Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T18:02:58.990Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Verb placement in second language acquisition: Experimental evidence for the different behavior of auxiliary and lexical verbs

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 April 2011

JOSJE VERHAGEN*
Affiliation:
Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics
*
ADDRESS FOR CORRESPONDENCE Josje Verhagen, University of Utrecht, P.O. Box 80140, Utrecht 3508 TC, The Netherlands. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

This study investigates the acquisition of verb placement by Moroccan and Turkish second language (L2) learners of Dutch. Elicited production data corroborate earlier findings from L2 German that learners who do not produce auxiliaries do not raise lexical verbs over negation, whereas learners who produce auxiliaries do. Data from elicited imitation and sentence matching support this pattern and show that learners can have grammatical knowledge of auxiliary placement before they can produce auxiliaries. With lexical verbs, they do not show such knowledge. These results present further evidence for the different behavior of auxiliary and lexical verbs in early stages of L2 acquisition.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Baumann, H., Nagengast, J., & Wittenburg, P. (1992). A new experimental set-up, a tool for experimenting in the 90s. Paper presented at the International Congress of Social Science Information Technology, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Beck, M. (1998). L2 Acquisition and obligatory head-movement: English-speaking learners of German and the local impairment hypothesis. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 20, 311348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, A. (2005). The semantic knowledge base for the acquisition of negation and the acquisition of finiteness. In Hendriks, H. (Ed.), The structure of learner varieties (pp. 263314). New York: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernini, G. (2003). The copula in learner Italian: Finiteness and verbal inflection. In Dimroth, C. & Starren, M. (Eds.), Information structure, linguistic structure, and the dynamics of acquisition (pp. 159185). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bley-Vroman, R., & Chaudron, C. (1994). Elicited imitation as a measure of second-language competence. In Tarone, E., Gass, S., & Cohen, A. (Eds.), Research methodology in second-language acquisition (pp. 245253). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Bley-Vroman, R., & Masterson, D. (1989). Reaction time as a supplement to grammaticality judgments in the investigation of second language learners’ competence. University of Hawaii Working Papers in ESL, 8, 207237.Google Scholar
Boumalk, A. (1996). La negation en berbère marocain. In Chaker, S. & Caubet, D. (Eds.), La negation en berbère et en arabe maghrébin (pp. 3548). Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Cancino, H., Rosansky, E., & Schuman, J. (1978). The acquisition of English negatives and interrogatives by native Spanish speakers. In Hatch, H. (Ed.), Second language acquisition (pp. 207230). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.Google Scholar
Chambers, S., & Forster, F. (1975). Evidence for lexical access in a simultaneous matching task. Memory & Cognition, 3, 549559.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1995). The minimalist program. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Clahsen, H. (1983). Some more remarks on the acquisition of German negation. Journal of Child Language, 10, 465469.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clahsen, H. (1988). Critical phases of grammar development. A study of the acquisition of negation in children and adults. In Jordens, P. & Lalleman, J. (Eds.), Language development (pp. 123148). Dordrecht: Foris.Google Scholar
Clahsen, H., & Felser, C. (2006). How native-like is non-native processing? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10, 560570.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Council of Europe. (2001). A common European framework of reference for languages: Learning, teaching, assessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dahl, Ö. (1979). Typology of sentence negation. Linguistics, 17, 79106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Hoop, H. (2003). Scrambling in Dutch: Optionality and optimality. In Karimi, S. (Ed.), Word order and scrambling (pp. 201216). Oxford: Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dimroth, C. (2002). Topics, assertions and additive words: How L2 learners get from information structure to target-language syntax. Linguistics, 40, 891923.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dimroth, C. (2005). The finite story [Animated movie]. Amsterdam: Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics.Google Scholar
