^{page 274 note a} Since this and the two following papers were read to the Society, this distinguished archaeologist, by whose valuable discoveries at Budrum the present investigation was originally suggested, has passed away.

^{page 274 note b} A History of Discoveries at Halicarnassus, Cnidus, and Branchidœ; by Newton, C. T., M.A., assisted by Pullan, R. P., F.R.I.B.A. 2 vols. Folio. London, 1862Google Scholar.

^{page 274 note c} The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus restored in conformity with the recently discovered Remains; by James Fergusson, F.R.I.B.A. London, 1862.

^{page 274 note d} The earlier portion of this essay was written several years ago, during Mr. Fergusson's lifetime; but I see no reason to modify anything I have said in it of that able and accomplished architectural critic, and, I may add, lamented friend.

^{page 274 note e} Das Maussoleum, oder das Grabmal des Königs Maussolos von Karien. Ein Yortrag, gehalten zur Geburtstags-Feier J. J. Winckelmann's im Jahre 1865 von Chr. Petersen. Hamburg, 1867.

^{page 275 note a} There was a description of the Mausoleum in the treatise of Philo of Byzantium, entitled De septem Mundi Miraculis, which is said by Choiseul-Gouffier (Voyage Pitt, de la Grèce, tome i. p. 158) to have been full and minute; but as the portion of Philo's treatise which contained this description has long been lost, it can be merely on presumption that Choiseul-Gouffier characterises it as he does.

^{page 277 note a} Lib. xxxvi. cap. v.

^{page 279 note a} Canina, Luigi, Architettura Antica, sezione iii. L'Architettura Romana (Rome, 1830-1840)Google Scholar, Pl. ci. from which the plan in the text is taken.

^{page 280 note a} Described in the Classical Museum, v. 193-6, in a letter from Mr. Cockerell published in an Article on the “Sculptures of Halicarnassus,” which was written by Sir Charles Newton some years before his discoveries at Budrum. It is engraved in the Museum of Classical Antiquities, i. 164.

^{page 280 note b} Archæologische Zeitung, iii. 81.

^{page 280 note c} Museum of Classical Antiquities, i. 157.

^{page 282 note a} P. 37 (8vo. Strasb. 1778).

^{page 284 note a} Mem. de Litt. tirés des Registres de l'Acad. des Inscr. et Belles Lettre?, xxvi. 321 (1753)Google Scholar.

^{page 288 note a} It is to be noted that the very same form of expression is used by Pliny, with the same emphatic terseness, in describing a part of the great Egyptian labyrinth, Pteron appellant. Lib. xxxvi. c. 13.

^{page 290 note a} , Newton, A History of Discoveries at Halicarnassus, etc., ii. 191Google Scholar.

^{page 290 note b} Berichte der Leips. Gesellsch., 1850, p. 126Google Scholar.

^{page 290 note c} Das Maussoleum, etc., 12.

^{page 291 note a} Thus the words Pteron vocavere circumitum are rendered, “The part surrounding the tomb was called the Pteron,” though the writer's own discoveries had shown that the “tomb” was below the level of the ground, and the “Pteron,” as he himself understands it, was more than sixty feet above.

^{page 294 note a} Canina, Luigi, Architettura Antica, sezione ii. L'Architettura Greca (Rome, 1834-1841), Pl clviiiGoogle Scholar.

^{page 294 note b} Sup. pp. 288, 289.

^{page 296 note a} Several examples of mefce are represented by , Canina, Architettura Romana, Pl. CXXXVII–VIIIGoogle Scholar.

^{page 296 note b} Metas imitata cupressus. Ovid. Metam. lib. s. v. 106.

^{page 298 note a} Mr. Fergusson's words are, “This leaves a platform on the summit of twenty Greek feet by sixteen, on which to erect the pedestal or meta, which is to support the quadriga.” Mausoleum of Halicarnassus Restored, p. 28.

^{page 298 note b} Gesch. der Oriech. Künstler, vol. ii. s. 376Google Scholar.

^{page 298 note c} Das Maussoleum, 12.

^{page 298 note d} A History of Discoveries at Halicarnassus, etc., ii. 55Google Scholar.

^{page 298 note e} Vitruvius, lib. vii. Prœf., s. 8.

^{page 298 note f} Dilettanti Society, Ionian Antiquities, Pt. iv. p. 23 (Newton) and p. 30 (Pullan).

^{page 299 note a} See the passage from Vitravius cited at p. 276.

^{page 300 note a} Fontanus, De bello Rhodio, lib. ii. Bog. K. i. s. 2, ed. Hagenau, 1527.

