the word feodum was applied to express this quality in them. The legal formula still used, ‘Seised in his demesne as of fee,’ seisitus in dominico suo ut de feodo, is as old as Henry II. (Glanvill, lib. ii. c. 3.) And the expression in feudo et hœreditate is found in grants at least as early as the time of Stephen. (See evidence in the Berkeley Peerage Case, 1859.) It will not be forgotten that Littleton, at the commencement of his Tenures, interprets feodum to mean inheritance. Feodum idem est quod hereditas. (Tenures, cap. 1.) As to the custom of inheritance of thane-land before the Conquest, see Palgrave's English Commonwealth, vol. I. pp. 579, 580; vol. II. p. 359.

^{page 197 note a} Militibus qui per loricas terras suas defendunt (var. lect. deserviunt), terras dominicarum carucarum suarum quietas ab omnibus gildis et ab omni opere, proprio dono meo concedo, ut, sicut tam magno allevamine alleviati sunt, ita se equis et armis bene instruant ad servitium meum et ad defensionem regni mei. Carta Henrici I. A.D. 1101. (Statutes of the Realm (Record Commission), vol. I. p. 2.)

^{page 197 note b} See Ellis's Introduction to Domesday, vol. I. pp. 58, 62.

^{page 197 note c} In a cartulary of the Abbey of Shaftesbury (Harl. MS. 61) is a list of the knight's fees of that church, which is probably the earliest document existing in which knights' fees are described in English. The word used for feodum militis is knystesmetehom, or knight's ‘living.’ This document is so curious, both for its language, which appears to have suffered in transcribing, and for its contents, that I give it entire. It is mentioned by Sir Francis Palgrave (English Commonwealth, vol. II. p. 207), and ascribed by him to the reign of Henry I. The manuscript in which it is found is not older than the fourteenth century.

Þes beþ þare knystene londes þat sillen into uoerde uare myd þe kyng myd hire hors, and myd hyre þgare for þare cherche of Shaftesbury:

þat arest lond hatte Chiklad and ys on yhol knystesmetehom:

On oþer yhol knystesmetehom ys at Donyntone, and at Nypred, and at Fernhulle:

On yhol knystesmetehom ys at Haseldene and Estone:

On yhol knystesmetehom ys at Yscahche: [qu.. pstahche, i.e. West Hacche. See Hoare's Hist. S. Wilts, vol. IV. p. 130.]

Two yhole knystesmetehomes bes at Gyssyh, wyþute one hyde of londe:

On helf knystesmetehom ys at Linlege:

On yhol knystesmetehom ys at Brudesperde:

þat fyftedel of one knystesmetehome ys at Dudele se yne þan home of Bradeforde:

On hyde of londe ys at Atteworþe yne þan home of Bradeforde: and ys þat furþe del of ones knystesmetehome.

At Cheselburne beþ two hyde and on helf of londe:

At Sylfhamptone ys on hyde and on ⳅerde of londe, and hy uyndiⳅ anne rop to þan waterputte of Syeftebury:

And at Henleⳅe at one wonynge ys þat fiftedel of ones knystesmetehome:

And at on oþer wonynge ys hyde landes in fan ylke tone:

At Ocleⳅe ys on hyde of londe and ys þat sixtedel of one knystesmetehome:

At Apshulle ys on hide of londe and on ⳅerde, and answareⳅ for one knystesmetehome:

At Falⳅham at two wonynge ys on hide and on helf of londe:

And alle þes knyⳅtes þat fes londes þaldeⳅ doⳅ manredene an palleⳅ of þan munechene of Syftebury and of þan menstyre. (Harl. MS. 61, f. 22.)

^{page 198 note a} This document is printed at the end of the Chronicon Petroburgense, published by the Camden Society. The list of knights of the Bishop of Rochester (Text. Roff. Hearne, p. 223) is of the same reign.

^{page 198 note b} We find, for example, the following entry: Eodbert de Olli (tenet) i hidam et dimidiam, unde non finivit de servitio.

^{page 198 note c} I do not know where to look for the earliest examples of such grants. In the reign of Stephen the manor of Berkeley was granted by Henry, Duke of Normandy, afterwards Henry II., to Robert Fitz Harding, to be held by the service of one knight, or one hundred shillings, at the election of the tenant; and the same manor was regranted a few years later to the same tenant to be held by the service of five knights. (See Evidence upon the Berkeley Peerage Case, 1859. Smyth's Account of the Berkeleys, by Fosbroke, pp. 69, 71.)

^{page 199 note a} Scilicet nullus militum de veteri illo feofamento feofatus fuit nominative per feodum militis. Sed una quæque carucata terræ ad faciendum milites xv par est alii ad omnia servitia facienda et in exercitibus et in custodiis et ubique. (Liber Niger Scaccarii, Hearne, p. 210.) Glanvill supplies the form of a writ of right, which appears applicable to the case of a military tenant, whose ancestor had been enfeoffed before the time when it was customary to define, by the fraction of a knight's fee, the amount of service due upon every feoffment. Rex Comiti W. salutem. Præcipio tibi quod teneas plenum rectum N. de decem carucatis terræ in M. quas clamat tenere de te per liberum servitium unde duodecem carucatæ terræ faciunt feodum unius militis pro omni servitio &c. (Glanvill, lib. xii. c. 3.) A similar writ of the date of Edward I. is cited by Coke, Co. Lit. 69 b.

^{page 199 note b} Quicunque habet feodum unius militis habeat loricam et cassidem et clypeum et lanceam, et omnis miles habeat tot loricas et cassides et clypeos et lanceas quot habuerit feoda militaria in dominio suo. Quiounque liber laicus habuerit in catallo vel in redditu ad valentiam xvi. marcarum habeat loricam et cassidem et clypeum et lanceam æc habens arma obierit, arma sua remaneant hæredi suo; et si hæres de tali ætate non sit quod armis uti possit, si quis fuerit ille eum qui habebit in custodia habeat similiter custodiam armorum, et inveniet hominem qui armis uti possit in servitio domini Regis, si opus fuerit, donec hæres de tali ætate sit quod arma portare possit, et tune ea habeat.—(Hoveden, Annal. p. 611; Wilkins, Leges Angl. p. 333.)

^{page 200 note a} Cancellario et regni Angliæ et regnoram vicinorum magnates liberos suos servituros mittebant, quos ipse honesta nutritura et doctrina instituit, et cingulo donatos militiæ ad patres et propinquos cum honore remittebat, aliquos retinebat.—Fitzstephen, Vita S. Thomæ, ed. Giles, p. 189.

