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¹² Crook, J., ‘The Pilgrims’ Hall, Winchester’, Proc. Hants. Field Club Archaeol. Soc. 38 (1982), 85–101.Google Scholar

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¹⁴ NMR 1959/34–8.

¹⁵ Chapter Order Book of the Dean and Chapter of Winchester, MS, Winchester Cathedral Library (hereafter CO), 10 December 1705.

¹⁶ Chapter Minute Books of the Dean and Chapter of Winchester, MS, Winchester Cathedral Library (hereafter CA), 26 November 1739.

¹⁷ For example in photograph at NMR taken by O. G. S. Crawford in 1944 (ref. AA 53/7022).

¹⁸ The drawing, apparently intended for display, is done in pencil on a single large sheet of cartridge paper, and is signed ‘Flotsam’.

¹⁹ The wall appears to be contemporary with the boundary adjustments made when the southern half of Bay 4 was taken into the adjoining house (see note 16, above).

²⁰ The photographs (author's collection) were taken by Winchester photographer A. Clements in 1931 as publicity for the newly opened Pilgrims’ School.

²¹ CO, 10 December 1681.

²² Clifton-Taylor, A., The Pattern of English Building (London, 1972), 282.Google Scholar

²³ NMR, 1959/34–9.

²⁴ The photographs (author's collection) were taken by E. A. Sollars, photographer, of Winchester.

²⁵ Turner, W. J. Carpenter, ‘Pilgrims’ Hall’, Winchester Cathedral Record 15 (1946), facing 6.Google Scholar

²⁶ Ibid.

²⁷ The same lap dovetail profile is found in the base cruck truss, but there is no post: the blades are linked to the tie by the short spandrel posts described later in this paper.

²⁸ NMR, 1959/34–8.

²⁹ Nisbett, op. cit. (note 3), 74.

³⁰ Wood, op. cit. (note 6), 295.

³¹ Kitchin, G. W., The Obedientiary Rolls of St Siuithun's Priory, Winchester (London and Winchester, 1892), 230.Google Scholar

³² Wilson, D. M., ‘Medieval Britain in 1956’, Medieval Archaeol. 1 (1957). 152–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³³ e.g. by Margaret Wood, op. cit. (note 6), 295; John Harvey, op. cit. (note 8), 136.

³⁴ Nisbett, op. cit. (note 3), 77.

³⁵ Ibid.

³⁶ cf. the useful examples illustrated in Whittingham, S., A Thirteenth-Century Portrait Gallery at Salisbury Cathedral (Salisbury, 1979), 10–11.Google Scholar

³⁷ N. Nisbett, op. cit. (note 3), 77.

³⁸ The date of the choir stalls is given by a letter from the Bishop of Winchester to the Bishop of Norwich asking to retain the services of William Lyngwode, carpenter. Published in Goodman, A. W. (ed.), Registrant Henrici Woodlock, Diocesis Wintoniensis, A.D. 1305–1316, Canterbury and York Society, 2 vols., (London, 1940–1941), 11, 682–3.Google Scholar

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⁴⁰ I am grateful to Pamela Tudor-Craig (Lady Wedgwood) for drawing my attention to this example. Dunning, R. W., in ‘The Bishop's Palace’, in Colchester, L. S. (ed.), Wells Cathedral (Shepton Mallet, 1982), 232, suggests that the vault of the chapel is ‘probably work of the 1280's, even c. 1290’.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Crook, op. cit. (note 12), 96–100.

⁴² Needless to say, samples obtained by coring of major timbers would be more satisfactory. However, there is no reason to suppose that the upper roof structure is significantly later than the main timbers of the complex.

⁴³ Fletcher and Crook, op. cit. (note 13), 130–3.

