² Freudenthal, G., “Les sciences dans les communautés juives médiévales de Provence: leur appropriation, leur rôle,” Revue des études juives, 152 (1993): 30–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³ A significant part of Ibn Sīnā's encyclopedia, al-Shifā’, was translated into Latin in the twelfth century. d'Alverny, M.-T., “Avicenna latinus,”, Archives d'histoire doctrinale et littéraire du Moyen Âge, 28 (1961): 281–316.Google Scholar

⁴ Parts two and three (natural science and metaphysics) of al-Najāt were translated by Todros Todrosi, towards the middle of the fourteenth century. Today, only two manuscripts of this translation are extant. Todrosi also included extracts from the logical section of al-Shifā' in his anthology “Texts in Logic.” This translation is extant in only one manuscript. SeeGoogle ScholarSteinschneider, M., Die hebraeischen Übersetzungen des Mittelalters und die Juden als Dolmetscher (Berlin, 1893) (in wat follows abbreviated HÜ), pp. 279–85Google Scholar; Harvey, S., “Maimonides' Letter to Samuel ibn Tibbon,” Jewish Quarterly Review, 83 (1992): 51–70, note 17 on p. 56CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Rosenberg, S., Logic and Ontology in Jewish Philosophy in the 14th Century (Hebrew), Ph. D. Dissertation (Jerusalem, 1973), vol. I, p. 87.Google Scholar

⁵ Steinschneider, HÜ, pp. 283–4.Google Scholar

⁶ The incipit in most manuscripts is: “Ibn Sīnā said, in the name of the eternal Lord, we compose a book, in which we gather the scattered sayings of the first philosophers and what said Aristotle [other version - Aristotelians] on the subject of the heavens and the world.” The second translation, On Sleep and Waking, is not explicitly attributed to Ibn Sīnā, and its origin is unknown.Google Scholar

⁷ Paris, Bibliothéque nationale, MS héb. 700/6, 11578 in the Institute of Microfilmed Hebrew Manuscripts in Jerusalem (in the sequel abbreviated IMHM); MS héb. 1050/11 IMHM 14646; Parma, Palatina, MS 100 (2110) IMHM 13329; MS 424/2 (2630) IMHM 13546; Vatican, MS ebr. 458/3 IMHM 523; MS ebr. 386/4 IMHM 468 (incomplete); Oxford, Bodleian Library, Neubauer 1270/3 IMHM 22084; Neubauer 1306/2 (Reggio 11) IMHM 22120; Milano, Ambrosiana, L45 sup./2 IMHM 31080; Berlin, Staatsbibliothek, 112/11 (MS Or. Fol. 1057) IMHM 1835; New York, JTS, Mic. 2323/1 (Hi 109) IMHM 28576; Mic. 2349/4 IMHM 228602 (unreadable); Vienna, Nationalbibliothek, MS Hebr. 183/8 IMHM 1337; Cambridge Add. 1197/1 IMHM 17062; Rome, Casanatense, MS 202/9 IMHM 72; Cambridge Mass., Harvard, Heb. 38/8 IMHM 34447; Moscow, Guenzburg, MS 382 IMHM 47672; Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek MS 107/4 IMHM 1189 (only the beginning of the first chapter). The translations in what follows take into consideration most manuscripts; the references are to Cambridge Add. 1197/1 IMHM 17062.Google Scholar

⁸ Weil, G.E., La bibliothèque de Gersonide d'après son catalogue autographe (Louvain/Paris, 1991), p. 47 # 26. Concerning the influence of the book on Gersonides, seeGoogle Scholarmy “Gersonides' theory of natural motion,” Early Science and Medicine, 1 (1996).Google Scholar

⁹ Narboni, Moshe, Commentary on the Guide of the Perplexed, ed. Goldenthal, J. (Wien, 1852), p. 17a lines 4–5. The allusion is to chapter 14 of On the Heavens and the World.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Steinschneider, HÜ, p. 283, n. 72.Google Scholar

¹¹ Avicene perhypatetici philosophi ac medicorum facile primi opera, A Reprint of the Original Edition Venice, 1508 (Frankfurt a.M., 1961), edited by Caeciliuo Fabriansis, translated from Arabic by Dominicus Gundisalvus and Joannes Hispalensis.Google Scholar

¹² The incipit of the Latin text is: “Incipit liber Avicena de celo et mundo. Collectiones expositionum ab antiquis grecis in libro Aristoteli de mundo qui dicitur liber celi et mundi.”Google Scholar;

