^{page 100 note a} Decline and Fall, vol. iii. c. 25.

^{page 100 note b} One of the earliest records of the expeditions of the Teuton pirates to the shores of Gaul is, perhaps, that of the Chauci under Gannascus, in the reign of Claudius; “levibus navigiis prædabundus, Gallorum maxime oram vastabat, non ignarus dites et inbelles esse.”—Tacitus, Annal. lib. xi. c. 18. The way to Gaul once marked out, that country became the frequent scene of predatory invasion, and we find Ammianus Marcellinus, lib. xxvii. lamenting that “Gallicanos tractus Franci et Saxones, eisdem confines, quà quisque erumpere potuit, terrâ vel mari, prædis acerbis incendiisque et captivorum funeribus hominum violabant.”

^{page 101 note a} “Atque ab his continuis Saxonum incursionibus litora Galliæ et Britanniæ proxima cognominata fuêre Saxonica.”—Ph. Cluverius, Germ. Ant. lib. i. c. 18.

^{page 101 note b} “Unde etiam disposti fuêre per Galliæ Britanniæque litora milites, cum præfectis, ad coercendas Saxonum depredationes, qui inde appellati sunt, teste Notitiâ Imperii, Comites litoris Saxonici per Britannias, et Tribuni cohortis Armoricæ in litore Saxonico.”—Ph. Cluverius, Germ. Ant. lib. iii. c. 21.

^{page 101 note c} Claudian, viii. 31.

^{page 101 note d} Ibid, xviii. 392.

^{page 101 note e} Ibid. xxii. 255.

^{page 101 note f} Sidonius Apollinaris, In Paneg. Aviti, 369.

^{page 102 note a} Lib. xxviii. It may be as well to give the views of the French writers on this point: “Vers I'année 286 ils (les Saxons) commencèrent à investir les côtes de la Gaule septentrionale. En vain pour arrêter leurs incursions, Diocletien établit Carausius avec un flotte à Boulogne; les efforts mal dirigés de ce général furent inutiles; les Saxons continuèrent leurs pirateries pendant le reste du troisieme siècle, et la moitié du suivant; mais, pendant l'autre moitié, ils formèrent des établissements si nombreux dans notre pays, qu'ils lui donnèrent leur nom, et dans la Notice de l'Empire, ecrite sous Honorius et Arcadius, c'est-à-dire, entre les années 395 et 409, toute notre côte est appellée le Rivage Saxon.”—Essais Historiques sur la ville de Caen, by M. l'Abbé de la Rue, vol. i. p. 24.

^{page 102 note b} Decline and Fall, vol. iii. c. 25. “The Saxons were ravaging the banks of the Rhine during Julian's reign.”—Zosimus, lib. iii. c. 1.

^{page 102 note c} Ammianus Marcellinus, xxviii. 5. Also Orosius, “Valentinianus Saxones, gentem in Oceani littoribus et paludibus inviis sitam, virtute atque agilitate terribilem, periculosam Romanis finibus eruptionem magna mole meditantem, in ipsis Francorum finibus, oppressit.”—Lib. vii. 32.

^{page 102 note d} Sidon. Apoll. lib. viii. epis 6.

^{page 102 note e} With this picture of the Saxon navy compare Zosimus' account of the army: Σάξονες οἱ πάντων δὴ καρτερώτατοι τῶν ἐκεῖσε νεμομένων βαρβάρων θυμῷ καὶ ῥώμῃ καὶ καρτερίᾳ τῇ περὶ τὰς μάχας εἶναι νομίοντες—Zosimus, lib. iii. c. 6.

^{page 102 note f} Jornandes, De Rebus Geticis.

^{page 102 note g} De Gestis Rom. xv. 4.

^{page 103 note a} “Beaucoup de Saxons vinrent s'etablir en pêcheurs, laboureurs et marchands sur la côte de France, où on leur donna des terres incultes. La ville de Caen parait leur devoir son origine. A la fin du sixieme siècle, Félix, évêque de Nantes, en convertit un grand nombre au christianisme. On voit par des documents historiques, qu'ils avaient des colonies dans le Bessin, à l'embouchure de la Loire, et aux environs de Bayeux. Une partie de ce pays est appelé Otlingua Saxonica dans les Capitulaires de Charles-le-Chauve (Recueil de Baluze). Leurs irruptions en France ne cessèrent qu'au milieu du sixième siècle.”—Hist, des Expéd. Marit. des Normands par Depping, ch. iv. Vide Gregory of Tours, v. 27, x. 9, for the Baiocassini or Saxons of Bayeux.

^{page 103 note b} Gibbon is inclined to consider this Odoacer the same chieftain who afterwards became the first barbarian King of Italy.

^{page 103 note c} Professor Leo, of Halle, observes in his treatise on “The local Nomenclature of the Anglo-Saxons,” that “Diorvaldingatún and Totngatún, in the department of Boulogne, and Warnestún, near Terouenne, are, equally with the English túnas, of Saxon establishment on a Celto-Roman soil.”—Part 2, sect. 1.

^{page 104 note a} Cluverius. Zosimus, lib. iii. c. 6.

^{page 104 note b} Decline and Fall, vol. vi. c. 49.

^{page 106 note a} Lapponia J. Schefferi, c. xi. p. 125. 1674.

^{page 106 note b} That such things were worn as amulets we find often recorded in the Sagas. In Kormak's Saga, Sfeinar is described as tearing away from his rival Bersi an amulet, called “a life-stone,” which he wore round his neck.

^{page 109 note a} Antiquities of Richborough, p. 264.

^{page 109 note b} It may be also worth observing that a glass vessel, almost the counterpart of the very curious one discovered at Fairford (Archaeologia, vol. xxxiv. p. 79), was found by M. Feret in the Frankish graves at Douvrent. It was fortunately perfect, and may now be seen in the Rouen Museum. We have thus authenticated instances of these vessels being found in Saxon settlements in England, in those of the Franks on the Rhine, and also in those of the same people in Gaul, after they had slowly obtained possession of that country.

^{page 110 note a} Isidore, Hisp. lib. xviii. c. vi. Agathias, lib. ii.

^{page 110 note b} Procopius, De Bell. Goth. lib. ii. c. xxv. Also, Sidonius Apollinaris, Panegyr. in Maj. Idem, “securibusque missibilibus dextrse refertæ.”—Lib. iv. epist. xx.

^{page 110 note c} The passage in Procopius just referred to explains the mode of fighting: — “τȏυτον ξὴ τὸν πέλεκυν ῥίπτοντες, ἀεὶ ἐκ σημείου ἑνὸς, εἰώθασιν τν τῇ πϱώτῃ ὀϱμῇ τάς τε ἀσπίδας διαϱϱηγνύναι τῶν πολεμίων καὶ αὐτοὺς κτείνειν.”

^{page 110 note d} Archæologia, vol. xxxiv. p. 179.

^{page 110 note e} Notes on “Les Sépultures de la Vallée de l'Eaulne.” Par J. P. Feret, 1851.

^{page 110 note f} Anastasis Childerici. Chifflet. Anvers, 1655.

^{page 111 note a} Figured in the Collectanea Antiqua, vol. ii. pl. lviii. fig. 6.

^{page 111 note b} “Saxonum quos ab armis ipsis usurpari solitis, nomen habere, memorat,” &c. Alstorphius. Lipsiæ, 1757. On this point also see Widukind, lib. 1. De Gest. Saxon.

^{page 111 note c} “Hastas, vel, eorum vocabulo, frameas gerunt.” Tacitus, de Mor. Germ.

^{page 111 note d} “Jactant cuspides, ac diversorum generum tela.” Gesta Guglielmi ducis Normannorum.

^{page 111 note e} These ornamented belt-fastenings, of an elongated form, seemed to have served the Franks for purses also, and this may perhaps account for their magnitude. Beneath one, in a grave at Lucy, the Abbé Cochet found concealed five small Merovingian gold coins of the seventh century. The custom may have been borrowed from the Romans. Thus “aigentum in zonis habentes.”—Livy, lib. xxxiii. c. xxix. “Zond se aureorum plenâ circumdedit.”—Suetonius, Vitell. c. xvi. Also Juvenal, sat. xiv. Plautus.