⁴⁴ Smith, J. T., ‘Medieval aisled halls and their derivatives’, Archaeol. J. 112 (1955), 87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴⁵ At Middle Littleton (Hereford and Worcs.) the tithe barn, which has been dated to after 1315 by dendrochronology (Fletcher, J. and Tapper, M., ‘Tree-ring dating list No. 3.ii’, Vernacular Architect. 11 (1980), 34)Google Scholar, has true aisled trusses at either end but base cracks in the eight other trusses. The barn is discussed by Horn, W. and Charles, F. W. B., ‘The crack-built barn of Middle Littleton in Worcestershire, England’, J. [American] Soc. Architect. Historians 25.4 (1966), 221–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴⁶ Smith, J. T., ‘Crack distribution: an interpretation of some recent maps’, Vernacular Architect. 6 (1975), 3–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar, reprinted, with revisions, as ‘The problems of crack construction and the evidence of distribution maps’ in Alcock, N. W. (ed.), Cruck Construction, an Introduction and Catalogue, Brit. Archaeol. Ass. Rep. 42, (London, 1981), 16.Google Scholar The problem of the small number of base cruck halls in Essex is addressed by Walker, J. in ‘Wynter's Armoury: a base-cruck hall in Essex and its significance’, Vernacular Architect. 18 (1987), 25–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Since 1981 a further base cruck has been discovered in Essex, at Stone Hall, Little Canneld (Stenning, D., ‘Some Historic Building Surveys in 1983–4’, Essex Archaeol. Hist. 16 (1984–1985), 120).Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Fletcher, J. M., ‘Straight timber, curved beams and crack trusses’, Vernacular Architect. 14 (1983), 62.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ The task of comparison has been greatly facilitated by the recently published revised inventory of Sandall, Kathleen, ‘Aisled halls in England and Wales’, Vernacular Architect. 17 (1986), 21–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴⁹ Mason, R. T., Framed Buildings of England (Horsham, 1973), 45.Google Scholar See also G., and Colman, S., ‘A thirteenth-century aisled house’, Proc. Suffolk Inst. Archaeol. Hist. 30 (1964–1966), 149–65.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ For J. T. Smith, op. cit. (note 44), 81, the building dates from the ‘early 14th century’. The framing is illustrated by Hewett, C. A., English Historic Carpentry (Chichester, 1980), 135, who suggests a date ‘no later than c. 1300’.Google Scholar

⁵¹ These are published in M. Wood, op. cit. (note 6), pl. 2; and Smith, op. cit. (note 44), 82, 84–6. A felling date of c. 1314 has been obtained for samples taken from the roof at Nurstead: see Howard, R. and others, ‘Tree-ring dating list No. 28’, Vernacular Architect. 19 (1988), 48.Google Scholar

⁵² Hewett, op. cit. (note 50), 49. For the tree-ring date obtained by R. A. Morgan, see Andrews, D. D. and Boutwood, J., ‘Coggeshall Barn. Notes on discoveries made during the 1983–84 restoration’, Essex Archaeol. Hist. 16 (1984–1985), 150–3.Google Scholar

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⁵⁴ Fletcher, J. M. and Currie, C. R. J., ‘The Bishop of Winchester's manor house at Harwell, Berkshire’, Archaeol. J. 136 (1979), 180–1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar For the date, see Fletcher, J. M., ‘Tree-ring dating list No. 4’, Vernacular Architect. 12 (1981), 39;Google Scholaridem., ‘Tree-ring dating list No. 11’, Vernacular Architect. 14 (1983), 62Google Scholar; Currie, C. R. J., ‘Bishop's Manor and Catewy's Farm, Harwell, (Berks., later Oxon.)’, Vernacular Architect. 17 (1986), 51CrossRefGoogle Scholar; idem., Harwell Houses: An Interim Gazetteer (Oxford Vernacular Architecture Group, 1987), 29.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ Hewett, op. cit. (note 50), 103.

⁵⁶ Ibid., 108.

⁵⁷ Ibid., 129.

⁵⁸ Rigold, S., ‘Some major Kentish timber barns’, Archaeol. Cantiana 81 (1966), 1–30Google Scholar, modified by caveat, J. T. Smith's in ‘The early development of timber buildings: the passing-brace and reversed assembly’, Archaeol. J. 131 (1974), 238, n. 1: ‘It has been implied that the term “shore”, which is perfectly appropriate to certain long braces in Kentish and other barns, is equivalent to “passing-brace” (Rigold 1966, 6, n. 16). This is untrue; the Kentish shores are merely a local form of normal timber triangulation.’Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Smith, op. cit. (note 44), 89.

⁶⁰ Ibid., 87–9.

⁶¹ Smith, op. cit. (note 9), 140.

⁶² e.g. John Fletcher, in Fletcher and Crook op. cit. (note 13), who described the term as ‘totally misleading’.

⁶³ J. Crook and C. R. J. Currie, forthcoming, ‘A classification system for base cracks’

⁶⁴ Alcock, op. cit. (note 46)

⁶⁵ Smith, op. cit. (note 9), 140.

⁶⁶ Smith 1981, op. cit. (note 46), 8 and fig. 3. For the implications of this definition for base crack distribution see Alcock, N. W. and Barley, M. W., ‘Medieval roofs with base-cracks and short principals: additional evidence’, Antiq. J. 61 (1981), 322–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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⁶⁹ Alcock and Barley, op. cit. (note 67), 142.

⁷⁰ Mason, op. cit. (note 1), 21.

⁷¹ OS Ref. SU 217508.

⁷² Pevsner, N. and Lloyd, D. W., Hampshire and the Isle of Wight (Buildings of England series) (London, 1967), 331.Google Scholar The compilers of the Hampshire Volume of the Victoria County History recognized, however, that the building incorporated medieval remains: ‘[Marwell Hall] retains, however, in its central portion, once the hall of an H-shaped house, a certain amount of old work’ (Page, W. (ed.), The Victoria County History of Hampshire (London, 1908), vol. III, 332.Google Scholar

⁷³ The roof was recognized as a medieval base cruck by Mr Charles Wagner of the Hampshire Buildings Bureau. It is briefly described in Crook, J., ‘Marwell's medieval roof’, Hants Field Club Newsletter, New Ser., 8 (Autumn, 1987), 15–17.Google Scholar

⁷⁴ OS Ref. SU 604248. The roof structure, including the cornice mouldings, show several similarities with Marwell, and may perhaps be a less expensive version of the episcopal roof, built by a layman rather than a bishop.

⁷⁵ Briefly mentioned in Emery, A., ‘Dartington Hall, Devonshire’, Archaeol. J. 115 (1958), 187CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and more fully in idem, Dartington Hall (London, 1970), 142–5.Google ScholarPubMed

⁷⁶ Parker, J. H., Some Account of Domestic Architecture in England, 3 vols. (London, 1859), III 353.Google Scholar

⁷⁷ A. Hamilton Thompson and others ‘Dartington Hall’ (report of Royal Archaeological Institute summer meeting at Exeter, 22–30 July 1913), Archaeol. J. 70 (1913), 553–7: ‘… a large barn, divided into two floors, with a fine timber roof, which appears to be of the earlier part of the fourteenth century.’Google Scholar

⁷⁸ W. Weir's opinion that the roof dated from ‘the late thirteenth or early fourteenth century’ was quoted in Hussey, C., ‘Dartington Hall, Devon’, Country Life, 27 August 1938, 206.Google Scholar

⁷⁹ A. Emery (1958), 185–6 and (1970), 145 (see note 75). The late fourteenth-century date is supported by Alcock and Barley, op. cit. (note 67), 135–6.

⁸⁰ The roof of the hall is known from drawings, e.g. those published by Emery (1958), op. cit. (note 75), pls. xxb and xxii.

⁸¹ E. H. D. Wilson and R. G. Gilson, ‘No. 15, Fore St., Taunton, The “Tudor Tavern”’, unpublished notes, (1978), Taunton Public Library, 1.

⁸² Harvey, op. cit. (note 8), 134.

⁸³ Ibid., 135–6.

⁸⁴ Salzman, L. F., ‘Religious houses’;, in Page, W. (ed.), The Victoria County History of Sussex (London, 1907, reprinted 1973), 101.Google Scholar

⁸⁵ Ibid.

⁸⁶ Wood, op. cit. (note 6), 314–15.

⁸⁷ Upton Court is now dated to shortly after the felling date of 1319–20. See Howard, R., Laxton, R. R., and Simpson, W. G., ‘Tree-ring dates, List 27’, Vernacular Architect., 19 (1988), 46.Google Scholar The building is fully discussed in Thornes, R. with Fradgley, N., ‘Upton Court, Slough: an early fourteenth-century open hall’, Archaeol. J. 145 (1988), 211–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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⁸⁹ Royal Commission on Historical Monuments, Inventory Salisbury I (London, 1986), 135–6.Google Scholar

⁹⁰ Ibid., 85–8.

⁹¹ Ibid., 83–4.

⁹² Smith, op. cit. (note 9), 127.

⁹³ RCHM Inventory Salisbury I, 125.

⁹⁴ Ibid., 98–9.

⁹⁵ Fletcher, J. M. and Spokes, P. S., ‘The origin and development of crown-post roofs’, Medieval Archaeol. 8 (1964), 168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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⁹⁷ Wood, op. cit. (note 6), 303–4.

⁹⁸ Rackham, O., Blair, W. J. and Munby, J. T., ‘The thirteenthcentury roofs and floor of the Blackfriars Priory at Gloucester’, Medieval Archaeol. 22 (1978), 105–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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¹⁰¹ e.g., op. cit. (note 50).

¹⁰² Mason, op. cit. (note 49), 58.

¹⁰³ Op. cit. (note 100).

¹⁰⁴ As, for example, in the late fifteenth-century ‘stables’ range in the Cathedral Close at Winchester.

¹⁰⁵ Mason, op. cit. (note 49), 56–7.

¹⁰⁶ Charles, F. W. B., ‘Scotches, lever sockets and rafter holes’, Vernacular Architect. 5 (1974), 22–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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¹¹¹ Kitchin, op. cit. (note 31), 230.

¹¹² Treasurer's Books (MS, Winchester Cathedral Library), (hereafter TR), 1618, 3.

¹¹³ A conclusion drawn by Tudor-Craig, Pamela and Keen, Laurence in ‘A recently discovered Purbeck marble sculptured screen of the thirteenth century and the shrine of St Swithun’, Medieval Art and Architecture at Winchester Cathedral, Trans. Brit. Archaeol. Ass. 6 (1983), 68Google Scholar, in which they refer to the lists of royal bounty published in Taylor, A. J., ‘Royal Alms and oblations in the later 13th century’ in Emmison, F. and Stephens, R. (eds.), Tribute to an Antiquary; Essays presented to Marc Fitch by some of his Friends (London, 1976), 93–125.Google Scholar

¹¹⁴ William of Malmesbury attributed the warm hospitality afforded to travellers by the monks of St Swithun's to Prior Godfrey (1080–1107): ‘Religionis et hospitalitatis normam pulchre inchoatam deliniavit in monachos, qui hodieque ita in utrisque prioris terunt vestigium, ut am nihil aut parum iis desit ad laudis cumulum. Denique est in ea domo hospitium, terra marique venientium quantum libuerit diversorium, sumptu indeficienti, charitate indefatigata.’ Published in Hardy, T. D. (ed.), Willelmi Malmesbiriensis Monachi Gesta Regum Anglorum, English Historical Society 2, (London, 1940), 678.Google Scholar

¹¹⁵ J. Crook and K. Qualmann, Winchester Cathedral Close, Hants. Field Club Archaeol. Soc. Monograph (forthcoming).

¹¹⁶ Milner, op. cit. (note 2), 11, 99.

¹¹⁷ The square two storey building immediately south-east of the complex and linked to it since the eighteenth century is now shown to be of late sixteenth or even early seventeenth-century date on the evidence of its integral brick chimney (Crook and Qualmann, op. cit. (note 115).

¹¹⁸ Fletcher and Crook, op. cit. (note 13), 132. See also Alcock and Barley, op. cit. (note 67), 134–9 f°r a more detailed appraisal of the ‘social significance’ of base crucks; and, for a regional study, Tonks, J. W., ‘Social standing and base-crucks in Herefordshire’, Vernacular Architect. 1 (1970), 7–11.Google Scholar

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¹²⁰ ‘Parliamentary Survey of the Possessions of the Dean and Chapter of Winchester, 1649’, MS, Winchester Cathedral Library (hereafter Survey), fol. 22.

¹²¹ CA, 1 December 1662.

¹²² Survey, fol. 2.

¹²³ Ledger Books, MSS Winchester Cathedral Library, xil, fol. 33^v.

¹²⁴ Ibid., 153.

¹²⁵ CA, 22 September, 1663.

¹²⁶ CA, 26 November, 1739.