Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-31T23:05:44.910Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Review of agraphia and a proposal for an anatomically-based neuropsychological model of writing

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 November 2008

David P. Roeltgen  and
Kenneth M. Heilman
David P. Roeltgen*
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, University of Missouri School of Medicine
Kenneth M. Heilman
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Gainesville
*
Dr. David Roeltgen, Department of Neurology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Previous models of agraphia have been descriptive and have emphasized the association of agraphia with other disorders such as aphasia and alexia. Such models have frequently led to inconsistent descriptions of specific agraphia types. These inconsistencies have made clinical-anatomical correlations difficult. Recent studies of agraphic patients with focal cerebral lesions have made it possible to develop a new model of writing based on specific neuropsychological mechanisms. In addition, results from computerized tomography have helped delineate probable anatomic substrates for many of these mechanisms. It is hoped this model provides a means for a better understanding of the mechanisms and anatomy underlying the agraphias as well as a better understanding of the relationships of the agraphias with aphasia and alexia.

Type
Articles
Information
Applied Psycholinguistics , Volume 6 , Issue 3 , September 1985 , pp. 205 - 229
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1985

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Aimard, G., Devick, M., Lebel, M., Trouillas, M., & Boisson, D.Agraphie pure (dynamique?) d'origine frontale. Revue Neurologique, 1975, 7, 505–512.Google Scholar
Auerbach, S. H., & Alexander, M. P.Pure agraphia and unilateral optic ataxia associated with a left superior parietal lobule lesion. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 1981, 5, 430–432.Google Scholar
Assal, G., Buttet, J., & Jolivet, R.Dissociations in aphasia: a case report. Brain and Language, 1981, 13, 213–240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Basso, A., Taborielli, A., & Vignolo, L. A.Dissociated disorders of speaking and writing in aphasia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 1978, 6, 556–563.Google Scholar
Beauvois, M. F., & Dérouesné, J.Phonological alexia: three dissociations. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 1979, 42, 115–124.Google ScholarPubMed
Beauvois, M. F., & Dérouesné, J.Lexical or orthographic agraphia. Brain, 1981, 104, 21–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benson, D. F.Aphasia, alexia and agraphia. New York: Churchhill Livingston, 1979.Google Scholar
Bogen, J. E.The other side of the brain. I. Dysgraphia and dyscopia following cerebral commissurotomy. Bulletin of the Los Angeles Neurological Society, 1969, 34, 73–105.Google Scholar
Brown, R., & McNeill, D.The “tip of the tongue” phenomenon. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1966, 5, 325–337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunner, R. J., Kornhuber, H. H., Seemuller, E., Suger, G., & Wallesch, C. W.Basal ganglia participation in language pathology. Brain and Language, 1982, 16, 281–299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, L. W., & Grossfield, M. L.Nature of spelling errors in transcortical sensory aphasia: a case study. Brain and Language, 1983, 18, 47–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bub, D., & Kertesz, A.Deep agraphia. Brain and Language, 1982, 17, 146–165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coltheart, M. Deep dyslexia: A right-hemisphere hypothesis. In Coltheart, M., Patterson, K. E., & Marshall, J. C., (Eds.), Deep dyslexia. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980.Google Scholar
Coltheart, M., Patterson, K., & Marshall, J. C. (Eds.) Deep dyslexia. London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980.Google Scholar
Coltheart, M. A cognitive model of reading. Invited lecture at the Academy of Aphasia, New Paltz, 1982.Google Scholar
Damasio, A. R., Damasio, H., Rizzo, M., Varney, N., & Gersh, F.Aphasia with non-hemorrhagic lesions in the basal ganglia and internal capsule. Archives of Neurology, 1982, 39, 15–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, A. W. Spelling and writing (and reading and speaking). In Ellis, A. W. (Ed.), Normality and pathology in cognitive functions. London: Academic Press, 1982.Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J., Arnold, W., & Meili, R. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Psychology, Vol 2. New York: Herder and Herder, 1972.Google Scholar
Gersh, F., & Damasio, A. R.Praxis and writing of the left hand may be served by different callosal pathways. Archives of Neurology, 1981, 38, 634–636.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gerstmann, J.Syndrome of finger agnosia, disorientation for right and left, agraphia and acalculia. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 1940, 44, 398–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geschwind, N., & Kaplan, E.A human cerebral disconnection syndrome. Neurology, 1962, 12, 675–685.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geschwind, N., Quadfasel, F. A., & Segarra, J. M.Isolation of the speech area. Neuropsychologia, 1968, 6, 327–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldstein, K.Language and language disturbances. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1948.Google Scholar