^{page 301 note a} Attention was, I believe, first drawn to this remarkable memorial by Sir Charles Newton in the Article in the Classical Museum, already referred to. See supra, p. 279, note b.

^{page 303 note a} Sir Charles Newton translates perron simply as a “terrace”; but in the Dictionary of the Academy, 1878, Perron is denned thus: “Construction exterieure, qui est formée de plusieurs marches, et d'une plateforme, et qui sert à établir une communication directe entre deux sols de differente hauteur.”

^{page 303 note b} A History of Discoveries at Halicarnassus, etc., ii. 192Google Scholar.

^{page 304 note a} The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus restored, etc., Pls. I. and II.

^{page 305 note a} Niches with statues are introduced by Herr Petersen (pp. 13, 15, Pl. i.) in his elevation of the exterior, which is founded, as will be presently seen, on Guichard's account of the inner chamber. An altar and sarcophagi are suggested for this chamber by Mr. Fergusson (p. 35).

^{page 305 note b} See Pullan's Essay in Newton's A History of Discoveries at Halicarnassus, etc., ii. 184.

^{page 305 note c} Ibid. ii. 184.

^{page 308 note a} See Antiquités du Bosphore Cimmerien, fol. i. pp. 19, 27.

^{page 308 note b} A History of Discoveries at Halicarnassus, etc., ii. 79; and cf. p. 261.

^{page 308 note c} The following quotations from Herr Petersen show what is his understanding of the knight's description. “Er (i.e. De la Tourette) die aüssere umgebung mit einsicht beschreibt, und vom innern gar nichts sagt” (p. 7). “Dass aber der unterbau aussen mit halbsäulen, architrav, fries, und gesims geschmückt und in den intercolumnien eingerahmte reliefs angebracht waren, bezeugt der bericht vom abbruch des gebäudes aus dem jahr 1522” (p. 13). “Die besehreibung des von säulen u. s. w. umgebenen saales können also nur auf den unterbau und das autour dem sprachgebrauch gemäss nur auf die aussenseite desselben gehen” (p. 14).

^{page 308 note b} See Petersen's ground plan.

^{page 310 note a} Taken from Della Marmora, Voyage en Sardaigne, and included in the collection of monuments published in Newton, A History of Discoveries at Halicarnassus, etc., i. Pl. xxxi.

^{page 311 note a} Mausoleum, etc., 14.

^{page 311 note b} Mausoleum, etc., 16.

^{page 312 note a} “The Ionic monument at Xanthus was probably erected between B.C. 350 and 300. Its design, when compared with that of the Mausoleum, exhibits a general inferiority both in the sculpture and architecture, with such similarity in certain features as might be expected if, as I suppose, the work of Satyrus and Phyteus was rather earlier in date, for so celebrated a monument could hardly fail to affect the character of sepulchral architecture not only in the immediate neighbourhood of Halicarnassus, but in the adjacent provinces.” A History of Discoveries at Halicarnassus, etc., ii. 204.

^{page 312 note b} “Im zeitalter kurz vor Alexander,” Archæologische Zeitung, Oct. and Nov. 1844, p. 356.

^{page 312 note c} Fellows' Ionic Trophy Monument, 12.

^{page 312 note d} Museum of Classical Antiquities, i. 154.

^{page 312 note e} Ibid. 280.

^{page 313 note a} Xanthian Marbles. Nereid Monument, 15.

^{page 313 note b} Archaeologia, xxx. 196.

^{page 313 note c} ii. 204, seq.

^{page 313 note d} Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature, 2nd Ser. i. 260.

^{page 313 note e} i. 227.

^{page 313 note f} Alte Denkmäler, v. p. 247. cf. Welcker's Notes to Müller's Ancient Art (English ed.), 104-5.

^{page 313 note g} Lib. i. c. 176.

^{page 314 note a} Notes to Ancient Art, 103.

^{page 314 note b} , . Fragmenta Historicorum Græcorum, Didot, 1841, i. 296.

^{page 314 note c} Verhandlung d. XIX. Philologen Versammlung (in Braunschweig, Sept. 1860), 62, seq.

^{page 314 note d} Gr. Plastik, 3rd. ed. ii. 158Google Scholar.

^{page 314 note e} Hist. Sculpt. (English Ed.), i. 207Google Scholar.

^{page 314 note f} Ann. dell' 1st. Arch., 1875, p. 173Google Scholar.

^{page 314 note g} Archæologische Zeitung, 1882, p. 358Google Scholar.

^{page 314 note h} Greek and Roman Sculpture, 506.

^{page 314 note a} Gazette des Beaux Arts, tom. xxxv. Feb. 1887.