^{page 200 note b} Our greatest authorities on legal antiquities have considered that tenants by military service were called knights, whether they were knights in the ordinary sense or not. See Selden's Titles of Honour, p. 769, where he says, that, tenants ‘by knight's service were called knights, milites, or chivalers, because their service was military,’ and cites for example the practice in legal proceedings in which juries of knights were employed; and adds that the chief gentlemen or freeholders of every county (in regard they usually held by knight service) are styled chivalers in the Statute of Westminster the first, touching the choice of coroners. In both these instances, the ‘knights’ originally contemplated by the law were knights in the ordinary sense, and not merely persons holding by military tenure. See post, p. 201. Spelman (Gloss, sub voce Miles) also states that miles in one sense signifies a tenant holding freely or by military service. I think it will be found that the examples in which the word appears to bear this sense belong to a time when the adult tenants by knight's service may be supposed to have been in fact knights. The accurate determination of this point is rendered the more difficult by the Latin word for knight, miles, being unquestionably equivocal, although the inclination throughout the middle ages was to confine it to its more distinguished signification, and to add some epithet, as plebeius, gregarius, stipendiarius, when the sense of soldier was intended.

^{page 201 note a} The form of the process in the Great Assize may be seen in the appendix to the third volume of Blackstone's Commentaries; or more fully in the third volume of “Wilson's Reports, p. 558. The latest trial of a writ of right was in the case of Davies v. Lowndes, tried in 1835, and again upon a new trial in 1845. See Bingham's New Cases, vol. I. p. 597; Common Bench Reports, vol. I. p. 435.

^{page 201 note b} Omnia præsumuntur legitime facta donee probetur in contrarium. Broom's Legal Maxims, p. 852.

^{page 201 note c} See Stat. de Magnis Assisis et Duellis (incerti temporis).

^{page 201 note d} The Statute “Westminster I. c. 10 (3 Edw. I. 1275), in which the above rule is laid down, was manifestly an affirmation of the ancient practice, as it recites that inferior persons had in recent times (ore de novel) been elected. The next chapter requires two of the jury upon every writ de odio et atya to be knights.

^{page 201 note e} Bracton, f. 116; Fleta, lib. i. c. 19; Britton, c. 2. In the year 1251 more than 1000 English knights are said to have been at York at the marriage of Alexander III. of Scotland.—Matt. Par. p. 716 (ed. 1684).

^{page 202 note a} Uxor Hugonis de Nevill dat domino Eegi cc. gallinas eo quo possit jacere una nocte cum domino suo Hugone de Nevill. 6 Johan. Rotuli de Finibus, p. 275.

Robertas de Vallibus debet quinque optimos palefridos ut Rex taceret de uxore Henrici Pinel. Mag. Rot. 12 Joh. Rot. 13a, Cumbr. (Madox, Hist. Exch. p. 352).

Episcopus Wintoniensis debet i. tonellum vini boni, quia non reduxit in memoriam Regis de zona danda Comitissæ de Albemar. Mag. Rot. 11 Joh. Rot. 14 b. Sudhant. (Madox, Hist. Exch. 352.)

^{page 202 note b} I have myself searched in vain in this volume for any instance of a fine for non-assumption of knighthood; but I cannot say that my search was exhaustive.

^{page 202 note c} Rex vicecomiti Norf. et Suff. salutem. Precipimus tibi quod sine dilacione clamari facias per totam Ballivam tuam, quod unusquisque laicus plene etatis qui feodum unius militis tenet vel plus in balliva tua et miles non est, quod anna capiat et se militem fieri faciat citra clausum Pasche Anno ix^o regni nostri, sicut feodum vel feoda sua quæ tenet diligit. T. R. apud Westm. xvj^to die Novembris. Eodem modoscribitur omnibus Vicecoinitibus. (Rot. Claus. 9 H. III. printed by Record Commission, vol. II. p. 69.)

^{page 203 note a} See Matt. Par. sub anno 1224.

^{page 203 note b} Rex vicecomiti Cumberland, salutem. Ostendit nobis Johannes de Dentone quod cum teneat quandam terram de Roberto de Vallibus ad feodi firmam et nichil teneat per servicium militare, tu occasione precepti quod tibi fecimus de omnibus illis qui feodum unius militis vel plus tenent in Baillia tua militibus faciendis ipsum Johannem vis distringere ad se militem faciendum. Et ideo tibi precipimus quod si ita est, predicto Johanni pacem inde habere permittas. Teste Rege apud Radinge, xxx. die Martii. Rot. Claus. anno 9 H. III. m. 7, p. 25. See also Rot. Claus. 9 H. III. m. 14, p. 36.

^{page 203 note c} Rex vicecomiti Norhampon salutem. Precipimus tibi quod per totam ballivam tuam pupplice clamari et scire [facias] omnibus qui de nobis tenent in capite per servicium militare in balliva tua, quod infra proximam Pascham anno regni nostri xi^o faciant se milites fieri sicut tenementa sua diligunt que de nobis tenent. Et interim nobis scire facias distincte et aperte nomina omnium illorum qui de nobis tenent per servicium militare in balliva tua et quantum unusquisque teneat de nobis et quantum servicii inde nobis debeat. T. Rege apud Westm. xviij. die Jan.

Eodem modo scribitur omnibus vicecomitibus Anglie. Rot. Claus. 11 Hen. III. (A.D. 1227), vol. II. p. 206.

^{page 204 note a} Rex vicecomiti Norf. et Suff. salutcm. Præcipimus tibi quod visis literis istis per totam Ballivam tuam clamari facias, quod omnes illi qui de nobis tenent in capite feudum unius militis vel plus et milites non sunt citra festum Natalis Domini anno regni nostri decimo nono arma capiant et se milites fieri faciant, sicut tenementa sua quæ de nobis tenent diligunt. Teste Eege apud Walingford vii^o die Novenibris. Rot. Claus. 19 H. III. m. 25 dorso. (Madox, Hist. Exch. 354.)

^{page 204 note b} Quia Rogerusde Sumery ad hoc festum Pentecostes proximo prasteritum nonvenit ad Regem ut eum cingulo militiæ cingeret: mandatum est Vicecomiti Wigorniæ, quod Honorem de Duddeleg. et alias terras ipsius Rogeri in Balliva sua sine dilatione capiat in mannm Regis et eas salvo custodiat cum omnibus catallis in eis inventis: ita quod nichil inde amoveatur donee Rex aliud inde præceperit. Teste Rege apud Wenlak vii^o die Junii.