Hatfield, F. M. Visual and phonological factors in acquired dysgraphia. Paper presented as a poster at the International Neuropsychological Society Symposium, Deauville, 1982.Google Scholar
Hatfield, F. M., & Patterson, K. E.Phonological spelling. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1983, 35A, 451–468.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Head, H.Aphasia and kindred disorders of speech. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1926.Google Scholar
Hécaen, H., & Albert, M. L.Human neuropsychology. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1978.Google Scholar
Heilman, K. M. Apraxia. In Heilman, K. M., & Valenstein, E. (Eds.), Clinical neuropsychology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1979.Google Scholar
Heilman, K. M., Coyle, J. M., Gonyea, E. F., & Geschwind, N.Apraxia and agraphia in a lefthander. Brain, 1973, 96, 21–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heilman, K. M., Gonyea, E. F., & Geschwind, N.Apraxia and agraphia in a right-hander. Cortex, 1974, 10, 284–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heilman, K. M., Rothi, L., McFarling, D., & Rottman, A. L.Transcortical sensory aphasia with relatively spared spontaneous speech and naming. Archives of Neurology, 1981, 38, 236–239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heilman, K. M., Rothi, L., & Valenstein, E.Two forms of ideomotor apraxia. Neurology, 1982, 4, 342–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heilman, K. M., Tucker, D. M., & Valenstein, E. A case of mixed transcortical aphasia with intact naming. Brain, 1976, 415–426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hier, D. B., & Mohr, J. P.Incongruous oral and written naming. Brain and Language, 1977, 4, 115–126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hotoph, N. Slips of the pen. In Frith, U. (Ed.), Cognitive processes in spelling. London: Academic Press, 1980.Google Scholar
Kaplan, E., & Goodglass, H. Aphasia-related disorders. In Sarno, M. T. (Ed.), Acquired aphasia. New York: Academic Press, 1981.Google Scholar
Kinsbourne, M., & Rosenfield, D. B.Agraphia selective for written spelling, an experimental case study. Brain and Language, 1974, 1, 215–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinsbourne, M., & Warrington, E. K.A case showing selectively impaired oral spelling. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 1965, 28, 563–566.Google ScholarPubMed
Laine, T. N., & Marttila, R. J.Pure agraphia: a case study. Neuropsychologia, 1981, 19, 311–316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leipmann, H., & Maas, O.Fall von linksseitger agraphic and apraxie bei rechtsseitiger lahmung. Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie, 1907, 10, 214–227.Google Scholar
Leischner, A. The agraphias. In Vinken, P. J., & Bruyn, G. W. (Eds.), Disorders of speech, perception and symbolic behavior. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1969.Google Scholar
Levy, J., Nebes, R. D., & Sperry, R. W.Expressive language in the surgically separated minor hemisphere. Cortex, 1971, 71, 49–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lichtheim, L.On aphasia. Brain, 1885, 7, 433–484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luzzati, G., Scotti, G., & Gattoni, A.Further suggestions for cerebral CT-scan localization. Cortex, 1979, 15, 483–490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcie, P., & Hécaen, H. Agraphia: Writing disorders associated with unilateral cortical lesions. In Heilman, K. M., & Valenstein, E. (Eds.), Clinical neuropsychology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1979.Google Scholar
Margolin, D. I., & Binder, L.Multiple component agraphia in a patient with atypical cerebral dominance: An error analysis. Brain and Language, 1984, 22, 26–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marin, O. S. M. CAT scans of five deep dyslexic patients (Appendix I). In Coltheart, M., Patterson, K. E., & Marshall, J. C. (Eds.), Deep dyslexia. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980.Google Scholar
Mazzocchi, F., & Vignollo, L. A.Computer assisted tomography in neuropsychological research: A simple procedure for lesion mapping. Cortex, 1978, 14, 136–144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mohr, J. P., Sidman, M., Stoddard, L. T., Leichester, J., & Rosenberger, P. B.Evolution of the defect in total aphasia. Neurology, 1973, 23, 1302–1312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morton, J. The logogen model and orthographic structure. In Frith, U. (Ed.), Cognitive processes in spelling. London: Academic Press, 1980.Google Scholar
