^{page 73 note a} On one of these occasions I was also accompanied by the Baron von Quast, of Berlin, one of the best informed German archasologists, and by M. de Caumont, of Caen, the father of the modern school of archaeology in France.

^{page 74 note a} See the small burial chapel in the centre of the great crypt of Suger in the Plan, Plate VI. Part of this chapel may perhaps be as early as the time of the Carlovingian kings, or even of King Pepin, as is said, but none that is visible ; the earliest part that can be seen, the outer wall of the burial-chapel, forming the inner wall of the aisle of the crypt, is of the eleventh century. The outer wall of the aisle and the vault are of the time of Suger.

^{page 75 note b} See Appendix I. for original records of these works, and for a curious account of the inconveniences arising from the small size of the old choir, which suggested the propriety of its enlargement.

^{page 79 note a} Unfortunately the central lantern tower was not built according to the original design, although that is preserved. The effect of that magnificent structure is much injured by the want of the proper proportions of the central tower.

^{page 80 note a} See the Chronicle of Gervase, ap. Twysden, col. 1289,1. 3; and Willis's Architectural History of Canterbury Cathedral, p. 42.

^{page 81 note a} Plate XI. illustrates the distinctions which are observable between the mouldings of the two architects.

^{page 82 note a} Les Eglises de la Terre Sainte, par le Comte Melchior de Vogué. Paris, 1860Google Scholar, 4to. L'Architecture civile et religieuse en Syrie. Paris, 1865 to 1870Google Scholar.

^{page 83 note a} Baron von Quast is of opinion that the same process was going on in Germany almost at the same time. There are some very curious examples of the mixture of the Byzantine and the local Romanesque styles in some churches of the twelfth century, at Zoest and in that neighbourhood.

It is quite possible that the return of the crusaders with their sketch-books, like that of Willars de Honecourt, may have produced the same effect in different parts of Europe at the same time; but, against the German claim to priority, it must be remembered that the beautiful Romanesque style of the Rhine churches was continued till the middle of the thirteenth century, long after the Gothic style was fully established in England.

A few years since, I had the pleasure of being instrumental in preserving one of these curious churches at Zoest, in which the mixture of the two styles is particularly clearly developed. I found that this church was about to be pulled down by the ignorant peasantry for the value of the materials only, as they had just obtained from the Prussian government the grant of a neighbouring church that had belonged to a suppressed monastery, and did not now require the old church, except the belfry tower. The government had been appealed to by the antiquaries; but the treasury had refused to make any grant. I wrote to H.R.H. the Crown Princess of Prussia, begging her to intercede with the King of Prussia for this curious old church. The Princess kindly did so, and the King ordered the necessary sum to be paid, which was done, and the church was saved.

Baron von Quast says, that there is historical evidence of a Greek or Byzantine colony having been settled in that part of Germany in the eleventh century, and these curious churches are attributed to them. This history is identical with that of Périgueux and several churches in Périgord, as was clearly shown by my late lamented friend, Félix de Verneilh, in his valuable work on the subject.

^{page 84 note a} M. Viollet Le Due and other great French antiquaries call the style we call Norman the Anglo-Norman style.

^{page 84 note b} Robert de Beaumont or of Warwick, son of Henry Earl of Warwick, was Archbishop of Rouen from 1164 to 1183, and Walter, called the Magnificent, was his immediate successor 1184 to 1208. Ralph Beaumont, a natural son of Henry I. and an Englishman, was bishop of Angers 1178 to 1200. Henry of Salisbury was bishop of Bayeux from 1165 to 1203. (Gallia Christiana, vol. xi. col. 364–366.) John Petit, or John of Salisbury, was bishop of Chartres from 1176 to 1182. (Ibid. vol. viii. col. 1146–1149.)

^{page 84 note c} Not to be confounded with the better known County of Avallon, near Auxerre. and in the Duchy of Burgundy.

^{page 86 note a} Fabricam matricis ecclesiaa suæ a fundamentis instruxit novam, et aulam episcopalem egregiam inchoavit. John de Schilby.

Ecclesiæ suæ capitulum pariis lapidibus, marmoriisque columnis miro artificio renovavit, et totum a fundamento opere sumptuosissimo novum erexit; similiter et domos episcopales egregias construere cœpit, Dominoque cooperante longè prioribus ampliores et nobiliores spe certa consummare proposuit. Girald. Camb. 419.

^{page 87 note a} In order to complete the series of illustrations of architectural progress under St. Hugh, two woodcuts of the choir of Lincoln are given in Plate XIII. repeated from the Glossary of Architecture.

^{page 88 note a} Anno MCCXXXVII ruina ecclesise Lincolniensis propter artificii insolentiam. Chron. Joh. Abb. Petrob. Facta est ruina muri Lincolniensis ecclesiæ secus chorum post sedem Decani, ita quod tres homines prostrate sunt sub ruina; ita quod postmodum chorus celebravit ante majus altare officium diurnum et nocturnum, donec circum quæquæ columnæ et arcus firmarentur. Ann. Dunstable.

^{page 88 note b} Pius Pontifex in die Parasceves cum esset Lincolniæ, et ad fabricam matricis ecclesiæ, quam nobiliter a fundamentis extruxerat, lapides et cementum humeris suis in quodam cophino, etc. Matt. Paris, ed. Wets. 142.

^{page 89 note a} See Appendix II. which contains extracts from Mr. Dimock's Preface to the Magna Vita S. Hugonis (Rolls Series, 1864) edited from the original in the Bodleian library. This life was written by the domestic chaplain of St. Hugh. It was printed at my suggestion.

^{page 91 note a} Generale appellamus, quod singulis in singulis datur scutellis. Pitancia, quod in una scutella duobus, rerbi gratia, aliquando pro pitancia unum crudi casei frustum, vel quatuor ova: pro generali ova quinque et caseus nunquam nisi coctus. Consuetud. Cluniac. cap. 35, op. Du Cange.

^{page 91 note b} Pigmentum, Gallicè piment, a sweetened and spiced wine such as is used to this day for the “grace cup” in some colleges.

^{page 91 note c} The capitiarius seems to be intended.

^{page 92 note a} Sunday, July 14, 1140.

^{page 92 note b} Milo, bishop of Teroane from 1131 to 1158.

^{page 92 note c} Guarinus de Chatillon St. Pol, bishop of Amiens from 1127 to 1144.

^{page 92 note d} Gaufred de Lèves, archbishop of Chartres from 1116 to 1149.

^{page 92 note e} Hugo de Stampis (d'Etampes), archbishop of Tours from 1134 to 1148.

^{page 92 note f} Samson Malvoisin, archbishop of Rheims from 1140 to 1161.

^{page 92 note g} Goslen or Joslen de Vierzy, bishop of Soissons from 1126 to 1152.

^{page 92 note h} Odo II., bishop of Beauvais from 1133 to 1144.

^{page 92 note i} Robert, abbot of Corbie from 1121 to 1147.

^{page 95 note a} “The present parish church of Witham, it would seem, must be one of these churches built by Hugh. I have not seen it, I am speaking from information of Mr. Parker. It is of Transitional character, agreeing well with the datè 1175–1185, and is just the small plain church that we should expect in a Carthusian monastery, where the number of inmates were few, and where grandeur and ornament were sternly repudiated. It is in plan an oblong without aisles, with an apsidal east end; and has a stone vault. In this last point it agrees with the description of Hugh's buildings at Witham in the Metrical Life, 1. 450 :—

“Nam testudo riget sursum, pariesque deorsum,

Non putrescibili ligno, sed perpete saxo.”

That it was one of the churches of the monastery is certain. Near it was that portion of the monastic buildings which were retained by the lay possessor after the dissolution—some remnants of which still exist in farm-buildings, &c. These, in all probability, as by far best fitted to the requirements of the new occupants, would be the buildings of the lay-brethren's house, which comprised the guest's house, and all buildings for secular uses ; and in this case this church was the “minor ecclesia ” of the lay-brethren.”

^{page 96 note a} “As to exactly how much of Lincoln Cathedral was built in Hugh's lifetime must perhaps always be a matter of doubt. Our author, while he describes Hugh as having completed the buildings at Witham (infra, p. 82) speaks of him as having only begun the church of Lincoln (“nobilis fabrica, quam cœpit a fundamentis erigere,” p. 336, 1. 32). That the choir, however, was finished, we may conclude, I think safely. The concurrent testimonies of historians that he built the church can well mean no less ; and perhaps it was but just finished, for, on his deathbed, Hugh directs that the necessary ornaments, &c, be prepared, and the altar dedicated in the chapel of St. John the Baptist (p. 337, 1. 5, &c), as if there were no part of the new building yet ready for service. And it is worth remark that Hoveden describes King John as offering a chalice of gold at this same altar of St John Baptist the day before Hugh's body arrived at Lincoln for burial (“intravit ecclesiam cathedralem Lincolniensem, et obtulit super altare S. Johannis Baptists, quod est in novo opere, calicem auremn;” Savile, 461 b). It was now dedicated, or perhaps this very day being dedicated, according to Hugh's directions, and possibly was the only altar in the new work fit to receive the royal devotions. But, on the other hand, Hugh had fixed upon this chapel of the Baptist, which was on the north side of the choir (infra, p. 377, 1. 27) as the place of his burial (p. 340, 1. 1); and it does not follow, because he directs it to be got ready for the purpose, that the internal fittings of the other parts of the choir were still incomplete, and it is easy to understand why King John at such a time choose to contribute his offering to this particular altar.

But, however much Hugh may himself have actually built, the whole church in a way belongs to him. The completion of it by his immediate successors was but the carrying out of his designs; and the eastern addition—begun about A.D. 1256, and ready in 1280 to receive his translated body—was a consequence of the crowds of devotees who flocked to do honour to the now famous canonized saint.”