^{page 316 note a} See Canina, Architettura Greca, Pl. clvii. from which Sir C. Newton has taken his illustration.

^{page 316 note b} Diodorus Siculus, lib. xiii. c. 86.

^{page 316 note c} The Antiquities of Magna Græcia, 36.

^{page 316 note d} The so-called “Tomb of Absolom” at Jerusalem, the date of which is equally uncertain with that of the “Tomb of Theron,” exhibits exactly the same solecism, just as if one were a copy of the other. See , Williams, Holy City, ii. 157, Pl. vGoogle Scholar.

^{page 316 note e} v. 565.

^{page 317 note a} Antichità della Sicilia, iii. 70, tav. 28-31.

^{page 317 note b} Strictly speaking, the St. Remy monument is not surmounted by a pyramid, but a cone; but this is so slight a difference that the building may still be taken as comprised in the same class as the others.

^{page 318 note a} The three monuments from the Tripolitan Region are represented in Sir C. Newton's plate as given in Barth's, Travels in North and Central Africa, i. 35, 117, 124Google Scholar. The Dugga monument is there reproduced from the Transactions of the American Ethnological Society, 1845, i. 477, Pl. ix. x.Google Scholar; and the “Tomb of Zecharias,” from De Saulcy's Voyage autour de la Met Morte, Atlas, Pl. XLI.

^{page 318 note b} Published by the Dilettanti Society, Ionian Antiquities, part ii. Pl. xxiv. The best description of this monument is to be found in Choiseul-Gouffier (Voyage Pittor. de la Grece, i. 144, 161), who says that he purposely illustrates it with the greater fullness because it recalls, though in a later age and in a changed architectural style, the “taste and form” of the Mausoleum.

^{page 319 note a} Chandler asserts (Travels in Asia Minor, 189) that “the sides, which are now open, were closed writh marble panels.” But Choiseul-Gouffier denies that there are any indications of panels or screens between the columns. Chandler's belief was founded on the vertical bands to be seen running down the middle of the shafts on each side, which implied, in his opinion, that the columns were connected by intervening panels. Such panels, however, must at any rate have been limited to the lowest part of the intercolumnar space, like plutei, or modern parapets; for the perspective view of the monument, both in the Dilettanti Society's publication and in Choiseul-Gouffier's, sufficiently shows that the upper or fluted part of the shafts was disengaged and free all round.

^{page 320 note a} Museum of Classical Antiquities, i. 173Google Scholar.

^{page 320 note b} Rerum Geographicarum lib. xvii. e. 3, § 13.

^{page 321 note a} Museum of Classical Antiquities, i, 174Google Scholar.

^{page 321 note b} This illustration, which is copied from Mr. Falkener's, shows only the essential parts of his design, and the basreliefs are very inadequately rendered.

^{page 322 note a} Museum of Classical Antiquities, 188.

^{page 323 note a} Illustrated with large plates in the Antike Denkmäler der Deutschen Archäologischen Institut, i. Part 2, Berlin, 1887Google Scholar.

^{page 323 note b} The inscription is: SEX. L. M. IVLIEI. C, F. PARENTIBVS. SVEIS.

^{page 324 note a} It is a middle-brass coin published, from a specimen in the British Museum, by Prof. Donaldson, Architectura Numismatica, fig. 15.

^{page 324 note b} Pausanias, ii. c. vii. 3.

^{page 325 note a} Apr. 1885, p. 77.

^{page 326 note a} It is perhaps not less singular that Herr Petersen should have altogether ignored this branch of the investigation, making no mention whatever of any of the existing monuments supposed to illustrate the Mausoleum.

^{page 329 note a} Mausoleum, etc., 17.

^{page 329 note b} Those writings consist only, so far as I know, of (1), a paper on “Architectural Proportion,” read at the Institute of Architects in 1859; (2), a dissertation on the same subject in the appendix to Mr. Cockerell's work on the “Temples of Ægina and Phigaleia”; (3), a memoir in the appendix to Part IV. of the Dilettanti Society's Ionian Antiquities; (4), a paper in the Builder of 30 Aug., 1890, on the “Principles of Proportion in the Parthenon.” It is with sincere regret that I now refer to Mr. Lloyd, who since my earlier paper was read to the Society has passed away from us. Though ignorant of the details of my scheme, he had expressed friendly interest in its future development, and was always ready to assist me from the resources of his multifarious knowledge.

^{page 331 note a} Lib. III. c. ii. s. 28, 29.

^{page 331 note b} Eas symmetrias constituit Hermogenes, s. 29.