¹³ D'Alverny, “Avicenna latinus,” mentions several such codices. E.g. Bibliothèque Mazarine 3472, 3473, Biblioth`que nationale 6443.Google Scholar

¹⁴ I wish to thank Prof. S. van Riet, Prof. F. Sezgin, Prof. G. Endress and Prof. H. Daiber, whom I have consulted.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Pines, S., “Études sur Awḥad al-Zamān Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī,” in The Collected Works of Shlomo Pines, 2 vols. (Jerusalem/Leiden, 1979), vol. I, pp. 61–2, note 244.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Harvey, , “Maimonides'Letter to Samuel Ibn Tibbon,” note 17 on p. 56.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Alonso, M., “Ḥunayn traducido al Latín por Ibn Dāwud y Domingo Gundisalvo,” Al-Andalus, 16 (1951): 37–47.Google Scholar

¹⁸ By Daniel of Morley. See d'Alverny, “Avicenna latinus,” p. 286. Alonso, “Ḥunyan traducido,”, p. 43.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Alonso, , “Ḥunayn traducido,”, p. 44–6.Google Scholar

²⁰ Alonso, , “Ḥunyan traducido,”, p. 43. Themistius' commentary on Aristotle's De caelo is not extant in Greek or Arabic, but only in Hebrew and Latin translations. SeeGoogle ScholarLandauer, S. (ed.), Themistii in libros Aristotelis De caelo paraphrasis, Commentaria in Aristotelem graeca 5 (Berlin, 1902).Google Scholar

²¹ Peters, F.E., Aristoteles Arabus, The Oriental Translations and Commentaries on the Aristotelian Corpus (Leiden, 1968), p. 36Google Scholar; Endress, G., Die arābischen Übersetzungen von Aristoteles' Schrift De caelo (Frankfurt, 1966), p. 100Google Scholar; d'Alverny, “Avicenna latinus,” pp. 285–6.Google Scholar

²² Alonso, “Hunayn traducido,” pp. 38–9.Google Scholar

²³ “Postquam autem verum est quod non est possibile quanti tatem infini tarn habere esse nec fuisse nec futuram fore, tunc iam manifestum est, quia quantitas celi in suo tempore et in sua essentia terminata est et initium habet.” Chapter 5, Venice edition, fol. 38^r, col. b, line 20, italics mine. The argument is repeated in similar words in line 32.Google Scholar

²⁴ Steinschneider mentions that Ibn Sīnā refers to the contents of De sensu in his prologue to the sixth book (On the Soul) of the second part (natural sciences) of the Shifā'. See Steinschneider, M., “Die Parva Naturalia des Aristoteles bei den Arabern,” Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenldndischen Gesellschaft, 45 (1891): 447–53, on p. 449.Google Scholar

²⁵ The view of the Latin text on the eternity of the world is far from clear, and a careful study of the manuscripts is required. E.g. chapter 16, Venice edition, fol. 42^r, col. b, last two lines.

²⁶ al-Nadim, Ibn, Kitāb al-Fihrist, eds. Flügel, G., Rödiger, J., Müller, A. (Leipzig, 1872), pp. 250–51, Peters' translation, inGoogle ScholarPeters, , Aristoteles Arabus, p. 35.Google Scholar

²⁷ Alonso, , “Ḥunyan traducido,”, p. 43.Google Scholar

²⁸ Ibid., p. 46.

²⁹ It is also worth noting that the text De celo et mundo includes sixteen chapters, but does not consist of sixteen questions. Ibn al-Nadīm refers to what Ḥunayn wrote on De caelo as sixteen question (masā'il). Ḥunayn wrote a book of questions, which indeed cosists of short questions and answers. See Shalt, P. and Meyerhof, M., Le livre des questions sur l'oeil de Ḥonain Ibn Ishāq (Cairo, 1938). This, however, is not a strong argument since word mas'ala can also be understood in a more general sense as “subject” or “issue.”Google Scholar;

³⁰ I shall mention two examples. 1. The Latin text develops a theory of material light rays, which is incompatible with the views of Ḥunayn ibn IsḤāq. Ḥunayn' theory of vision (which mainly follows Galen's) differs from Aristotle's in several respects, but adopts Aristotle's conception of the physical nature of light. In his Treatise on Light, Ḥunayn distinguishes three possibilities: that light is adjacent to the air, that it penetrates the air, or that it is an accident of the air. He accepts the third explanation (See Prufer, C. and Meyerhof, M., “Die aristotelische Lehre vom Licht bei Ḥunayn b. IsḤāq,”, Der Islam, 2 (1911): 117–28; on pp. 122–3). The whole tratise is indeed a list of arguments to Ḥunayn less likely. 2. In the sixteenth chapter, the Latin text refers to first and second intentions. Since this reference is found also in the manuscripts, there is no reason to suppose that it is a later interpolation. Though these terms can be traced back to Porphyry, they were in fact introduced into Arabic philosophy by al-Fārābī and Ibn Sīnā. SeeCrossRefGoogle ScholarKneale, W. and Kneale, M., The Development of Logic (Oxford, 1962), p. 230Google Scholar; Knudsen, C., “Intentions and impositions,” in Kretzmann, N., Kenny, A., Pinborg, J. (eds.), The Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy (Cambridge, 1982), Chapter 23, pp. 479–95; on pp. 479–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Gyekye, K. “The terms ‘prima intentio’ and ‘secunda intentio’ in Arabic logic,” Speculum, 46 (1971): 32–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³¹ Vatican, MS 386/4, fol. 207a opens: “In the name of the eternal Lord, said Shlomo ben Moshe me-Lageiri [or Legeiri], the translator of these chapters, which are the chapters of Ibn Sīnā's version of the book On the Heavens and the World.” Cambridge, MS Add. 1197/1, fol. 3a spells the name Laguia (or Leguia), and Oxford, Bodleian, MS 1270/3, fol. 87a spells Laguiri (or Leguiri). The title of the book Beyt Elohim (Vatican, MS 248, IMHM 300) ascribes the book to R. Shlomo ben Moshe from the river Laguir (or Leguir). Renan and Neubauer checked ālso the manuscripts of Shlomo ben Moshe's Hebrew translation of the book On Sleep and Waking and concluded that the more common spelling is the one I have transliterated as Laguiri, so in what follows I use this spelling. See Renan, E. and Neubauer, A., Les Rabbins français du commencement du quatorziéme siècle [= Histoire littéraire de la France, vol. XXVII] (Paris, 1877), p. 576. “Me-Laguiri” apparently means “of Laguiri.”Google Scholar;

³² E.g. MSS Milano, Ambrosia L45 sup/4, fol. 134a; Cambridge Add. 1858/7, fol. 231b. Steinschneider, HÜ, p. 284.Google Scholar

³³ Steinschneider, HÜ, p. 822.Google Scholar

³⁴ Ibid., p. 283.

³⁵ Renan and Neubauer, Les Rabbins français, pp. 576–7. The book is extant in two manuscripts, Vatican 248, IMHM 300, and Escorial g-17–1, IMHM 7361.Google Scholar

³⁶ Steinschneider, , HÜ, p. 283.Google Scholar

³⁷ Steinschneider states (HÜ, p. 283) that there are three quotations of our text in More ha-More (ed. Bisiliches, M.L. [Pressburg, 1837], pp. 80–1). Of the three references to the book On the Heavens and the World in these pages, only the third is toGoogle ScholarSinā, Ibn (p. 81 line 27). The source of this reference was not found in the proper writings of Ibn SïnāGoogle Scholar; (Shiffman, Y., Rabbi Shem Tov ben Joseph Falaquera's More ha-More, dissertation (in Hebrew) [Jerusalem, 1990]). Although this might suggest that this quotation is from the Hebrew version of Ps. Ibn Sīnā, yet neither this reference, nor any other of the many references to Ibn Sīnā in More ha-More, indicates clearly that Falaquera was acquainted with our text.Google Scholar

³⁸ Shlomo, Gershom ben, Sha'ar ha-Shamayim (Warsaw, 1875), ma'amar 2, p. 13 col. a,3 (lines numbered from beginning of ma'amar 2) - col. b,13; ma'amar 10, p. 68 col. a,12 (from beginning of ma'amar 10); ma'amar 13, p. 80 col. a, 16 (from beginning of ma'amar 13)-col. b, 11; p. 81 col. b,37 -p. 82 col. a,5.Google Scholar

³⁹ Renan and Neubauer date this book around 1240, Les Rabbins français, p. 576. Steinschneider dates it to between 1280 and 1306, seeGoogle ScholarSteinschneider, M., “Salomon de Melgueil et Salomon Orgerius,” Revue des études juives, 5 (1882): 277–81, on p. 278.Google Scholar Bodenheimer reexamined the data and concluded that the book was written between 1242 and 1275. See Shlomo, Gershom ben, The Gate of Heaven, translated by Bodenheimer, F.S. (Jerusalem, 1953), p. 13.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Zonta, M. has shown that in his Sha'ar ha-Shamayim, Gershom ben Shlomo quotes Falaquera's De'ot ha-Filosofim, written about 1280. M. Zonta, “Mineralogy, botany and zoology in Hebrew encyclopedias” forthcoming in Arabic Sciences and Philosophy.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Beyt Elohim, Vatican, MS 248, IMHM 300, fol. 1a, 8–9.Google Scholar