Eodem modo scribitur Vicecomiti Essex, de terris Gileberti filii Johannis de Sampford, et Vicecomiti Dorset, de terris Willelmi filii Drogonis dc Monte aouto. Rot. Fin. 17, H. III. m. 5. (Madox, Hist. Exch. 354.)

^{page 204 note c} Bartholomæus filius Wilhelmi debet v. marcas pro habendo respectu de Militia. Mag. Rot. 31 H. III. Rot. 3 b, m. 1, Norf. et Suff. (Madox, Hist. Exch. 353.)

^{page 204 note d} Spelman, Glossary, s. voce Feodum. Cf. Littleton Ten. s. 126; Mag. Cart. c. 2; Coke Inst. pt. ii. p. 9.

^{page 204 note e} See ante, p. 191. One hundred solidi was the established relief, t. H. II. See Dial, de Scacc. lib. 2, cc. 10, 24. (Madox, Hist. Exch. ad fin.)

^{page 205 note a} Cl. 25 H. III. m. 5 dors. Hale MS. xxvi. p. 75b. Mandatum est vicecomiti Cumbriæ, quod occasione precepti quod Rex ei fecit de hominibus qui milites esse debent distringendis non distringat Robertum de Landplo ad arma capienda, nisi teneat feodum unius militis integrum vel habeat xx. libratas terre quam in feodo militari quam in socagio.

^{page 205 note b} Cl. 26 H. III. m. 14 dors. Hale MS. xxvi. 102. Rex vicecomiti Bark, et Bedford salutem. Precipimus tibi, sicut alias precipimus, quod omnes illos in Balliva tua, quorum nomina alias nobis significastis, qui tenent xx. libratas terre tam in feodo militari quam in socagio, vel in feodo militari tantum, vel feodum militis integrum, et milites non sunt, distringas per terras et catalla sua quod arma capiant et se milites fieri faciant citra Purificationem beate Marie anno &c. xxvi. Et taliter te super hoc habeas quod occasionem non habeamus ad te graviter capiendi, si defectum in te invenerimus vel si convinci possis quod ab aliquo vel aliquibus pro respectu militie sue aliquam pecuniam receperis; quod quidem inquiri faciemus. T. R. apud Rading. decimo die Decembris.

Cl. 37 H. III. m. 25 dors. 1st Extract Hale MS. xix. Rex vicecomiti Northumbr. salutem. Precipimus tibi, quod omnes illos de Balliva tua qui habent viginti libratas terre vel feodum unius militis integrum valens viginti libras per annum, et milites non sunt, distringas per terras et catalla sua quod sint ad nos in festo Pasche proximo futuro, ubicunque tune fuerimus in Anglia, parati ad capienda arma militaria vel ad finem nobiscum faciendam pro respectu habendo de militia sua. Teste Rege apud Clarendon, xvij. die Novembris.

Eodem modo mandatum est vicecomitibus Ebor. Westmerl. Cumbr. Lane. Eodem modo mandatum est vicecomitibus Gloucestrie, Wygornie, Hereford. Middelsex. Surr. et Sussex. Berk. Oxon. Suthampton. Wiltes. Sumerset. Dorset. Devon, quod sint coram Rege apud Winton. in natali Domini.

Eodem modo mandatum est vicecomitibus Kent. Camb. Salop. Stafford. Notingham. Derby. Warr et Leyc. Northampton. Roteland. Norff. Suff. Essex. Hertford. Cantebr. Hunt. Buck, et Bedford. Sint coram rege in festo Purificationis beate Marie proximo futuro parati, &c.

Cl. 39 H. III. pt. 1. m. 4. Cited in MS. Lansdowne 253. fol. 469. Hale MS. xix. Mandatum est vicecomiti Ebor. quod omnes illos de Balliva sua qui habent viginti libratas terre vel feodum unius militis integrum valens viginti libras per annum, et milites esse debent et non sunt, sine dilacione distringat ad se milites faciendos. Teste Rege apud Werk. xviij. die Septembris.

^{page 206 note a} Cl. 26 H. III. m. 7 dors. Hale MS. xxvi. f. 106b. Rex vicecomiti Northt. salutem. Quia preceptum nostrum quod tibi nuper fecimus de illis distringendis de comitatu tuo qui milites esse debent et non sunt informatione Invecta plene non es executes, de quo sumus plurimum admirati, iterato tibi precipimus firmiter injungentes, quod omnes illos de comitatu tuo qui habent viginti libratas terre vel amplius tam in feodo militari quam in socagio, vel feodum militis integram in dominico suo, per terras et catalla sua distringas ad arma capienda, ita quod inde nullam habeant administracionem antequam securum te fecerint quod se milites sine mora fieri faciant aut literas nostras de respectu tibi deferant; et nomina eorum nobis scire facias. Alios autem qui non habent xx. libratas terre licet teneant feodum militis integrum vel illud non habeant omnino in dominico pacem habere permittas, ita quod decetero occasione militie sue non distringas, sciturus quod si perpendere possimus quod aliquos distringas injuste contra formam hujus modi precepti nostri ad arma capienda ad te nos graviter capiemus. Teste Rege apud Norwic. xxi. die Marcii.

^{page 206 note b} Rex vicecom. Northt. salutem. Precipimus tibi quod sicut teipsum et omnia tua diligis, omnes illos in Balliva tua qui habeant viginti libratas terre distringas ad se milites faciendos citra festum nativitatis Sancti Johannis Baptiste proximo futurum, sciturus pro certo quod si pro munere vel aliqua occasione aliquam relaxationem eis feceris vel aliquem respectum dederis, nos ita graviter ad te capiemus, quod omnibus diebus vite tue te senties esse gravatum. T. R. apud Wyndesor. xiv. die Aprilis. Eodem modo scribitur omnibus vicecomitibus Anglie. Rot. Claus. 28 H. III m. 12 dors. Hale MS. xxvi. 208b. This writ is cited by Ashmole, Hist, of Garter, p. 33.

^{page 206 note c} Et similiter de viceeomitibus et ballivis qui cepemnt redemptionem de valettis integrum feodum militis tenentibus, vel viginti libratas terræ habentibus, ne milites fierent ad mandatum domini Regis, cum vicecomites et alii ballivi domini Regis inde præceptum haberent speciale, de talibus pleæ ætatis existentibus militibus faciendis. (Bracton, f. 117.) Britton has the same direction. Et ausi (seyt enquis) de viscontes qe eyent pris fins et amerciementz de gent de lur baillie qe ils ne seyent destreintz de estre chivalers et en teu cas sunt amerciables. (Britton, c. 21.) The ‘Mirror of Justices,’ written in the time of Edward II. makes it a species of treason for one of the King's officers to counsel persons to evade knighthood when legally liable to it. (Mirror, cap. i, s. 4.)

^{page 207 note a} Rot. Clans. 38. H. III. m. 4. Hale MS. xxviii. Rex Vic. Wiltes. Salutem. Quia dilectus primogenitus noster Edwardus in instanti festo beati Edwardi quod erit in quindena Sancti Michaelis proximo futura a rege Castelle illustri cingulo militie decorabitur apud Bures in Ispania, tibi precipimus quod omnes illos in Balliva tua qui de nobis tenent lx. libratas terre vel amplius et milites non sunt venire facias ad nos in Vasconia ad suscipienda loco predicto una cum predicto filio nostro arma militaria. Inducas etiam diligenter omnes alios qui de aliis tenent quod ob amorem ejusdem filii nostri tunc similiter sint ibi ad arma militaria una cum ipso capienda; taliter predictum mandatum complendo quod nos ad te graviter capere non debeamus. Teste Ricardo Comite Cornubie apud Westm. xxx. die Augusti, anno regni nostri xxxviij.

Consimile breve dirigitur omnibus vicecomitibus Anglie.

^{page 207 note b} Rot. Cl. 40 H. III. m. 11 dorso. Hale MS. xxviii. (last extract). Quia abbates Cisterciensis ordinis per regnum et potestatem regis constituti reddunt se rebelles ad prestandum subsidium Regi a sede Apostolica concessum, mandatum est vicecomiti Cantebr. et Huntendon. quod eisdem Abbatibus in agendis suis communem justiciam quam Rex vult nulli denegari exhibeat, nullam eis graciam faciens sine mandato Regis speciali. Et omnes illos de Balliva sua qui habent quindecem libratas terre et amplius et tenent per servitium militare et milites esse debent et non sunt distringat ad se milites faciendos, sicut Rex eidem vicecomiti alias mandavit. Et sine dilacione scire faciat Regi nomina illorum una cum valore terrarum et tenementorum suorum in Balliva. Teste Rege apud Windesor. xx^mo die Maii.

^{page 207 note c} See Matth. Paris Hist. s. anno 1256 (p. 796, ed. 1684). “Anno sub eqdem exiit edictum regium, præceptumque est et acclamatum per totum Eegnum Angliæ, ut quilibet qui haberet xv. libratas terræ et supra, armis redimitus tyrocinio donaretur, ut Anglia sicut Italia militia roboraretur. Et qui nollent vel qui non possent honorem status militaris sustinere, pecunia se redimerent.” See the subject mentioned by the same historian further on, p. 804. The word tyro, it may be observed, appears to be used by the historian for what has been called in later times a knight bachelor. The latter term had not then become fixed in its present sense. A tournament is mentioned as being held a t ‘Brakele’ in 1249, where were met many of the knights of the kingdom ‘qui se volunt Bachelarios appellari.’ This apparently means that the name of Bachelor was now affected by the younger knights.

^{page 208 note a} Matthew Paris, p. 803 (Ed. 1684).

^{page 208 note b} Sicut super de clientela, quæ vulgariter Seganteria (Serjeantry) dicitur, materia pullulaverat pecuniam extorquendi, sic nunc de sequela curæ, de cogendis fieri multibus, de mensurarum inquisitionibus et multis aliis lupinæ rapacitatis commentis, rapinæ succrescebant in regni vastationem et ecclesiæ servitutem. (Matth. Paris, p. 805 (Ed. 1684).

^{page 209 note a} Glossary, sub voce Feodum.

^{page 209 note b} See Bracton, 170. Poterit enim quis de villenagio suo facere liberum tenementum et feodum militare si voluerit. Instances might be given in which lords of manors had tenants of portions of their fees holding by military service, though the manors themselves were not held by that tenure.

^{page 209 note c} Magna Charta, cap. 32.

^{page 209 note d} In early times it was probably the custom for tenants in chief of the king to make subinfeudations of portions of their baronies without licence. This practice appears to be implied in the statements of several of the returns in the Liber Niger Scaccarii. Such a power would appear to be confirmed within the prescribed limits by Magna Charta, c. 32, which declares that no free man shall make a gift of any part of his land, unless the residue of the fee be sufficient to answer the service due to the lord. Coke, however, treats this chapter of Magna Charta as giving rise to the royal prerogative of taking fines for alienations by tenants in capite. (See Coke, Inst. pt. ii. pp. 65, 501.)

After the statute Quia Emptores (18 Edw. I.) alienations of portions of the land held of a single lord had the effect of dividing or dismembering the fee and the seignory, since the alienee held the land of the chief lord by a fraction of the service previously due for the whole; and this, it was held in the reign of Edward I., could not be done in the case of tenants in chief without licence of the crown. (See Britton, cc. 18, 34.) The practice of taking a reasonable fine for alienation was recognised by stat. 1 Edw. III., stat. 2, c. 12, the previous practice having in some cases been to seize the lands as forfeited. Another statute of Edward III. (34 Edw. III. cap. 15) confirms subinfeudations made by tenants in chief in the reign of King Henry III. and the preceding kings, saving to the king his prerogative of the time of Edward I., Edward II., and of his own time. Coke refers the division of time contained in this statute to the time before and after the provision contained in Magna Charts, cap. 34. (Coke, Inst. pt. ii. 65.) But it seems more obvious to refer it to the statute Quia Emptores (18 Edw. I.)

^{page 210 note a} Matthew Paris, Hist, sub anno 1247, p. 643. (Ed. Lond. 1684).

^{page 211 note a} 211See Hoveden, Annal. 580.

^{page 211 note b} See Sir H. Nicolas' Hist, of English Knighthood, Introduction. The idea of knighting by subjects was familiar in the reign of Henry IV., although it is probable that in this country the practice was obsolete except in the case of commanders of armies in the field. We read in the Year Book that Chief Justice Thirning, in the 7th Henry IV., enlivened the discussion of a legal question by the following anecdote. “I have heard tell that a lord had a son and took him to baptism, and as soon as he was christened the lord took his sword and made him knight, and said, Be good knight if thou mayst, for thou wilt never be good esquire.” (Year Book, 7 Hen. IV. 7.)

