Spatial closures are commonly used by Australian fisheries managers to alter fishing patterns. To evaluate different fishing closures, however, fishery scientists have to understand and model the spatiotemporal interactions between fish stocks and fishing fleets. We develop a deterministic, stationary, per-recuit, age-structured simulation model to assess different spatial closure strategies, and use date from the Torres Strait tiger prawn fishery, Penaeus esculentus, as a working example. Our results show that selection of an optimum spatial closure largely depends on the relative importance given to changes of the different utility functions evaluated (yield, value, egg production). We show that, on average, with a spatial closure yield-per-recruit would decrease, but also show that value-per-recruit may increase 10% with the appropriate closure. Our results suggest that egg-per-recruit would always increase in the presence of a closure. By incorporating parameter uncertainty within the simulation model we predict the uncertainty associated with alternative closure strategies, and thus provide valuable information for the decision-making process.

Le modèle composite, communément admis pour décrire les deux stances de croissance de l'albacore dans l'Atlantique Est, est ré-examiné. La valeur du paramètre t0 est corrigée. L'équation de croissance est exprimée en fonction d'un âge conventionnel. Les limites de ce modèle sont soulignées. Différents modèles continus sont ensuite ajustés sur les données de Capisano et Fonteneau (1991), qui estiment l'âge par décomposition polymodale des fréquences de tailles des captures réalisées par les senneurs, durant la période 1983–1988. On montre que l'ajustement des modèles à 3 ou 4 paramètres (Gompertz, Richards et Von Bertalanffy généralisé) est peu satisfaisant. On propose un modèle à 5 paramètres, combinant une fonction linéaire et une loi de Von Bertalanffy généralisée. La validité et l'ajustement de ce modèle sont analysés. Il permet de décrire correctement la croissance dans l'intervalle 40 à 150 cm de longueur à la fourche et 0,25 à 4,25 ans. Afin de disposer d'une équation unique, couvrant l'ensemble de la phase exploitée jusqu'à 170 cm de longueur et 6,0 ans, le modèle est ré-ajusté à des données simulées à partir des modèles précédents. La croissance au sein de la phase exploitée s'exprime alors comme suit :

L(t) = 37,8 + 8,93×t + (137,0 - 8,93×t) × [l - exp(-0,808×t)]7,49

La fiabilité de cette équation est discutée, en relation notamment avec l'existence probable d'un dimorphisme sexuel de croissance. Des hypothèses sont développées pour expliquer l'existence d'une stance de croissance juvénile lente, suivie d'une accélération de croissance au voisinage de 47 cm, puis d'un point d'inflexion au voisinage 90 cm. En particulier, la succession des 2 stances de croissance semble liée aux migrations de l'espèce, à l'intérieur de l'Atlantique Est et vers l'Atlantique Ouest.

Commercial fish species from the east Nigerian coast were examined for external lesions and flesh parasitic infections that may affect their consumability. Altogether, 2 886 specimens from 43 species representing 34 genera were sampled. The occurrence of lymphocystis disease in the pleuronectiform Cynoglossus senegalensis is here reported for the first time from an African marine teleost. Other external lesions of fishes encountered were fin rot, granulomas, pseudotumours and ulcers with total prevalences not exceeding 1%; The following commercial fish species were infected by muscle parasites at the given prevalences: Cynoglossus browni (metacercariae, 18%, Capillaria spinosa eggs, 27%; Echinocephalus sinensis L3 larvae, 9%; Philometra beninensis, 27%); C. senegalensis (Kudoa sp., 10%; metacercariae, 87%); Pseudotolithus brachygnathus (Hysterothylacium sp. larvae, 2%); P. senegalensis (Poecilancistrum cf caryophyllum plerocercoid, 1%; Philometra beninensis, 1% P. typus (Kudoa sp., 3%); Synaptura cadenati (Echinocephalus sinensis, 12%); Stromateus fiatola (trypanorhynch plerocer-coid, 44%); Epinephelus aeneus (didymozoid trematode, 44%; Hysterothylacium sp. larvae, 6%). Capillaria and Echinocephalus, representing helminths with zoonotic potential, present low risks to publie health due to their low prevalences and the local methods of preparing fish for consumption. Apart from C. spinosa eggs in soles and trypanorhynch plerocercoids in S.fiatola, none of the other flesh parasites are likely to affect the market value of their hosts at the recorded levels of occurrence. Carcharhinid sharks influence the occurrence in the locality of most fesh-parasitic helminths for which they serve as definitive hosts. The absence of the third stage larvae of zoonotic Anisakidae common in marine fishes from many other parts of the world is related to the unavailability of suitable hosts. Compared to the results from most temperate locations where similar studies have been carried out, the present study shows remarkably low prevalences and diversity for external lesions and flesh parasites in West African marine fishes.

Atlantic salmon juveniles were subjected to a precocious (day 104 after first feeding) photoperiodic (P) and thermic (T) control. After rearing the fry at 16 °C, constant (16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness, 16 °C) (C) and shortened simulated natural S photoperiod and temperature regimes were used in a factorial experimental design until transfer to seawater. The growth obtained with constant (C) regimes was better than with S regimes. In all cases, we observed very early (day 141, mid-June) a clear segregation of the population into two different subpopulations. Among the conditions, all the differences between the upper and lower modes were growth-dependent. We observed different developmental trends of the gill (Na+-K+)-ATPase activity: the S regime gave a very progressive increase of the enzymatic activity, while we had a rapid decrease after a first phase of increase with a constant photoperiod. The absolute levels of the gill (Na+-K+)-ATPase activity were slightly lower than those observed in one year-old smolts. However, they are quite similar to those of upper-mode fish that have a good salinity tolerance. After transfer to seawater, fish subjected to shortened simulated temperature and photoperiod had the lowest mortality and osmotic disturbance (after 48 hours and 3 weeks). Although the freshwater phase generally lasts more than 15–17 months for this species in a natural environment, we concluded that it is possible to obtain a good salinity tolerance after 7–8 months, with shortened simulated natural photoperiod and temperature regimes, in spite of the absence of a real smoltification; these regimes, however, must be applied during the "dynamic" presmolting phase when the growth is intense.

Levels of muscle and liver adenylates, phosphocreatine (PCr), total adenylates (TA) and the adenylate energy charge (AEC) exhibited significant seasonal changes. Fish size and condition factors were significantly different throughout this study; however there were no correlations between fish size or condition factor and metabolite levels. Muscle adenosine triphosphate (ATP), TA and AEC were lowest in winter and positively correlated with temperature; while adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) levels were high in winter and negatively correlated with temperature. Muscle AEC's dropped into the stressed range (0.5–0.75) during winter months. ATP/ADP ratios were lowest while PCr/ATP ratios were highest in winter months; indicating that a capacity for phosphate buffering existed and could not account for these low muscle AEC's. Liver ATP, TA, PCr, AEC, and adenylate ratios were lowest in the spring and were not correlated with temperature, but rather coincided with reproduction. Liver AEC's dropped into the lethal range (<0.5) in April; although no fish mortalities were observed. Liver AEC's were lower than muscle AEC's throughout the study. The AEC appears to have some validity as a long-term indicator of physiological status and may have application in monitoring/predictive programs due to its predictable response to seasonal change. However, cautious use is suggested until temperature effects on adenylate metabolism and seasonal effects on metabolic recovery following capture stress can be established.

Two groups of sea bass (mean initial weight 78 and 250 g) were given for 23 weeks a commercial diet, whose composition was modified or not (control). The modified diet was: — supplemented with highly oxidized fish oil, — poorly supplemented with ascorbic acid, — not supplemented with butylated hydroxytoluene, DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate and choline. At the end of the experiment, fish fed the modified diet displayed skeletal muscle degeneration, decreased red blood cell count, haemoglobin content and haematocrit, and increased crythrocyte fragility and plasma enzyme activity (aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase). Simultaneously, low DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate levels and increased amounts of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances were observed in muscle and liver. On the other hand, growth disorders, liver lesions, changed plasma enzyme activity (alanine aminotransferase, glutathione peroxydase), or altered conjugated dienes in perivisceral fat were not evidenced. The pathological observations were more pronounced on the smaller fish group, but the disease could already be detected by measuring haematological and biochemical criteria, the interest of which in the diagnosis of such nutritional disease is discussed.

Fish assemblage structure of 29 Brittany streams is examined. Catchment area, stream gradient, and distance from sources are significantly correlated with species richness. Addition of species with increasing stream size occurs for all streams with no evident longitudinal replacement, suggesting little discontinuity in the stream geomorphology or temperature. Total density of fishes decreases significantly with an increase in stream size but no relation was found between total biomass and catchment area. Headwaters are characterized by short-lived, solitary, and nocturnal feeding species, whereas downstream sites are characterized by long-lived, schooling, diurnal feeding species. Presence of solitary and nocturnal feeding species upstream could be related to predation and/or competition factors. Temporal variation of individual species density varies from an upstream-downstream gradient with the highest variation upstream. Species responsible for this variation were mostly small benthic ones relatively difficult to sample, therefore, the greater temporal variation in upstream areas could be attributed to a deficiency of the sampling methodology.