⁴² ibn, Moshe Tibbon translated several of Ibn Rushd's epitomes between the years 1250 and 1261, Steinschneider, HÜ, pp. 109, 126, 130, 135–6, 146–8, 154–5, 158–9.Google Scholar

⁴³ Wolf, J.C., Bibliotheca hebraica (Hamburg, 1715–1733), vol. II, pp. 1051, 1062–3Google Scholar; Steinschneider, , HÜ, p. 137.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Saige, G., Les Juifs du Languedoc (Paris, 1881), pp. 126–7, 379.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Neubauer, A., “Les Juifs du Languedoc antérieurement au XIV^e siècle,” Revue des études juives, 2 (1881): 338–40.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Steinschneider, “Salomon de Melgueil,” pp. 278–9; HÜ, pp. 137–8.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ See my “Levi ben Gershom and the study of Ibn Rushd in the 14th century – a new historical reconstruction,” forthcoming in the Jewish Quarterly Review (1995).Google Scholar

⁴⁸ 1 have consulted only the 9 Latin manuscripts listed by Alonso (“Ḥunayn traducido,” pp. 37,44, one of these, Paris, BN 16082, is of a different text). I understand, however, from M. Gutman that these are early manuscripts which carry a short version of the text.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Ptolemy's hypothesis of two prime movements (Almagest, book I, chapter 8) is taken for granted in chapters 6, 11 and 14.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ The proof that the world is finite, based on the impossibility of an infinite number (Venice edition, fol. 38^r, col. a-b), is probably taken from Philoponus, though, as Davidson comments, it goes back to Alexander. See Davidson, H. A., Proofs for Eternity, Creation and the Existence of God in Medieval Islamic and Jewish Philosophy (New York/Oxford, 1987), pp. 88–9.Google Scholar

⁵¹ Chapter 1, Cambridge MS, fol. 3b; chapter 4, fol. 5b; chapter 7, fol. 7b (twice); chapter 14, fol. 11b (four times), fol. 12a (twice); chapter 16, fol. 13a.Google Scholar

⁵² Form al-Shifā', fann 5 (meteorology). The first quotation (in chapter 1 of the Hebrew text, Cambridge MS, fols. 3b-4a) is from maqāla I, faṣl 6, pp. 24, 7–25, 8 Cairo edition; the second and third (in chapter 6, fols. 6b-7a) are from maqāla II, fasl 6, pp. 76, 17–77, 2, 79, 9–10 Cairo edition.Google Scholar

⁵³ Only three chapters of the Meteorology of the Shifā' were translated into Latin towards the end of the 12th century: maqāla I, fas l 1 and faṣl 5, and maqāla II, faṣl 6. See d'Alverny, “Avicenna latinus,” p. 286. Hence the first long quotation could not have been taken from Latin sources.Google ScholarThe two chapters from maqāla I are edited in Holmyard, E.J. and Mandeville, D.C., Avicennae de congelatione et conglutinatione lapidum (Paris, 1927), the sixth chapter of the second maqāla inGoogle ScholarAlonso, M., “Traducciones de Juan Gonzalez y Salmon,” Al-Andalus, 14 (1948): 306–8.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ Tibbon, Shmuel ibn, Ma'amar Yiqqawu ha-Mayim, edited by Bisiliches, M.L. (Pressburg, 1837), chapter 3, pp. 7, 14–8,4;8, 22–33.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ Chapter 4, Cambridge MS, fol. 5b; Tibbon, Ibn, Yiqqawu ha-Mayim, ch. 2, p. 4, 24–30Google Scholar; cf. also Maimonides, Hilkhot Yesodei ha-Tora 4, 3–5.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Chapter 5, Cambridge MS, fols. 5b-6a; Maimonides, , The Guide of the Perplexed I, 73 premise 10, Hebrew edition, Shmuel ibn Tibbon's translation (Jerusalem, 1960), p. 121b; English translation by Pines, S., (Chicago/London, 1963), p. 206; Ibn Tibbon, Yiqqawu ha-Mayim, ch. 2, p. 5, 28–9.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Cambridge MS, fol. 11b. Ḥiyya, Abraham bar, Sefer Ḥurat ha-Ares (Offenbach, 1720), chapter (sha'ar) 4, section petah) 17, p. 24a.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Ḥiyya, Abraham bar, Hegion ha-Nefesh ha-'Asuva, edited by Wigoder, J. (Jerusalem, 1971), p. 47.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ The book of al-Farghānī was translated both into Latin and into Hebrew. Theh Hebrew translation, by Yaaqob Anatoli, was completed between 1231 and 1235. See Steinschneider, , HÜ, p. 555.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ See Goldstein, B.R., “Ibn Gabirol's treatment of sources in the Keter Malkhut,” in Stein, S. and Loewe, R., (eds.), Studies in Jewish Reigious and Intellectual History presented to Alexander Altmann (Alabama, 1979), pp. 183–94, on pp. 186–7.Google Scholar

⁶¹ The first error (75, instead of 95, times the size of the earth for Jupiter) appears also in three of the Hebrew manuscripts of our text (Rome, Casanatense 202/9 (3082); Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, héb. 1050/11; Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, héb. 700/6). The second, (which appears only in part of the manuscripts of Keter. Malkhut - 1/22 of the size of the earth, instead of 1/22000, for Mercury) appears in one of the Hebrew manuscripts of our text (Rome, Casanatense). Furthermore, there were different estimations for the first size fixed stars - 107 and 170 earth sizes. Both values are mentioned in the different manuscripts of Keter Malkhut. Of the manuscripts of Shlomo ben Moshe's translation, four mention 107, six mention 170.Google Scholar

⁶² Though Shlomo ben Moshe refers to the Mishna, the quotation is from theGoogle ScholarTalmud Bavli, Psahim, p. 94b.Google Scholar

⁶³ For example, the heavenly bodies cause the cooling effect of opium or the burning effect of other plants; see Fakhry, M., A History of Islamic Philosophy (New York /London, 1970), pp. 158–9Google Scholar; Goddu, A., “Avicenna, Avempace and Averroes Arabic sources of ‘mutual attraction’ and their influence on medieval and modern conceptions of attraction and gravitation,” in Zimmermann, A. and Crämer-Rügenberg, I. (eds.), Orientalische Kultur und europāisches Mittelalter (= Miscellanea Medievalia 17) (Berlin/New York, 1985), pp. 218–39, on p. 221.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ Sīnā, Ibn, al-Shifa', fann 3, fasl 11, p. 173, Cairo edition.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ Relying on Aristotle (De caelo 11,7, 289a20–33. GC 11,2, 329b26–33, Meteor. 1,3, 341a13–19) he postulates: “We find that from motion heat is produced, and from rest – cold. We find also that heat melts matter and dissolves it, cold, however, causes it to constrict” (chapter 16, Venice edition, fol. 42^r, col. b). He further explains that the effect of both dissolution and constriction can be twofold: if dissolution causes the parts of matter to disperse, then dryness is produced; if the parts are not completely scattered, and a certain degree of contiguity is retained, then the result is humidity. The effect of constriction is opposite. If condensation is complete and the parts of matter are fully contiguous – it is a state of dryness; if it is not complete and the parts of matter are partly scattered – it is a state of humidity.Google Scholar

⁶⁶ Ibn Sīnā, al-Shifā' II, fann 6 (psychology), maqāla 3, fasl 1–2; fann 5 (meteorlogy), maqāla 2, fasl 2. Fann 6 was also published with a French translation: Bakoš, J., Psychologie d'Ibn Sīnā (Avicenne) d'après son œurve aš-Šfā, 2 vols. (Prague, 1956)Google Scholar; Avicenne, , Le livre de science, translated by Achena, M. and Massé, H. (Paris, 1986), vol. II, pp. 36–8. On Ibn Sīnā's conception of light, see alsoGoogle ScholarLindberg, D.C., Theories of Vision from al-Kindi to Kepler (Chicago, 1976), pp. 43–52.Google Scholar

⁶⁷ Ibn Sīnā, al-Shifā, fann 6, maqāla 3, faṣl, Bakoš edition, I, 91; French translation, Il, 64.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ De celo et mundo, chapter 12, Venice edition, fol. 41 ^r, col a.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ Sīnā, Ibn, al-Shifā', fann 5 ( meterology), maqāla 1, faṣl, Cairo edition, p. 27.Google Scholar

⁷⁰ Sīnā, Ibn, al-Shifā', fann 6. maqāla 3, fas 2; Bakoš' edition, I, 95–6; French translation, Il, 67, see also p. 197, note 82, p. 217, note 425.Google Scholar

⁷¹ Sīnā, Ibn, al-Shifā', fann 4, maqāla I, fasl 3, 211–212; Najāt, 246–8; Le livre de science, II, 34–6. In the Shifā', where he discusses the subject of subterranean water being relatively hot in the winter, he rejects all explanations of accidental heating which are based on transmission; such explanations, in his opinion, assume that heat is a kind of substance.Google Scholar

⁷² The sources of his other translations, On Sleep and Waking and the medical treatise have not been identified.Google Scholar

⁷³ Chapters 2, 3, 8, Cambridge MS, fols. 4a, 5a, 7b respectively.Google Scholar

⁷⁴ Wolfson, H. A., Crescas' Critique of Aristotle (Cambridge Mass., 1929), pp. 594–8. See alsoGoogle ScholarFalaquera, More ha-More (Pressburg, 1837), p. 71Google Scholar; Narboni, , Commentary on the More (Wien, 1852), p. 27b.Google Scholar

⁷⁵ Chapter 4, Cambridge MS, fol. 5a.Google Scholar

⁷⁶ Wolfson, , Crescas' Critique, p. 595.Google Scholar

⁷⁷ Maimonides, , Guide, I, 58, Ibn Tibbon's translation, p. 86b, Pines' translation, p. 136; II, 4, Ibn Tibbon's translation, p. 48a, Pines' translation, p. 318; II, 22, Ibn Tibbon' translation, p. 48a, –inverted Pines'Maimonides also states that the separate intellects are in the bodies of the spheres, I, 72, Ibn Tibbon's translation, p. 115b, Pines' translation, p. 193. Narboni “blames” Maimonides for following Ibn Sīnā, rather than Aristotle on this subject, see Commentary, p. 27b.Google Scholar

⁷⁸ “Quod celum erat corpus simplex et unius nature,”, Venice, edition, fol. 40^r, col. a.Google Scholar

⁷⁹ Reading ' amar ze; some manuscripts read ' omri ze, “my saying this.”Google Scholar;

⁸⁰ Reading ' amarti; some mauscripts read' amru, “they said.”Google Scholar;

⁸¹ Chapter 8, Cambridge MS, fol. 7b.Google Scholar

⁸² Chapter 16, Cambridge MS, fol. 13a.Google Scholar

⁸³ End of chapter 3, Cambridge MS, fol. 5a. The last phrase is an allusion to Talmud Bavli, Hulin, p. 60.Google Scholar I have followed the translation of Cashdan, E., Hebrew-English Edition of the Babylonian Talmud (London, 1980).Google Scholar

⁸⁴ Maimonides, , Guide, II, 12, Ibn Tibbon's translation, p. 29a–b, Pines' translation, pp. 279–80.Google Scholar

⁸⁵ Maimonides, , Guide, II, 30Google Scholar, Tibbon's, Ibn translation, p. 60b; Pines' translation, pp. 354–5; Ibn Tibbon, Yiqqawu ha-Mayim, ch. 20, p. 135.Google Scholar

⁸⁶ See Wolfson, , Crescas' Critique, pp. 672–5Google Scholar; Maier, A., “Das Problem der Gravitation,” in An der Grenze von Scholastik und Naturwissenschaft (Roma, 1952), pp. 152–3.Google ScholarWeisheipl, J.A., “The principle Omne quod movetur ab alio movetur in medieval physics,” Isis, 56 (1965): 26–45, on pp. 35–7.Google Scholar

⁸⁷ Maimonides, , Guide, I, 72, Ibn Tibbon's translation, p. 111a, Pines' translation, vol. I, p. 185; see also Hilkhot Yesodei ha-Tora, 3, 11; 4,2.Google Scholar

⁸⁸ Tibbon, Ibn, Yiqqawu ha-Mayim, ch. 2, p. 4, 15–22.Google Scholar

⁸⁹ Chapter 6, Cambridge MS, fol. 6a, compare example 4 in the appendix.Google Scholar

* Ibn Tibbon's version of this passage was translated into English: Freudenthal, G., “(Al-)chemical foundations for cosmological ideas: Ibn Sīnā on the geology of an eternal world,” in Unguru, S. (ed.), Physics, Cosmology and Astronomy, 1300–1700 (Dordrecht, 1991), pp. 47–73, on p. 57. I have used Freudenthal's translation when possible.Google Scholar