^{page 211 note c} Rex vicecomiti Northt. salutem. Precipimus tibi, quod omnes illos qui tenent de nobis tenementum in balliva tua per quod milites esse debent et milites non sunt distringas quod sint apud Westmonasterium in instanti festo Pentecostes parati ad recipienda tunc a nobis arma, omnes eciam alios habentes xx. libratas terre vel tenentes feodum militis per quod milites esse debent et non sunt tenentes de aliis quam de nobis similiter distringas quod tunc sint ibi parati ad recipienda arma de quibuscunque voluerint. Teste Rege apud Rading xi. die Maij. Cl. 29 Hen. III. m. 10 dors. Hale MS. xxvi. f. 252 b.

Mandatum est vicecomiti Northampton, quod proclamari faciat et sciri per totam ballivam suam, quod omnes illi qui de Rege tenent in capite feodum militis integrum vel viginti libratas terre, et milites non sunt, sicut tenementa sua diligunt, sint ad regem ad festum Pentecostes proximo sequens, ubicumque Rex fuerit, parati ad recipienda de Rege arma. Teste Rege apud Wimundeham xxi. die Marcii. Cl. 29 Hen. III. m. 13 dors. Hale MS. xxvi. f. 249.

^{page 212 note a} 212These writs are printed in the first volume of Parliamentary and other Writs (Record Commission).

^{page 212 note b} Parliamentary Writs, &c. vol. ii. div. ii. p. 418.

^{page 212 note c} Scotis vero cito sibi (Wilhelmo Waleys) consentientibus et ipsum eorum ducem constituentibus, militiæ donatus est cingulo a quodam comite regionis illius. (Thom. Walsingham Hist. Ang. p. 90.)

^{page 212 note d} Camden Britannia. Ed. Gough, p. 142.

^{page 212 note e} Ducange, sub voc. Miles.

^{page 212 note f} Titles of Honour, p. 548.

^{page 212 note g} Patent of nobility, dated at Westminster, 1 June, 22 Edw. III. (1348), granted to Johan de Guillo, Burgess of Lyndia in Guienne. Et eidem Johanni damus licentiam specialem quod ipse a quocunque nobis fideli milite militarem suscipere ordinem valeat et cingulo militiæ; decorari … eo, quod militari sanguine aut nobilitate generis non processit, non obstante. Rymer, vol. v. p. 623.

^{page 213 note a} 213In MS. Harl. 61, a collection of charters and other matters relating to the Abbey of Shaftesbury, at fol. 32 is a memorandum that in the year 1257 (41 H. III.), Agnes de Ferrars, Abbess of Shaftesbury, being summoned “with the other barons of England,” to come to Chester with her service against the Welsh, sent for her and her house Richard de Holte and Adam de Praores, knights of Cheshire, and Richard de Grimsford and Robert Hereford, Serjeants, in lieu of a third knight, to make up the service of three knights due from the convent. So the Bishop of Hereford, in the 10th Edward I. sent to “Wales, to perform his service of five knights, two milites and six servientes, and in the 31st Edward I. the same service was performed in Scotland by one miles and eight armigeri. See Bishop Swinfield's Household Book (Camd. Soc.) Append, xvi.

^{page 214 note a} 214The Marshal's fee upon the knighting of a baron in the time of Edward I. was his palfrey, or its value according to some customary standard (antiquum pretium), and those holding less than an entire barony paid in proportion. But the same fee was due upon doing homage, and if then paid, it was not to be again exacted. Fleta, lib. ii. c. 5. See also Matt. Par. Hist. p. 716 (ed. 1684).

^{page 214 note b} The. expense of the reception of knighthood (t. Henry II.) may be in some degree estimated by the following grants of money made by the king to assist persons in undergoing the charge:

Ade de la Mara xiii. li. vi. s. viii. d. ad faciendum se militem, per breve regis.

Pro armis et apparatu ad duos milites faciendos x. li., per Robertum fil. Sawini. (Pipe Roll 4 H. II. pp. 21, 113.)

^{page 215 note a} 215Parliamentary Writs, vol. i. p. 214.

^{page 215 note b} Ibid. p. 219.

^{page 215 note c} Ibid. p. 218.

^{page 215 note d} Ibid. p. 220.

^{page 215 note e} Ibid. p. 221.

^{page 215 note f} Ibid. p. 217.

^{page 216 note a} 216See post, p. 239. “The prerogative of compelling the king's vassals to be knighted, or to pay a fine, was expressly recognised in Parliament by the Statute de Militibus, 1 Edw. II.; was exerted as an expedient for raising money by many of our best princes, particularly by Edward VI. and Elizabeth; but yet was the occasion of heavy murmurs when exerted by Charles I., among whose many misfortunes it was, that neither himself nor his people seemed able to distinguish between the arbitrary stretch and the legal exertion of prerogative.” (Blackstone, Comm. vol. ii. p. 69.) It is singular that Blackstone should speak of the prerogative as confined to the king's vassals, when neither Coke nor any of the later lawyers or historians treat it as so limited, and in fact it had not been so practised since the thirteenth century. See before, p. 203.

^{page 216 note b} Coke, Inst. Part ii. p. 593; Blackstone, Comm. vol. ii p. 69.

^{page 216 note c} The so-called Statutum de Militibus was printed in Berthelet's Collection of Statutes in English, A.D. 1543, under the title of “A Statute, for Knights made the firste yere of King Edwarde the Seconde.” It appears in Latin in Marshe's Magna Carta, et cetera antiqua Statuta, 1556, under the title of “Statutum de Militibus editum anno 1 Edw. II.” From this work Lord Coke appears to have reprinted it in his second Institute, the same mis-readings appearing in both. In Cary's “Statutes at Large, 1758,” it is printed in Latin from MS. Cotton, Claud. D. II. (f. 242), and the date 1 Edw. II. (which does not appear in that MS.) is prefixed to it. In this copy the words quadraginta libratas terrœ are substituted for viginti libratas terrœ in describing the knightly census. In the edition of the Statutes published by the Record Commission this instrument is printed from the Liber Horn, f. 76, among the Statuta incerti temporis, under the title of Statutum de respectu militiœ habendo (vol. i. p. 229). It is remarkable that the ordinance, De frangentibus prisonam, which appears among the Pleas and Memoranda of the Parliament 23 Edw. I. is also printed in Berthelet's, Marshe's, and Cary's collections of Statutes as a statute of the 1st Edw. II. Lord Coke reprints it from “our printed books” as of that year, but observes that an Act totidem verbis was made anno 23 Edw. I. (Coke, Inst. pt. ii. p. 589.)

^{page 218 note a} 218See Parliamentary Writs, t. Edw. I, passim.

^{page 218 note b} 1 Rymer, Fœdera, 885.

^{page 218 note c} Parliamentary Writs, vol. i. p. 3.

^{page 218 note d} Chron. Thom. Wikes, Gale, Hist. vol. ii. p. 106.

^{page 219 note a} 219See Termes de la Ley, sub voce Sockmans.

^{page 219 note b} Coke, Inst. pt. ii. p. 594.

^{page 219 note c} Coke, Inst. pt. ii. p. 596.

^{page 219 note d} Rot. Parl. tom. 5, p. 26.

^{page 220 note a} 220Parliamentary Writs, vol. i. p. 249.

^{page 220 note b} 6th Feb. 20 Edw. I. (1292), Parliamentary Writs, vol. i. p. 257.

^{page 220 note c} 2nd Jan. 21 Edw. I. (1293), Parliamentary Writs, vol. i. p. 258.

^{page 220 note d} Parliamentary Writs, vol. i. p. 280.

^{page 220 note e} Ibid. vol. i. p. 278.

^{page 220 note f} Ibid. vol. i. p. 280.

^{page 220 note g} Ibid. vol. i. p. 288.

^{page 221 note a} 221Part. Writs, vol. ii. div. 2, p. 592.

^{page 222 note a} 222Parliamentary Writs, vol. i. p. 374. Rynier, Fœdera, vol. ii. 1052.

^{page 222 note b} Adnaissuri singuli omnem ornatmn militarem, præter equitaturam, de regia garderoba. (Matth. Westmon. 454.) As to their encampment, see Arch. Journ. vol. xii. p. 137.

^{page 222 note c} See Matth. Westmon. p. 454. The actual number knighted was 267; see Ashmole's Hist. Garter, pp. 37, 38, where the names of the knights are given. Rymer gives the form of the writ directing the proclamation (Fœdera, vol. ii. p. 1052), but has placed it in the year 1307 (35 Edw. I.), instead of 1306 (34 Edw. I). Carte cites it from the Close Rolls 34 Edw. I. m. 16 d. (Carte's Hist. Eng. vol. ii. p. 296.)

^{page 222 note d} Proclamatio facta super armis militaribus suscipiendis:—

Rex Vicecomiti Ebor. salutem. Quia in Parliamento nostro apud Linc. ultimo convocato de communi consilio nostro extitit concordatum quod omnes illi de regno nostro qui habent 1. libratas terre vel redditus, aut feodum unius militis integrum valens quinquaginta libras per annum, et eas per annum integrum tenuerunt, sive de nobis sive de alio teneant, et milites non sunt, arma militaria suscipiant citra festum Sancte Trinitatis proximum futurum vel in eodem festo ad ultimum; tibi precipimus firmiter injungentes quod in pleno comitatu tuo ex parte nostra publice facias proclamari quod omnes illi de balliva tua qui habent 1. libratas terre vel redditus aut feodum unius militis integrum valens 1. libras per annum et eas per annum integrum tenuerunt de quocunque teneant et milites non sunt, arma militaria suscipiant citra festum supradictum vel in eodem festo, ut est dictum. Et de nominibus omnium illorum qui tantum terre vel redditus sive hujusmodi feodum in balliva tua habent et ea tenuerunt, sicut predictum est, nobis sub sigillo tuo constare facias in festo supradicto, remittens nobis hec brevia. Et scias quod de gestu tuo in executione hujus mandati nostri diligenter inquirere volumus, et extremum remedium super hoc fieri faciemus. T. Rege apud Line, xxviij. die Febr.

Consimiles litere diriguntur singulis vicecomitibus per Angliam. (Parliamentary Writs, &c. vol. ii. p. 464.)

^{page 223 note a} 223Parliamentary Writs, vol. ii. p. 657, 670, 735.

^{page 223 note b} Cl. 7 Ed. III., pt. 2, m. 14. (Selden's Collectanea in MS. Hale, xii.) Rex Thesaurario et Baronibus suis de Scaccario salutem. Tenores quorundem brevium nostrorum singulis Vicecomitibus nostris per Angliam directorum ad proclamandum quod omnes illi qui quadraginta libratas terre vel redditus per annum habent et eas per tres annos integros tenuerunt ordinem susciperent militarem ante festum Sancte Trinitatis proximo preteritum vel in eodem festo ad ultimum, ac retorna dictorum Vicecomitum facta ad eadem vobis mittimus, in quodem rotulo sub sigillo Venerabilis Patris Willelmi, Archepiscopi Eboracensis, custodis sigilli nostri, mandantes quod visis tenoribus et retornis predictis Vicecomites predictos quos in executione mandatorum nostrorum negligentes inveneritis vel remissos juxta eorum delicta per amerciamenta et aliis modis quibus expedire videritis puniatis, et fines omnium illorum qui juxta proclamationem predictam ordinem ante festum predictum vel in eodem festo suscipere debuerant militarem et nequaquam susceperant, tarn pro transgressionibus hujusmodi quam pro respectu de armis militaribus suscipiendis habendo, capiatis, et nihilominus de nominibus aliorum qui per Vicecomites predictos retornati non fuerunt et qui quadraginta libratas terre vel redditus per annum habent sicut predictum est et milites non sunt per singulos Vicecomites regni nostri si opus fuerit diligenter inquiri faciatis, et de ipsis consimiles fines in forma predicta capiatis, prout juxta discretiones vestras fore videritis facientes. Et hoc nullatenus omittatis. T. R. apud Havring atte Bower xv. die Octobris.

^{page 223 note c} Hallam, Middle Ages, vol. iii. p. 485 (7th ed.).

^{page 224 note a} 224Camden's Britannia (Gough's translation), vol. i. p. cxlii.

^{page 224 note b} See ante, p. 201.

^{page 225 note a} 225Year Book, 2 Edw. III. p. 18. Dugdale, by an error singular in such a man, refers to this Year Book, in proof of the privileges of Sergeants at Law. (Dugdale's Orig. Jurid. p. 110.)

^{page 225 note b} Year Book, 39 Edw. III. p. 2.

^{page 225 note c} Year Book, 7 H. IV. pp. 3, 20.

^{page 225 note d} See note ante, p. 201.

^{page 225 note e} Rot. Parl. vol. v. p. 26.

^{page 226 note a} 226Rot. Parl. tom. v. p. 173 See further Rymer, Fœdera, vol. xi. p. 389. (35 H. VI. 1457.)

^{page 226 note b} See Dugdale's Origines, p. 137, (citing Comm. term. Mich. 9 H. VI. Rot. 14 dors). where it is said that Rolfe, Serjeant, made use of this plea. But Sir Edward Littleton, Charles I.'s Solicitor-General, in arguing the Ship-money case, is represented as asserting that judges were not exempted from being made knights; (referring to Trin. 5 Ed. IV. Moyle, 13 H. IV. f. 23); and that clergymen were compelled, nay even a Serjeant at common law sworn at Common Pleas was compellable: that Sir John Hulbert in Henry VII.'s time was compelled to be a knight; and that (9 or 29 H. VI.) Rolfe, a stout Serjeant, pleaded that he was a serjeant at common law, and not bound to be a knight, but he was forced to it. (State Trials, vol. iii. p. 930, ed. 1809.)

^{page 226 note c} See Coke, Inst. pt. 2, p. 594.

^{page 227 note a} 227Year Book 7 Hen. VI. 15.

^{page 227 note b} Stat. 19 Hen. VII. c. 31 (printed in the Statutes of the Realm).

^{page 227 note c} See Dyer's Reports, 35 H. VIII. p. 55b; Coke's Reports, pt. vii. p. 27b.

^{page 227 note d} Carte's History, vol. ii. p. 857.

^{page 227 note e} Fœdera, vol. xi. p. 770.

^{page 228 note a} 228Communia, Mich. 1 H. VIII.; do. Hil. 1 H. VIII; abstracted by Selden, Hale MS. xii. in Lincoln's Inn Library.

^{page 228 note b} Carte's Hist. Eng. vol. iv. p. 148.

^{page 228 note c} Mr. Carte refers to Claus. 37 H. VIII. m. 25 dors. and says that the writ is dated at Clarendon, November 7, and required attendance at the following Easter. There appears to be no endorsement upon the Close Roll of 37 Henry VIII, and Clarendon had long ceased to be a royal residence. The reader will see the origin of the mistake in the writ given ante, p. 205.

^{page 229 note a} 229Calendar of State Papers, 1547–1580, p. 5.

^{page 229 note b} Lansdowne MS. 253, p. 456.

^{page 229 note c} Smith, Commonwealth of England, lib. i, cap. 18.

^{page 230 note a} 230Coke, Reports, Part vii. p. 27b.

^{page 230 note b} Philipot's Catalogue of Knights made by King James I. Nichols's Progresses of James I. vol. i. p. 54. Spelman states that at Elizabeth's death there were scarcely three hundred knights in all England. (Reliq. Spelm. p. 179.)

^{page 230 note c} Nichols's Progresses of James I. p. 120.

^{page 230 note d} Rymer, Fœdera, vol. xv. pp. 530, 533.

^{page 230 note e} Rymer, vol. xv. p. 497.

^{page 231 note a} 231Lodge, Illustrations of History, vol. iii. p. 229.

^{page 231 note b} Hallam, Constitutional History, vol. i. p. 461 (note).

^{page 231 note c} Ibid. vol. ii. p. 13 (note).

^{page 232 note a} 232Coke, Inst. pt. ii. p. 595.

^{page 232 note b} MS. Harl. 433, printed in Rymer's Fœdera, vol. xii. pp. 181, 185, and in Grants, &c. of King Edward V. (Camden Soc. 1854), pp. xxxii. 23, 70.

^{page 232 note c} MS. Cotton. Claud. C. III.

^{page 233 note a} 233Coronation of King Edward, printed in Literary Remains of King Edward VI. (Roxburghe Club, 1858), p. ccxcix. See also MS. Cotton. Claud. C. III. f. 151.

^{page 233 note b} Rymer, Fœdera, vol. xv. p. 497.

^{page 233 note c} Ibid. vol. xvi. p. 530. See vol. xv. p. 504.

^{page 233 note d} Hallam, Constitutional History, vol ii. p. 13. See also Brodie, Hist, of British Empire, vol. ii. p. 283.

^{page 233 note e} Ibid. vol. i. page 461 (note).

^{page 233 note f} Hume, History of England, vol. vi. cap. 52, p. 294 (ed. 8vo. 1802).

^{page 234 note a} 234Clarendon's Rebellion, Book I. vol. i. p. 119 (ed. 1826).

^{page 234 note b} King James's Works (fol. 1616), p. 542.

^{page 235 note a} 235Baker's Chronicle, p. 402.

^{page 235 note b} I am indebted to Thomas William King, Esq. F.S.A. York Herald, for this information. Several accounts of fees due from new-made knights (t. Jac. I. et Car. I.) are preserved in the collections at Heralds' College. (MS. Herald, vol. vi. f. 308–313.) It appears that the fees had been considerably raised in the year 1616. (See the State Paper Calendar for that year.) The particulars may also be seen in Nichols's Hist. Leicestershire, vol. iv. p. 729, where the bill is given (amounting to 73l.), which was paid by Sir John Onebye, knighted August 16, 1672. In some instances the fees appear to have been under 50l. Sir Simon Archer, knighted by King James I. in 1624, states that he paid 48l. 2s. 8d. for all fees due to to the king's servants. (Nichols's Progresses of King James I. vol. iv. p. 1001.) And in 1620 Sir James “Whitelock paid 44l. 17s. (Liber Famelicus, Camd. Soc. p. 84.) Mr. King informs me that the present fees on receiving knighthood amount to about 25l.

^{page 236 note a} 236Rymer, Fœdera, vol. xviii. p. 278; Whitelock, Memorials, p. 2.

^{page 236 note b} Calendar of State Papers, 1625, 1626, p. 192.

^{page 236 note c} Harl. MS. 983.

^{page 237 note a} 237Stat. 17 Car. I. c. 20.