^{page 331 note c} Archæologische Zeitung, 1876, p. 29.

^{page 331 note d} Dilettanti Society, Ionian Antiquities, part iv. p. 41.

^{page 332 note a} Stratico's interpretation of Vitruvius's text is the converse of Mr. Fergusson's. He concludes that its meaning is that the length of the principal façade regulated the diameter of the column, not that the diameter regulated the length of the façade. See Notes in his edition of Vitruvius, loc. cit. I do not, however, bind myself to this interpretation.

^{page 333 note a} Cf. inf. pp. 344-5, where it is given as 11 ft. 6 in., making up, with the order, 49 ft.

^{page 334 note a} Dilettanti Society, Ionian Antiquities, part iv. Introd. 52, 55-6.

^{page 334 note b} Published in The Builder, 7 March, 1885.

^{page 334 note c} In systylo altitudo dividatur in novem et dimidiam partem, et ex iis una ad crassitudinem columnœ detur: item in pycnostylo dividenda est altitudo in partes decem, et ejus una pars facienda est columnœ crassitudo. Eustyli autem ædis columnœ, ut systyli, in novem partes altitudo dividatur et dimidiam partem. Vitruvius, De Architectura, lib. III. c. ii. v. 31 (ed. Stratico; cf. Wilkins in loc. cit.).

^{page 334 note d} By a somewhat singular oversight Sir Charles Newton (p. 203) describes Mr. Pullan's arrangment as aræostyle, and dwells on the advantage of the wide intercolumn thus gained for the display of statuary.

^{page 337 note a} Mr. Cockerell's conclusion is reported by Mr. Fergusson, Mausoleum, etc., 36. Since this paper, however, has been in hand, a lacunar stone has been partially restored and set up by the Museum authorities in conjunction with a restored column. If this location of the stone be strictly adhered to, it would certainly involve a wider columniation than 8 feet 9 inches, with an intercolumn of only 5 feet 3 inches. If, however, the stone be taken separately from the column, it may be supposed to have belonged to the ceiling over one of the four central openings in my design, which, as explained in the text, are adapted to columniations of 10 feet 6 inches and intercolumns of 7 feet. In the peristyle these openings have a transverse dimension corresponding to the general inter-column, which leaves only 5 feet 3 inches in the clear. But in the inner ambulatory, running between the great piers and the insulated pilasters in front of them, there is a space corresponding to a columniation of 10 feet 6 inches, leaving 7 feet in the clear; for the face of each great pier is kept back by 1 foot 9 inches, so as to form a line which, if prolonged, would strike the centre of the outside column of the portico or of the side colonnade, just as, in the Parthenon and several other temples, the side walls of the cella are kept in a line with the centres, not the outsides, of the corresponding columns in the fronts. Thus the four central spaces in the inner ambulatory would each be ceiled by a lacunar stone corresponding to columniations of 10 feet 6 inches, with 7 feet each way in the clear, which is about the dimension of the restored stone in the Museum.

^{page 337 note b} A History of Discoveries at Halicarnassus, etc., ii. 171Google Scholar. Mr. Pullan's justification of this is that he found a lion's head at only 1 foot 9 inches from the extreme end of the cymatium, and this of course could not have been over the centre of a column. But it might very well have been over the outer edge of a column, as it was at Priene (see Canina, Architettura Greca, tav. xxx.), and it is accordingly so placed in the present restoration.

^{page 338 note a} See German Excavations at Olympia, part iv. Pl. xxxviii. and part v. Pl. xliii.

^{page 339 note a} Dilettanti Society, The Unedited Antiquities of Attica, ch. ix. Pl. i. p. 57.

^{page 339 note b} Wood's Ephesus, p. 268, and Plan, p. 262.

^{page 339 note c} Canina, Architettura Greca, tav. xli.; Dilettanti Society, Ionian Antiquities, part iv. Introd. 15.

^{page 339 note d} A History of Discoveries at Halicamassus, etc., ii. 270, n. 39Google Scholar.

^{page 343 note a} In covering the inner space of the portico, no roofing stone would be needed exceeding 17 feet 6 inches in length, having 14 feet in the clear beneath it, which is 3 feet less than what Mr. Pullan requires to roof the space between the ends of his cella and the peristyle.