Dimroth, C. (2008). German at different ages: Negation and finiteness in adult, adolescent and child learners. Language Learning, 58, 117150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duffield, N., & White, L. (1999). Assessing L2 knowledge of Spanish clitic placement: Converging methodologies. Second Language Research, 15, 133160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duffield, N., White, L., Bruhn de Gravito, J., Montrul, S., & Prévost, P. (2002). Clitic placement in L2 French: Evidence from sentence matching. Journal of Linguistics, 38, 487525.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ennaji, M. (2005). Multilingualism, cultural identity, and education in Morocco. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Epstein, S., Flynn, S., & Martohardjono, G. (1996). Second language acquisition: Theoretical and experimental issues in contemporary research. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 19, 677758.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erguvanlı-Taylan, E. (1984). The function of word order in Turkish grammar. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Erlam, R. (2006). Elicited imitation as a measure of L2 implicit knowledge: An empirical validation study. Applied Linguistics, 27, 464491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eubank, L. (1993/1994). On the transfer of parametric values in L2 development. Language Acquisition, 3, 183208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eubank, L., & Grace, S. (1996). Where's the mature language? Where's the native language? In Stringfellow, A., Cahana-Amitay, D., Hughes, E., & Zukowski, A. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development (pp. 189200). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.Google Scholar
Ferreira, F., Christianson, K., & Hollingworth, A. (2001). Misinterpretations of garden-path sentences: Implications for models of reanalysis. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 30, 320.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferreira, F., & Patson, N. (2007). The “good enough” approach to language comprehension. Language and Linguistics Compass, 1, 7183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freedman, S., & Forster, K. (1985). The psychological status of overgenerated sentences. Cognition, 19, 101131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fujiki, M., & Brinton, B. (1983). Sampling reliability in elicited imitation. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 48, 8589.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gass, S. (2001). Sentence matching: A re-examination. Second Language Research, 17, 421441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grondin, N., & White, L. (1996). Functional categories in child L2 acquisition of French. Language Acquisition, 5, 134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grüter, T. (2005/2006). Another take on the L2 initial stage: Evidence from comprehension in L2 German. Language Acquisition, 13, 287317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hameyer, K. (1980). Testing oral proficiency via elicited imitation. Revue de Phonétique Appliquée, 53, 1124.Google Scholar
Hawkins, R. (2001). Second language syntax. A generative introduction. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Haznedar, B. (1997). L2 acquisition by a Turkish speaking child: Evidence for L1 influence. In Hughes, E., Hughes, M., & Greenhill, A. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 21st Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development (pp. 245256). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.Google Scholar
Haznedar, B., & Schwartz, B. (1997). Are there optional infinitives in child L2 acquisition? In Hughes, E., Hughes, M., & Greenhill, A. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 21st annual Boston University conference on language development (pp. 257268). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.Google Scholar
Harrell, R. (1962). A short reference grammar of Moroccan Arabic. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Horn, L. R. (1989). A natural history of negation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Hulstijn, J., & Hazenberg, S. (1996). Defining a minimal receptive second-language vocabulary for non-native university students: An empirical investigation. Applied Linguistics, 17, 145163.Google Scholar
Jagtman, M. (1994). Computer-aided syntactic analysis on interlanguage data. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Radboud University, Nijmegen.Google Scholar
Jansen, B., Lalleman, J., & Muysken, P. (1981). The alternation hypothesis: Acquisition of Dutch word order by Turkish and Moroccan foreign workers. Language Learning, 31, 315336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jordens, P. (2002). Finiteness in early child Dutch. Linguistics, 40, 687766.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jordens, P. (2004). Systematiek en dynamiek bij de verwerving van finietheid. Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen, 71, 922.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, W. (1998). Assertion and finiteness. In Dittmar, N. & Penner, Z. (Eds.), Issues in the theory of language acquisition: Essays in honor of Jürgen Weissenborn (pp. 225245). Bern: Lang.Google Scholar
Kornfilt, J. (1997). Turkish. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Krashen, S., & Terrell, T. (1983). The natural approach: Language acquisition in the classroom. London: Prentice Hall Europe.Google Scholar
