Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T01:01:53.764Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Measurement of language production in two-year-olds: A structured laboratory technique

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 November 2008

Roberta Corrigan*
Affiliation:
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Lorraine Di Paul
Affiliation:
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
*
Roberta Corrigan, Department of Educational Psychology, Enderis Hall, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201

Abstract

Two studies investigated use of an elicited imitation task to encourage the production of semantic relations by 20- to 28-month-old children. In both studies, a model repeated sentences containing target semantic relations several times, accompanied by three-dimensional props to aid the children's memory and to provide context for their language. Results suggested that even the youngest children could be motivated to imitate, and that the elicited imitation technique was particularly successful in increasing the frequency of certain semantic relations that tended to be infrequent in spontaneous speech. Elicited imitation may thus be advantageous over spontaneous speech sampling because it allows greater experimenter control over contextual variables than is possible in most naturalistic settings.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1982

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Anastasiouw, N., & Hanes, M.Language patterns of poverty children. Springfield, Ill.: Charles Thomas, 1976.Google Scholar
Bennett, B., & Underwood, R.On McNemar's test for the 2 × 2 table and its power function. Biometrics, 1970, 26, 339343.Google Scholar
Berry-Lutterman, L. & Bar, A.The diagnostic significance of sentence repetition for language impaired children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 1971, 36, 2939.Google Scholar
Bertenthal, B., & Fischer, K.The development of self-recognition in the infant. Developmental Psychology, 1978, 14, 4450.Google Scholar
Bloom, L.Language development: Form and function in emerging grammars. Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1970.Google Scholar
Bloom, L.One word at a time. The Hague: Mouton, 1973.Google Scholar
Bloom, L., Lifter, K., & Broughton, J. What children say and what they know. In Stark, R. (Ed.), Language behavior in infancy and early childhood. Holland: Elsevier, 1981.Google Scholar
Bloom, L., Hood, L., & Lightbown, P.Imitation in language development: If, when, and why. Cognitive Psychology, 1974, 6, 380–343.Google Scholar
Bloom, L., Lighbown, P., & Hood, L.Structure and variation in child language. Monographs of the Socíety for Research in Child Development, 1975, 40 (2, Serial No. 160).Google Scholar
Brown, A., & DeLoache, J. Skills, plans, and self-regulation. In Siegler, R. (Ed.), Children's thinking: What develops? N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1978.Google Scholar
Brown, R.A first language. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1973.Google Scholar
Camilli, G., & Hopkins, K.Applicability of Chi-square to 2 X 2 contingency tables with small expected cell frequencies. Psychological Bulletin, 1978, 85, 163167.Google Scholar
Carrow, E.Carrow elicited language inventory. Austin, Texas: Learning Concepts, 1974.Google Scholar
Cohen, J.A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 1960, 20, 3746.Google Scholar
Cole, M.A probe trial procedure for the study of children's discrimination learning and transfer. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 1976, 22, 499510.Google Scholar
Corrigan, R. The control of animate and inanimate components in pretend play and language. Child Development, in press a.Google Scholar
Corrigan, R. Methodological issues in language acquisition research with very young children. Developmental Review, in press b.Google Scholar
Cowan, P., Weber, J., Haddinott, B., & Klein, J.Mean length of spoken responses as a function of stimulus, experimenter, and subject. Child Development, 1967, 38, 191203.Google Scholar
de Villiers, P., & de Villiers, J.Early judgments of semantic and syntactic acceptability by children. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 1972, 1, 299310.Google Scholar
Fischer, K., & Corrigan, R. A skill approach to language development. In Stark, R. (Ed.), Language behavior in infancy and early childhood. Holland: Elsevier, 1981.Google Scholar
Fraser, C., Bellugi, U., & Brown, R.Control of grammar in imitation, comprehension, and production. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1963, 2, 121135.Google Scholar
Gelman, R. Cognitive development. In Rosenzweig, M. & Porter, L. (Eds.), Annual review of psychology. Vol. 29. Palo Alto, Calif.: Annual Reviews, Inc., 1978.Google Scholar
Goldin-Meadow, S., Seligman, M., & Gelman, R.Language in the two-year-old. Cognition, 1976, 4, 189202.Google Scholar
Gottlieb, S. Modelling effects upon fantasy. In Singer, J. (Ed.), The child's world of make-believe. N.Y.: Academic Press, 1973.Google Scholar
Hand, H. The relation between developmental level and spontaneous behavior: The importance of sampling contexts. In Fischer, K. (Ed.), New directions for child development: Cognitive development. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1981.Google Scholar
Harnick, F.The relationship between ability level and task difficulty in producing imitation in infants. Child Development, 1978, 49, 209212.Google Scholar
Hamayan, E., Saegert, J., & Larudee, P.Elicited imitation in second language learners. Working Papers on Bilingualism, 1975, 6, 4568.Google Scholar
Hood, L., & Lightbown, P.What children do when asked to ‘say what I say’: Does elicited imitation measure linguistic knowledge? Allied Health and Behavioral Sciences, 1978, 1, 195219.Google Scholar
Kagan, J., Kearsley, R., & Zelazo, P.Infancy: Its place in human development. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978.Google Scholar
Kaye, K. The development of skills. In Whitehurst, G. & Zimmerman, B. (Eds.), The functions of language and cognition. N.Y.: Academic Press, 1979.Google Scholar
Kuczaj, S., & Maratsos, M.What children can say before they will. Merrill Palmer Quarterly, 1975, 21, 89111.Google Scholar
Kuhn, D.Imitation theory and research from a cognitive perspective. Human Development, 1973, 16, 157180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, L.The Northwestern Syntax Screening Test. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern U. Press, 1969.Google Scholar
Lee, L.A screening test for syntax development. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 1970, 35, 103112.Google Scholar
Leonard, L.Meaning in child language. N.Y.: Grune & Stratton, 1976.Google Scholar
Leonard, L.Facilitating linguistic skills in children with specific language impairment. Applied Psycho-linguistics, 1981, 2, 89118.Google Scholar
Leonard, L., Bolders, J., & Miller, J.An examination of the semantic relations reflected in the language usage of normal and language disordered children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 1976, 19, 371392.Google Scholar
Lovell, K., & Dixon, E.The growth of the control of grammar in imitation, comprehension, and production. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1967, 8, 3139.Google Scholar
Menyuk, P.The acquisition and development of language. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1971.Google Scholar
Meyer, J.Fundamentals of Experimental Design. Boston, Mass.: Allyn and Bacon, 1979.Google Scholar
Miller, J.Assessing language production in children. Baltimore: University Park Press, 1981.Google Scholar
Naiman, N.The use of elicited imitation in second language acquisition research. Working Papers on Bilingualism, 1974, 2, 137.Google Scholar
Prutting, C., Gallagher, T., & Mulac, A. The expressive portion of the NSST compared to a spontaneous language sample. In Lahey, M. (Ed.), Readings in childhood language disorders. N.Y.: John Wiley, 1978.Google Scholar
Ramer, A.Syntactic styles in emerging language. Journal of Child Language, 1976, 3, 4962.Google Scholar
Roscoe, J., & Byers, J.An investigation of the restraints with respect to sample size commonly imposed on the use of the Chi-square statistic. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 1971, 66, 755759.Google Scholar
Siegel, S.Nonparametric Statistics. N.Y.: McGraw Hill, 1956.Google Scholar
Slobin, D., & Welsh, C. Elicited imitation as a research tool in developmental psycholinguistics. In Ferguson, C. & Slobin, D. (Eds.), Studies of child language development. N.Y.: Holt, 1973.Google Scholar
Smith, C. An experimental approach to children's linguistic competence. In Hayes, J. (Ed.), Cognition and the development of language. N.Y.: John Wiley, 1970.Google Scholar
Thieman, T. J.Imitation and recall of deletable sentences by young children. Journal of Child Language, 1975, 2, 261269.Google Scholar
Thorndike, E., & Lorge, I.The teacher's word book of 30,000 words. N.Y.: Teachers College, Columbia University, 1944.Google Scholar
Watson, M., & Fischer, K.A developmental sequence of agent use in late infancy. Child Development, 1977, 48, 828836.Google Scholar
Watson, M., & Fischer, K.Development of social roles in elicited and spontaneous behavior during the preschool years. Developmental Psychology, 1980, 16, 483494.Google Scholar
Wells, G.Learning to code experience through language. Journal of Child Language, 1974, 1, 243268.Google Scholar
Yando, R., Seitz, V., & Zigler, E.Imitation: A developmental perspective. N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1978.Google Scholar