^{page 344 note a} Mr. Fergusson has contended that the angles of the Pteron require special structural strength, and has thus justified his very abnormal contrivance of placing two, or rather three, columns at each angle, and so eking out the number in question. The Greek architects, however, who combined strict common sense with faultless taste, never resorted to exceptional supports where there was no exceptional weight to be carried. Their peripteral buildings invariably have single columns, not even square pilasters, at the angles, because, from the absence of any diagonal pressure in the superstructure, the weight was no greater at the angles than in any other part; in the Mausoleum, indeed, from the pyramidal form of its roof, it was actually less. The result of Mr. Fergusson's contrivance, so far from being, as he terms it, “æsthetically an improvement,” seems to me rather to raise a sense of gratuitous incumbrance, which is distasteful in itself, as well as an acknowledged solecism in a composition purporting to be Greek.

^{page 344 note b} An attic is also inserted by Herr Petersen in his design.

^{page 345 note a} See supra, p. 333.

^{page 346 note a} Four or five angle-steps were also found, each combining the two classes in the treads of its two sides.

^{page 348 note a} To understand the following description of the ground plan refer to Plate XXI.

^{page 349 note a} Cf. sections of this room in Pls. XXIII. and XXIV.

^{page 350 note a} A well-known example of this system exists in the principal chamber of the “Regulini Galassi Tomb,” near Cervetri, the ancient Cære. It is represented in Fergnsson's, Handbook of Architecture, i. 202, fig. 234Google Scholar.

^{page 350 note b} See Antiquités du Bosphore Cimmerièn, St. Petersburg, 1854, Plan A.

^{page 350 note c} See Compte-rendu de la Commission Impériale Archéologique pour l'an 1859, St. Petersburg, 1860.

^{page 351 note a} Cf. sections in Pls. XXIII. and XXIV.

^{page 351 note b} Dilettanti Society, Ionian Antiquities, vol. i. c. iii. p. 52, Pis. ix. and xGoogle Scholar.

^{page 351 note c} Pausanias, viii. 45, s. 5.

^{page 352 note a} Smith and Porcher, History of the recent Discoveries at Cyrene, p. 71, Pl. lv.

^{page 352 note b} Cockerell, Ægina and Bassœ, Pls. xi. and xv.

^{page 352 note c} Lastra is thus defined in Ducange, Glossarium, etc.: Vox Italica, tabula lapidea, vel bractea tenuis, quo modo secari solent marmora ad pavimentum vel ad parietes inducenda.

^{page 352 note d} Cf. Pl. XXIV.

^{page 352 note e} In the design here proposed I have introduced another door on the opposite side of the room, opening to the staircase which descended from the entrance hall (see ground-plan, Pl. XXI.). Whether this also was overlooked by the knights, or whether it was only not mentioned by De la Tourette because nothing of interest was found in or beyond it, it is impossible to say.

^{page 352 note f} At Mylassa this one-sided arrangement was adopted even in the exterior of the building. It occurs likewise in a sepulchre in Rhodes, published by Ross. See Gerhard, Archæologische Zeitung, 1850, Taf. xix.

^{page 353 note a} Cf. the entrance hall in the Rhodian sepulchre referred to in the preceding note.

^{page 353 note b} The two narrow staircases suggested in Pl. XXI. ascend to a converging point shown in the plan, and thence emerge in the broader flight of steps leading to the western portico, as shown in Pl. XXII.

^{page 353 note c} A bronze grating inserted in a pavement slab, and intended for drainage, was found by Sir C. Newton among the foundations of the building. Travels and Discoveries in the Levant, ii. 207 (woodcut)Google Scholar.

^{page 354 note a} It is not here intended to assert that the full capacities of the radiating arch, whereby at a later period the whole system of architecture was gradually transformed, and its resources proportionately extended, were known to any nation prior to the Romans.

^{page 355 note a} , Leake, Northern Greece, iii. 556seq.Google Scholar Cf. Peloponnesiaca, 121. , Mure, Journal of Tour in Greece, i. 106, seqGoogle Scholar.

^{page 355 note b} Blouet, Expedition en Morée, vol. iii. Pl. 82, figs. 1, 2, and 4. Plutarch calls these tunnels. ὑπονόμοι Vit. Arati, c. ix.

^{page 355 note c} , Gerhard'sArchæologische Zeitung, 1850, xxii. 3, 5Google Scholar; here cited from , Guhl and , Koner'sLife of the Greeks and Romans, English ed., p. 92, fig. 116Google Scholar, where Ross's illustration is reproduced.

^{page 355 note d} Travels and Discoveries in the Levant, i. 242.

^{page 355 note e} Ibid. 229, 230.

^{page 355 note f} Since the preceding paragraph was read at the meeting of the Society, I have been assured on good architectural authority that the arches here proposed are really unnecessary, as the openings between the piers are so narrow that the horizontal connecting stones would of themselves safely carry the weight imposed upon them. I retain the arches in my design, however, ex abundante cautelâ.