^{page 237 note b} Proclamatur, ut de more, per comitatum; sed venientibus et non venientibus a Carolo Rege evocatis sors plerumque eadem. Nesciebant enim qui venerunt ubi suam exhiberent præsentiam, eandemque facerent recordari. Opinantur quidam coram Baronibus in Scaccario, quidam apud comitem Marescallum, quidam apud Magnum Camerarium Angliæ; et dum caligant singuli deviant omnes. Tandem enim definiri perhibent in cancellariâ, registrandum. Verba autem brevis sunt, coram Regis prœsentia. Et dum regium sic opperiuntur otium et beneplacitum, facultatum partem non exiguam, forte etiam et ævi, minuant. Vice comites autem summonitorum nomina Baronibus exhibent Scaccarii, hi vicissim Commissariis a Rege delegatis, ad componendum statuendumque de animadversione pecuniaria in evocatos, velut contumaciæ reos, sigillatim imponenda; quam si (gravem licet) non admiserint vel subterfugiendo detrectaverint, e terrarum suarum usufructibus, quos Exitus vocant, Barones Scaccarii regi addicunt, primo termino, 40s.; secundo, 4l.; tertio, 8l.; quarto, 12l.; quinto, 16l.; atque ita pro arbitrio assurgentes. Fuit retroactis seculis animadversio a commissariis imposita satis levis, sed hodie gravis admodum; tenuis enim fortunæ viri olim 20, 30, 40 solidis plectebantur, hodie libris todidem; et ditiores nonnulli ducentis, trecentis, quadringentis. (Reliquiæ Spelmanianæ, p. 175.)

^{page 237 note c} Rushworth, vol. ii. p. 135. (See post, p. 241.)

^{page 238 note a} 238Rymer, Fœdera, vol. xviii. p. 1020.

^{page 238 note b} Speech of Charles I., 17th Maxch, 1628. (Rushworth, vol. i. p. 476.)

^{page 238 note c} All the contemporary authorities are agreed that the grievance of knighthood money did not commence until after the King's final breach with Parliament. (See the “Remonstrance,” presented to the King, December 1, 1641, Parl. Hist. vol. ii. p. 950; Rushworth, vol. ii. p. 70; Clarendon's Rebellion, vol. i. p. 119 (ed. 1826); Whitlock, Memorials, p. 33.)

^{page 238 note d} The Calendar of State Papers, 1629–31 (p. 147), mentions a Paper of Precedents stated by Richard Wright of fines imposed on persons, who, having, temp. Hen. II. (qu. III.) 10l. or 15l., and temp. Hen. VIII. 40l. a year in lands, omitted to take the order of knighthood, with suggestions of the way in which the King might proceed to levy fines upon the same ground. This paper is without date.

^{page 238 note e} See Coke, Inst. pt. ii. pp. 597, 598; Speech of Mr. Hyde, Rushworth, vol. iii. p. 1353.

^{page 238 note f} Rymer, Fœdera, vol. xix. p. 119.

^{page note 239 a} See ante, p. 216.

^{page note 239 b} Rushworth, vol. ii. p. 70.

^{page note 239 c} Rymer, Fœdera, vol. xix. p. 175.

^{page note 239 d} Rushworth, vol. ii. p. 71. Some satirical verses on “Knighthood money” are printed in Hunter's Hallamshire, p. 104, commencing

Come all you farmers out of the country,

Carters, plowmen, hedgers, and all.

^{page 239 note e} Letter from the King to Sir Henry Mildmay and others, Commissioners for the county of Essex, 4 Aug. 1630. Calendar of State Papers, 1629–31, p. 321.

^{page 239 note f} Rushworth, vol. ii. p. 70.

^{page 239 note g} Coke, Inst. pt. iv. p. 33.

^{page 239 note h} Rushworth, vol. ii. p. 725.

^{page 240 note a} 240Reliquiæ Spelmanianæ, p. 175. (See ante, p. 237.)

^{page 240 note b} Order of Council, Oct. 10, 1630, abstracted in Calendar of State Papers, 1629–31, p. 356.

^{page 240 note c} Preface to Calendar of State Papers, 1629–31. See further as to the proceedings in connection with Huntingdonshire, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries, 2nd series, vol. i. pp. 275–293.

^{page 241 note a} 241See as to Mr. Moyser (Thomas Moyser, esq. of Yorkshire) Rushworth, vol. ii. pp. 71, 136, and as to Mr. Nicols (Francis Nicols of Hardwick, co. Northampton, esq.) Calendar State Papers, 1629–1631, p. 351.

^{page 241 note b} Lansdowne MS. 253, ff. 450–488.

^{page 241 note c} Speech of Mr. Hyde, Rushworth, vol. ii. p. 1053.

^{page 241 note d} Speech of Mr. Pym, Rushworth, vol. ii. p. 1134.

^{page 242 note a} 242Sewal's Case, in cur. ward. 7 Car. Examen Legum Angliæ, 1656, p. 45.

^{page 242 note b} Strafford Letters, vol. i. p. 418.

^{page 242 note c} In a small pamphlet printed in 1647, and purporting to be “An Account of the King's Revenue,” the amount derived from fines for not taking knighthood is stated at 173,537l. 9s. 6d. I am indebted for this information to John Bruce, esq. F.S.A., who made a note from the pamphlet in the British Museum; but I have not been able to find the pamphlet myself.

Rapin states the amount at 100,000l. (Hist. vol. ii. p. 286.)

There is a large manuscript volume in the Record Office in which are copied the returns from all the counties of England of the moneys collected by the various commissioners, with the names of the compounders. The total of the several sums amounts to about 100,000l.; but neither the compositions from the city of London, nor those paid by peers appear in the volume. The counties seem to have been somewhat unequally dealt with, the collectors in some districts being more zealous and energetic than in others. The compositions for Devonshire amount to 10,649l. 3s. 4d., and those of Yorkshire, which are not added up, would probably reach about the same sum. Cambridgeshire produced 305l.. 10s., and Huntingdon 355l. In the collections from Cornwall amounting in the whole to 2,723l. 16s. 4d. four distinct commissions are mentioned, the last of which produced 150l., including 70l. from Sir John Trelawney, knight and baronet. This phrase perhaps meant nothing more than baronet. Other examples of knights appearing among the compounders for default of knighthood are Sir Simon Bennet, knt. of Santon, co. York., and Sir William Quadringe of Irby, co. Lincoln. The former paid 50l., the latter 35l. These gentlemen may have been knighted since the coronation. In turning over the pages I noticed no higher composition than 100l. In Durham, Ralf Cole paid 100l., and, in Newcastle, Alexander Davison 100l. The highest composition in Yorkshire is 80l. from Marmaduke Tunstall of Everingham, esquire, and I could not find the name of Mr. Mauleverer, owing probably to his refusal to pay anything to the collectors.

^{page 243 note a} 243Clarendon History, vol. i. p. 119, Ed. 1826. Compare speech of Mr. Hyde, Rushworth, vol. iii. p. 1353.

^{page 243 note b} Remonstrance of the Commons, December 1, 1641. (Parl. Hist. vol. ii. p. 950.)

^{page 243 note c} Rushworth, vol. iii. p. 1134.

^{page 243 note d} Clarendon, History, Book iii. ad fin.