Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T23:08:57.526Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Integrated knowledge of agreement in early and late English–Spanish bilinguals

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 October 2010

REBECCA FOOTE*
Affiliation:
University of Illinois
*
ADDRESS FOR CORRESPONDENCE Rebecca Foote, Department of Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese, University of Illinois, 4080 Foreign Languages Building, MC-176, 707 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Research suggests that late bilinguals may have persistent difficulties with the automatic access and use of some second language structures because of a lack of underlying integrated knowledge of those structures. In contrast, early bilinguals show advantages in aspects of language use that require this type of automatic knowledge. This study investigated whether early and late English–Spanish bilinguals evidence integrated knowledge of agreement in Spanish by examining their sensitivity to agreement errors while reading for comprehension. The results of a pilot and two experiments indicate that both early and late bilinguals do possess integrated knowledge of subject–verb number agreement and noun–adjective gender agreement in Spanish, although sensitivity to agreement errors interacts with properties of the experimental stimuli.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Alarcón, I. (2006). The second language acquisition of Spanish gender agreement: The effects of linguistic variables on accuracy. Munich: Lincom Europa.Google Scholar
Almor, A., MacDonald, M. C., Kempler, D., Andersen, E. S., & Tyler, L. K. (2001). Comprehension of long distance number agreement in probable Alzheimer's disease. Language and Cognitive Processes, 16, 3563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bialystok, E., & Miller, B. (1999). The problem of age in second-language acquisition: Influences from language, structure, and task. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 2, 127145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birdsong, D., & Molis, M. (2001). On the evidence for maturational constraints in second-language acquisition. Journal of Memory and Language, 44, 235249.Google Scholar
Bley-Vroman, R. (1989). What is the logical problem of foreign language learning? In Gass, S. & Schachter, J. (Eds.), Linguistic perspectives on second language acquisition (pp. 4168). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bock, J. K., & Miller, C. A. (1991). Broken agreement. Cognitive Psychology, 23, 4593.Google Scholar
Bruhn de Garavito, J., & White, L. (2003). The L2 acquisition of Spanish DPs. The status of grammatical features. In Pérez-Leroux, A. T. & Liceras, J. (Eds.), The acquisition of Spanish morphosyntax: The L1/L2 connection (pp. 151176). Dordrecht: Kluwer.Google Scholar
Cagri, I., Jackson, S., & Megerdoomian, K. (2007, October). Testing the linguistic competence of Persian heritage speakers. Paper presented at the Second Language Research Forum, Urbana–Champaign, IL.Google Scholar
Carroll, S. (1989). Second language acquisition and the computational paradigm. Language Learning, 39, 535594.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clahsen, H. (1990). The comparative study of first and second language development. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 12, 135153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clahsen, H., & Muysken, P. (1989). The UG paradox in L2 acquisition. Second Language Research, 5, 129.Google Scholar
DeKeyser, R. (1997). Beyond explicit rule learning: Automatizing second language morphosyntax. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 19, 195221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Keyser, R. (2000). The robustness of critical period effects in second language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 22, 499534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeKeyser, R. (2003). Implicit and explicit learning. In Doughty, C. J. & Long, M. H. (Eds.), The handbook of second language acquisition (pp. 313348). Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Dewaele, J.-M., & Véronique, D. (2001). Gender assignment and gender agreement in advanced French interlanguage: A cross-sectional study. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 4, 275296.Google Scholar
Ellis, N. (2005). At the interface: Dynamic interactions of explicit and implicit language knowledge. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 27, 305352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, N. (2006). Selective attention and transfer phenomena in L2 acquisition: Contingency, cue competition, salience, interference, overshadowing, blocking, and perceptual learning. Applied Linguistics, 27, 164194.Google Scholar
Ellis, N. C. (2002). Frequency effects in language processing: A review with implications for theories of implicit and explicit language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 24, 143188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, R. (1994). A theory of instructed second language acquisition. In Ellis, N. (Ed.), Implicit and explicit learning of languages (pp. 79114). London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Ellis, R. (1997). SLA research and language teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Foote, R. (2008, October). Sensitivity to gender in early and late language learners. Paper presented at the Hispanic Linguistics Symposium (HLS 2008), Laval University, Quebec City, Canada.Google Scholar
Franceschina, F. (2001). Morphological or syntactic deficits in near-native speakers? An assessment of some current proposals. Second Language Research, 17, 213247.Google Scholar
Franceschina, F. (2005). Fossilized second language grammars. The acquisition of grammatical gender. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guillelmon, D., & Grosjean, F. (2001). The gender marking effect in spoken word recognition: The case of bilinguals. Memory & Cognition, 29, 503511.Google Scholar
Harris, J. (1991). The exponence of gender in Spanish. Linguistic Inquiry, 22, 2762.Google Scholar
Hawkins, R., & Chan, C. (1997). The partial accessibility of universal grammar in second language acquisition: The “failed formal features hypothesis.” Second Language Research, 13, 187226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, R., & Franceschina, F. (2004). Explaining the acquisition and non-acquisition of determiner–noun gender concord in French and Spanish. In Prévost, P. & Paradis, J. (Eds.), The acquisition of French in different contexts (pp. 175205). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haznedar, B., & Schwartz, B. D. (1997). Are there optional infinitives in child L2 acquisition? In Hughes, E., Hughes, M., & Greenhill, A. (Eds.), BUCLD 21: Proceedings of the Boston University Conference on Language Development (pp. 257268). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.Google Scholar
Hopp, H. (2007). Ultimate attainment at the interfaces in second language acquisition: Grammar and processing. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Groningen.Google Scholar
Jia, G., Aaronson, D., & Wu, Y. (2002). Long-term language attainment of bilingual immigrants: Predictive variables and language group differences. Applied Psycholinguistics, 23, 599621.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiang, N. (2004). Morphological insensitivity in second language processing. Applied Psycholinguistics, 25, 603634.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiang, N. (2007). Selective integration of linguistic knowledge in adult second language learning. Language Learning, 57, 133.Google Scholar
Johnson, J. S., & Newport, E. L. (1989). Critical period effects in second language learning: The influence of maturational state on the acquisition of English as a second language. Cognitive Psychology, 21, 6099.Google Scholar
Keating, G. (2005). Processing gender agreement across phrases in Spanish: Eye movements during sentence comprehension. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Chicago.Google Scholar
Keating, G. (2009). Sensitivity to violations of gender agreement in native and nonnative Spanish: An eye-movement investigation. Language Learning, 59, 503535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohnert, K. J., Bates, E., & Hernandez, A. E. (1999). Balancing bilinguals: Lexical–semantic production and cognitive processing in children learning Spanish and English. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 42, 14001413.Google Scholar
Krashen, S. (1982). Principles and practice in second language acquisition. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Lew-Williams, C., & Fernald, A. (2007). How first and second language learners use predictive cues in online sentence interpretation in Spanish and English. In Caunt-Nulton, H., Kulatilake, S., & Woo, I.-H. (Eds.), BUCLD 31: Proceedings of the Boston University Conference on Language Development (pp. 382393). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.Google Scholar
MacWhinney, B. (1997). Second language acquisition and the Competition Model. In de Groot, A. M. B. & Kroll, J. F. (Eds.), Tutorials in bilingualism: Psycholinguistic perspectives (pp. 113142). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Mayberry, R. I. (1993). First language acquisition after childhood differs from second language acquisition: The case of American sign language. Journal of Speech and Hearing, 36, 12581270.Google Scholar
McCarthy, C. (2008). Morphological variability in the comprehension of agreement: An argument for representation over computation. Second Language Research, 24, 459486.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDonald, J. L. (2000). Grammaticality judgments in a second language: Influences of age of acquisition and native language. Applied Psycholinguistics, 21, 395423.Google Scholar
Meisel, J. (1997). The acquisition of the syntax of negation in French and German: Contrasting first and second language development. Second Language Research, 13, 227263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montrul, S. (2008). Incomplete acquisition in bilingualism: Re-examining the age factor. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montrul, S., Foote, R., & Perpiñán, S. (2008). Gender agreement in adult second language learners and Spanish heritage speakers: The effects of age and context of acquisition. Language Learning, 58, 503553.Google Scholar
Myles, F. (1995). Interaction between linguistic theory and language processing in SLA. Second Language Research, 11, 235266.Google Scholar
Newport, E. (1990). Maturational constraints on language learning. Cognitive Science, 14, 1128.Google Scholar
Odlin, T. (2003). Cross-linguistic influence. In Doughty, C. J. & Long, M. H. (Eds.), The handbook of second language acquisition (pp. 436486). Malden, MA: Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paradis, M. (1994). Neurolinguistic aspects of implicit and explicit memory: Implications for bilingualism and SLA. In Ellis, N. (Ed.), Implicit and explicit learning of languages (pp. 393419). London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Paradis, M. (2004). A neurolinguistic theory of bilingualism. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paradis, M. (2009). Declarative and procedural determinants of second languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearlmutter, N. J., Garnsey, S. M., & Bock, K. (1999). Agreement processes in sentence comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language, 36, 569587.Google Scholar
Pienemann, M. (1989). Is language teachable? Psycholinguistic experiments and hypotheses. Applied Linguistics, 10, 5279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prévost, P., & White, L. (2000). Missing surface inflection or impairment in second language acquisition? Evidence from tense and agreement. Second Language Research, 16, 103133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sagarra, N., & Herschensohn, J. (2008). Processing gender in L2 Spanish. In Chan, H., Jacob, H., & Kapia, E. (Eds.), BUCLD 32: Proceedings of the Boston University Conference on Language Development (pp. 427437). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.Google Scholar
Schachter, J. (1990). On the issue of completeness in second language acquisition. Second Language Research, 6, 93124.Google Scholar
Sunderman, G., & Kroll, J. F. (2006). First language activation during second language lexical processing: An investigation of lexical form, meaning, and grammatical class. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 28, 387422.Google Scholar
Tokowicz, N., & MacWhinney, B. (2005). Implicit and explicit measures of sensitivity to violations in second language grammar: An event-related potential investigation. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 27, 173204.Google Scholar
Tsimpli, I., & Dimitrakopoulou, M. (2007). The interpretability hypothesis: Evidence from wh-interrogatives in second language acquisition. Second Language Research, 23, 215242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ullman, M. (2001). The neural basis of lexicon and grammar in first and second language: The declarative/procedural model. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 4, 105122.Google Scholar
Ullman, M. (2005). A cognitive neuroscience perspective on second language acquisition: The declarative/procedural model. In Sanz, C. (Ed.), Mind and context in adult second language acquisition (pp. 141178). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Ullman, M. (2006). The declarative/procedural model and the shallow structure hypothesis. Applied Psycholinguistics, 27, 97105.Google Scholar
Waters, G., & Caplan, D. (1996). Processing resource capacity and the comprehension of garden path sentences. Memory & Cognition, 24, 342355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
White, L. (1991). Adverb placement in second language acquisition: Some effects of positive and negative evidence in the classroom. Second Language Research, 7, 133161.Google Scholar
White, L., Valenzuela, E., Kozlowska-Macgregor, M., & Leung, Y.-K. I. (2004). Gender agreement in nonnative Spanish: Evidence against failed features. Applied Psycholinguistics, 25, 105133.Google Scholar