Lardiere, D. (1998). Dissociating syntax from morphology in a divergent L2 end-state grammar. Second Language Research, 14, 359375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marinis, T., Roberts, L., Felser, C., & Clahsen, H. (2005). Gaps in second language sentence processing. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 27, 5378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markman, B., Spilka, I., & Tucker, G. (1975). The use of elicited imitation in search of an interim French grammar. Language Learning, 75, 3141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meisel, J. (1983). Strategies of second language acquisition: More than one kind of simplification. In Andersen, R. (Ed.), Pidginization and creolization as language acquisition (pp. 120157). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.Google Scholar
Meisel, J. (1997). The acquisition of the syntax of negation in French and German: Contrasting first and second language development. Second Language Research, 13, 227263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munnich, E., Flynn, S., & Martohardjono, G. (1994). Elicited imitation and grammaticality judgment tasks: What they measure and how they relate to each other. In Tarone, E., Gass, S., & Cohen, A. (Eds.), Research methodology in second language acquisition (pp. 227243). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Naiman, N. (1974). The use of elicited imitation in second language acquisition research. Working Papers on Bilingualism, 2, 137.Google Scholar
Ouhalla, J. (1988). The ayntax of head movement: A study of Berber. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University College London.Google Scholar
Ouhalla, J. (1994). Verb movement and word order in Arabic. In Lightfoot, D. & Hornstein, N. (Eds.), Verb movement (pp. 4172). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parodi, T. (2000). Finiteness and verb placement in second language acquisition. Second Language Research, 16, 4, 355381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perkins, K., Brutten, S., & Angelis, P. (1986). Derivational complexity and item difficulty in a sentence repetition task. Language Learning, 36, 125141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, C. (1995). Syntax at age two: Crosslinguistic differences. MIT Papers on Language Processing and Acquisition, 26, 225282.Google Scholar
Roberts, L., Gullberg, M., & Indefrey, P. (2008). Online pronoun resolution in L2 discourse: L1 influence and general learner effects. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 30, 333357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rohrbacher, B. (1994). The Germanic languages and the full paradigm: A theory of V to I raising. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Schwartz, B., & Sprouse, R. (1996). L2 cognitive states and the full transfer/full access model. Second Language Research, 12, 4072.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tabor, W., Galantucci, B., & Richardson, D. (2004). Effects of merely local syntactic coherence on sentence processing. Journal of Memory and Language, 50, 355370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tura, S. (1981). “Yes, he hasn't” and a few other not's in Turkish. Proceedings of the Berkeley Linguistic Society, 7, 317327.Google Scholar
Tomaselli, A., & Schwartz, B. (1990). Analyzing the acquisition stages of negation in L2 German: Support for UG in adult SLA. Second Language Research, 61, 138.Google Scholar
Vainikka, A., & Young-Scholten, M. (1996a). Gradual development of L2 phrase structure. Second Language Research, 12, 739.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vainikka, A., & Young-Scholten, M. (1996b). The earliest stages in adult L2 syntax: additional evidence from Romance speakers. Second Language Research, 12, 140176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van de Craats, I., & Van Hout, R. (2010). Dummy auxiliaries in the second language acquisition of Moroccan learners of Dutch: Form and function. Second Language Research, 26, 473500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verrips, M., & Weissenborn, J. (1992). Routes to verb placement in early French and German: The independence of finiteness and agreement. In Meisel, J. (Ed.), The acquisition of verb placement (pp. 283331). Dordrecht: Kluwer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vikner, S. (1995). Verb movement and expletive subjects in the Germanic languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vinther, T. (2002). Elicited-imitation: A brief overview. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 12, 5473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wexler, K. (1994). Optional infinitives, verb movement and the economy of derivation in child grammar. In Lightfoot, D. & Hornstein, N. (Eds.), Verb movement (pp. 305345). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, L. (1991). Adverb placement in second language acquisition: Some effects of positive and negative evidence in the classroom. Second Language Research, 7, 337360.Google Scholar
White, L. (1992). Long and short movement in second language acquisition. Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue Canadienne de Linguistique, 37, 273286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar