^{page 92 note a} Differently named by ancient Geographers, as, Melita, and Melitene.

^{page 94 note b} The Gulf is mentioned in lib. iii. art. Italy, pp. 146,150, 152; and the Sea, art. Sicily, Pelop, and Crete, pp. 169, 171, 216, and 221. edit. Basil, 1533.

^{page 94 note c} Atria, Adria, or Hadria, was an ancient city in Italy, founded by the Tuscans, on a river, thirty or more miles to the southward of Venice. The name Adria still exists a town on its site.

^{page 94 note d} Ή Ιταλια περιοριζεται απο δε μεσημβφιχς τη του Αδριου παφαλιω. Ptol. lib. iii. p. 146, Basil, 1533.

^{page 94 note e} Ή Σιχελια περιεχετχι απο δε ανατολων ὑπο του Αδζιου πελαγους. Id. p. 169.

^{page 94 note f} Id. p. 171.

^{page 94 note g} Ή δε Πελοποννησος οφιζετχι απο δυσμων χσι μεσημβριας τω Αδφιατιχω πελαγει. Id. p. 216.

^{page 95 note h} Ή Κζητη περιοριζεται απο δυσμων Αδφιχτιχου πελαγους. Id. p. 221.—These passages were extracted and translated by Dr. Gillies.

^{page 95 note i} Segments V. and VI.

^{page 95 note k} The words of the historian are, “The vessel, filling with water, sank in the midst of the Adriatic (βαπτιζοντος του πλοιου χατα μεσον την Αδφιον). Of the passengers, who were in all about six hundred, eighty, in the number of whom was Josephus, saved themselves by swimming all night long (δι όλης της νυχτος ενηζαμεθα), till in the morning they were providentially taken on board by a Cyrenian ship, which landed them at Puteoli (near Naples).” It is to be observed, that both Latin and English translators render μεσον την Αδριον, “in the midst of the Adriatic Gulf.” This, however, is done, in conformity with pre-conceived errors; and without any warrant from the original. For Αδριον, without an adjunct, means the Adriatic Sea; and can here mean nothing else. For there is no mention of any storm, that drove the vessel in which Josephus sailed into the Adriatic Gulf (far to the north of her proper course), and the saving of eighty men, by swimming all night long, precludes the possibility of any such supposition. They were taken on board, therefore, by the Cyrenian vessel, in the Adriatic Sea, and landed at Puteoli; which, considering their great numbers, and the distance, would not, probably, have been the case, had they been picked up, in the Gulf of Venice.—Dr. Gillies.

^{page 97 note l} Josephus came to Rome, after completing his 26th year; and died, thirty years afterwards, aged 56, A. D. 93. He therefore came to Rome A. D. 63. St. Paul's shipwreck happened A. D. 62: and after wintering at Melita, the Apostle departed from that island for Rome early in 63.—Dr. Gillies.

^{page 98 note m} The learned, it appears, are not agreed concerning the composition of the term Eurodydon; although they entertain no doubt respecting its meaning: namely, that it was a tempestuous east wind: in effect, the same which is familiarly termed Levanter.

^{page 98 note n} Captain Francis Beaufort, R. N. F. R. S. &c.

^{page 98 note o} That is, about East, true: consequently the variations of the Levanter would be from. N. E. to E. S. E. true (or according to the heavens).

^{page 99 note p} I conclude by the term undergirding is meant the act of frapping a ship, as it is technically called, when her frame is very much weakened by decay, or accident, and there appears to be a danger of its opening. It is performed by binding the body of the ship tightly round, with several turns of a cable or hawser.

The author has known it practised on a British line of battle ship when at sea, on her passage from India to the Cape of Good Hope, about A. D. 1763.

^{page 100 note q} Dr. Gillies.

^{page 100 note r} More literally, “the ship was unable to look the wind in the face.” We say in England, “the wind's eye.”—Dr. Gillies.

^{page 101 note s} “The Fast was now already past.” (Acts xxvii. 9.) The fast alluded to, was that of Atonement (Levit. xxiii. 27.), on the 10th day of the month Tisri; answering to part of September and part of October. Perhaps, about the last week in September.

^{page 101 note t} Scudding—“the movement by which a Ship is carried precipitately before a tempest.” Falconer's Marine Dictionary.

^{page 102 note u} By the recent observations of Captain Smyth of his Majesty's ship Adventure, it is found that the shores of the Greater Syrtis are quite changed in their nature, since the date of ancient history. So greatly, as to have rendered the ancient accounts doubtful, had they not been attested by numerous and great authorities.

Its shores now consist, generally, of a firm sandy soil, instead of the ancient quicksands; no traces of which remain. This must be accounted for, by the operation of the surge of the sea, in northerly and north-westerly storms, during a course of eighteen centuries; which has thrown up, and spread the sand, over the lands contiguous to the margin; so as to raise the surface, beyond the reach of the ordinary level of the sea; andthus preventing it from being dissolved or melted, into quicksand, as formerly. The winds of the Desert may also have contributed towards it. The different state of the Goodwin Sand, at high and low water, respectively, affords a practical illustration of the above. “At low water, it is so firm as to be with difficulty penetrated with a pointed piece of wood; but towards high water, it will not bear the weight of a man.” Mr. Smeaton's Report.

^{page 103 note x} It may be proper to remind the reader, that, although they first embarked at Cæsarea, in Palestine, in a ship of Adramytthim; yet that they quitted her at Myra, in Lycia, in order to pursue their voyage to Rome in a ship of Alexandria, which they found there; and in which they were subsequently wrecked. When St. Paul embarked at Cæsarea, he says, that they meant “to sail by the coasts of Asia,” (that is, Asia Minor,) the Ship, perhaps, being on her return to Adramyttium. Probably the centurion could find no ship at Csesarea that was bound to Italy: and therefore took his chance of finding one by the way.

^{page 104 note y} The Romans, prior to the voyage of St. Paul, had ceased to confine their navigations to the vicinity of the land; and made direct courses across the open Sea. (See Pliny, lib. vi. c. 23.)

^{page 105 note z} See note s, p. 101.

^{page 105 note a} A regular supply of Corn from Egypt, was of so much importance to the internal quiet and comfort of the city of Rome, that it is not improbable that regulations were made for insuring its safe arrival; and that they should have extended to the detail of the navigation. In no very remote times, the Dutch East India ships were regulated by their Company, in respect of the sails which they were to spread, on the passage, at certain seasons, and in particular latitudes.

^{page 105 note b} This place is not known to me. It is said (ver. 8.) that near it was the city of Lisia. In the Theodosian Tables, Lisia, probably the same place, appears on the South side of Crete, 16 M. P. to the eastward of Gortyna.

^{page 106 note c} It has unfortunately happened that the ancient inhabitants of Melita (whether it be Malta, or otherwise,) have suffered in point of character, in the opinion of ordinary readers, by an improper translation of a term by which they are styled “a barbarous people;” but which, as applied by the Greeks and Romans, meant nothing more than foreigners, or people who differed in manners, customs, and language, from themselves: and by no means intending to express an uncivilized, or savage people. Moreover, these “Barbarians” are at the same time described as performing the kindest offices of hospitality to the shipwrecked persons: so that their actions contradict the character given at large. The Romans had in turn been reckoned Barbarians by the Greeks; as appears by the remark of Pyrrhus, when he viewed the Roman camp in the south of Italy, about three hundred and forty years prior to the time spoken of.