Naeser, M. A., Alexander, M. P., Helm-Estabrooks, N., Levine, H. L., Laughlin, S. A., & Geschwind, N.Aphasia with predominantly subcortical lesion sites. Archives of Neurology, 1982, 39, 2–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newcombe, F., & Marshall, J. C. Transcoding and lexical stabilization in deep dyslexia. In Coltheart, M., Patterson, K. E., & Marshall, J. C. (Eds.), Deep Dyslexia. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980.Google Scholar
Nielson, J. M.Gerstmann syndrome: finger agnosia, agraphia, confusion of right and left and acalculia. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 1938, 39, 536–559.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nielson, J. M.Agnosia, apraxia and aphasia: their value on cerebral localization. New York: Hoeber, 1946.Google Scholar
Nolan, K. A., & Caramazza, A.Modality-independent impairments in word processing in a deep dyslexic patient. Brain and Language, 1982, 16, 236–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ogle, J. W.Aphasia and agraphia. Report of the Medical Research Council of Saint George's Hospital, 1867, 2, 83–122.Google Scholar
Roeltgen, D. P. The neurolinguistics of writing: anatomic and neurologic correlates. Paper presented at the meeting of the International Neuropsychological Society, Mexico City, 1983. Published in The INS Bulletin, 1982.Google Scholar
Roeltgen, D. P., & Heilman, K. M. Global aphasia with spared lexical writing. Paper presented as a poster at the meeting of the International Neuropsychological Society, Pittsburgh, 1982. Published in The INS Bulletin, 1981.Google Scholar
Roeltgen, D. P., & Heilman, K. M.Apractic agraphia in a patient with normal praxis. Brain and Language, 1983, 18, 35–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roeltgen, D. P., & Heilman, K. M.Lexical agraphia, further support for the two-strategy hypothesis of linguistic agraphia. Brain, 1984, 707, 811–827.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roeltgen, D. P., Rothi, L., & Heilman, K. M. Isolated phonological agraphia from a focal lesion. Paper presented at the Academy of Aphasia, New Paltz, 1982.Google Scholar
Roeltgen, D. P., Sevush, S., & Heilman, K. M.Pure Gerstmann syndrome from a focal lesion. Archives of Neurology, 1983, 40, 46–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roeltgen, D. P., Sevush, S., & Heilman, K. M.Phonological agraphia: writing by the lexical-semantic route. Neurology, 1983, 33, 755–765.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosati, G., & De Bastiani, P.Pure agraphia: a discreet form of aphasia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 1981, 5, 266–269.Google Scholar
Ross, E. D.Left medial parietal lobe and receptive language functions: mixed transcortical aphasia after left anterior cerebral artery infarction. Neurology, 1980, 30, 144–151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rothi, L., & Heilman, K. M.Alexia and agraphia with spared spelling and letter recognition abilities. Brain and Language, 1981, 12, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rubens, A. B., Geschwind, N., Mahowald, M. W., & Mastri, A.Post traumatic cerebral hemispheric disconnection syndrome. Archives of Neurology, 1977, 34, 750–755.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saffran, E. M., Bogyo, L. C., Schwartz, M. F., & Marin, O. S. M. Does deep dyslexia reflect right-hemisphere reading? In Coltheart, M., Patterson, K. E., & Marshall, J. C. (Eds.), Deep Dyslexia. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980.Google ScholarPubMed
Schwartz, M. F., Saffran, E. M., & Marin, O. S. M. Fractioning the reading process in dementia: Evidence for word specific print to sound associations. In Coltheart, M., Patterson, K. E., & Marshall, J. C. (Eds.), Deep Dyslexia. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980.Google Scholar
Sevush, S., Roeltgen, D. P., Campanella, D. J., & Heilman, K. M.Preserved oral reading in Wernicke's aphasia. Neurology, 1983, 33, 916–920.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shallice, T.Phonological agraphia and the lexical route in writing. Brain, 1981, 104, 412–429.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shallice, T., & Warrington, E. K. Single and multiple component central dyslexic syndromes. In Coltheart, M., Patterson, K. E., & Marshall, J. C. (Eds.), Deep dyslexia. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980.Google ScholarPubMed
Simon, H. A. Information processing models of cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 1979, 363–396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sugishita, M., Toyokura, Y., Yoshioka, M., & Yamada, R.Unilateral agraphia after section of the posterior half of the truncus of the corpus callosum. Brain and Language, 1980, 9, 212–225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Valenstein, E., & Heilman, K. M.Apraxic agraphia with neglect-induced paragraphia. Archives of Neurology, 1979, 36, 506–508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, R. T., & Heilman, K. M.Callosal apraxia. Brain, 1983, 106, 391–404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yamadori, A., Osumi, Y., Ikeda, H., & Kanazawa, Y.Left unilateral agraphia and tactile anomia. Disturbances seen after occlusion of the anterior cerebral artery. Archives of Neurology, 1980, 37, 88–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed