Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T03:51:42.330Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Construction of graphic symbol sequences by preschool-aged children: Learning, training, and maintenance

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 October 2011

ANNICK POUPART
Affiliation:
Commission Scolaire de Montréal
NATACHA TRUDEAU
Affiliation:
Université de Montréal
ANN SUTTON*
Affiliation:
Université d'Ottawa
*
ADDRESS FOR CORRESPONDENCE Ann Sutton, Université d'Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Room 3066, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

The use of augmentative and alternative communication systems based on graphic symbols requires children to learn to combine symbols to convey utterances. The current study investigated how children without disabilities aged 4 to 6 years (n = 74) performed on a simple sentence (subject–verb and subject–verb–object) transposition task (i.e., spoken model into graphic symbol sequence). Scores were obtained on initial testing, after training, and 1 month later. Error patterns were examined. Four-year-olds obtained significantly lower initial scores and were the only ones showing training effects and lower performance a month later. The distribution of error types was similar across age groups. These results suggest that the age of 4 may represent an important stage in the use of graphic symbol communication.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Beukelman, D., & Mirenda, P. (2005). Augmentative and alternative communication: Management of severe communication disorders in children and adults (3rd ed.). Baltimore, MD: Brookes.Google Scholar
Bloomberg, K., Karlan, G. R., & Lloyd, L. L. (1990). The comparative translucency of initial lexical items represented in five graphic symbol systems and sets. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 33, 717725.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruno, J. (1989). Customizing a Minspeak system for a preliterate child: A case example. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 5, 89100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burroughs, J. A., Albritton, E. G., Eaton, B. B., & Montague, J. C. (1990). A comparative study of language delayed preschool children's ability to recall symbols from two symbol systems. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 6, 202206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Callaghan, T. (2005). Developing an intention to communicate through drawing. Enfance, 1, 4556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeLoache, J., & Burns, N. (1994). Symbolic functioning in preschool children. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 15, 513527.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunn, L., Thériault-Whalen, C., & Dunn, L. M. (1993). Échelle de Vocabulaire en Images Peabody [French version of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test]. Toronto: Psycan.Google Scholar
Ecklund, S., & Reichle, J. (1987). A comparison of normal children's ability to recall symbols from two logographic systems. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 18, 3440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuller, D. R. (1997). Initial study into the effects of translucency and complexity on the learning of Blissymbols by children and adults with normal cognitive abilities. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 13, 3039.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golomb, C., (2004). The child's creation of a pictorial world (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Hehner, B. (1980). Blissymbols for use. Toronto: Blissymbol Communication International.Google Scholar
Hooper, J., & Lloyd, L. (1986). An investigation of the element explanation on the ability of preschool children to learn Blissymbols. Unpublished manuscript, Purdue University.Google Scholar
Huer, M. B. (2000). Examining perceptions of graphic symbols across cultures: Preliminary study of the impact of culture/ethnicity. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 16, 180185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurlbut, B. I., Iwata, B. A., & Green, J. D. (1982). Nonvocal language acquisition in adolescents with severe physical disabilities: Blissymbol versus iconic stimulus formats. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 15, 241258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, R. (1994). The picture communication symbols combination. Solano Beach, CA: Mayer–Johnson.Google Scholar
Luciana, M., & Nelson, C. (1998). The functional emergence of prefontally-guided working memory systems in four-to eight-year-old children. Neuropsychologia, 36, 273293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luftig, R. L., & Bersani, H. A. (1985). An investigation of two variables influencing Blissymbol learnability with nonhandicapped adults. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 1, 3237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Millikin, C. C. (1997). Symbol systems and vocabulary selection strategies. In Glennen, S. L. & DeCoste, D. C. (Eds.), Handbook of augmentative and alternative communication (pp. 97148). San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Mineo Mollica, B. (2003). Representational competence. In Light, J., Beukelman, D., & Reichle, J. (Eds.), Communicative competence for people who use AAC: From research to effective practice (pp. 61076145). Baltimore, MD: Brookes.Google Scholar
Mizuko, M. (1987). Transparency and ease of learning of symbols represented by Blissymbols, PCS, and Picsyms. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 3, 129136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Musselwhite, C., & Ruscello, D. (1984). Transparency of three communication symbol systems. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 27, 436443.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nadeau, M. (1993). Y a-t-il un ordre des signes en LSQ? [Is there a sequence for signs in Quebec Sign Language?] In Dubuisson, C. & Nadeau, M. (Eds.), Études sur la langue des signes québécoise (pp. 83101). Montréal: Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal.Google Scholar
Nakamura, K., Newell, A. F., Alm, N., & Waller, A. (1998). How do members of different language communities compose sentences with a picture-based communication system?: A cross-cultural study of picture-based sentences constructed by English and Japanese speakers. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 14, 7180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raghavendra, P., & Fristoe, M. (1995). “No shoes; they walked away?”: Effects of enhancements on learning and using Blissymbols by normal 3-year-old children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 38, 174186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Romski, M. A., & Sevcik, R. A. (1996). Breaking the speech barrier: Language development through augmented means. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.Google Scholar
Schlosser, R. W., & Lloyd, L. L. (1993). Effects of initial element teaching in a story-telling context on Blissymbol acquisition and generalization. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 36, 979995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shepherd, T. A., & Haaf, R. G. (1995). Comparison of two training methods in the learning and generalization of Blissymbolics. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 11, 154164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silverman, H., McNaughton, S., & Kates, B. (1978). Handbook of Blissymbolics for instructors, users, parents and administrators. Toronto: Blissymbolics Communication Institute.Google Scholar
Smith, M. (1996). The medium or the message: A study of speaking children using communication boards. In von Tetzchner, S. & Jensen, M. (Eds.), Augmentative and alternative communication: European perspectives (pp. 119137). London: Whurr.Google Scholar
Soto, G. (1999). Understanding the impact of graphic sign use on the message formulation structure. In F. Loncke, J. Clibbens, H. Arvidson, & L. L. Lloyd (Eds.), Augmentative and alternative communication: New directions in research and practice (pp. 4048). London: Whurr.Google Scholar
Sutton, A., & Morford, J. P. (1998). Constituent order in picture pointing sequences produced by speaking children using AAC. Applied Psycholinguistics, 19, 525536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutton, A., Morford, J. P., & Gallagher, T. M. (2004). Production and comprehension of graphic symbol utterances expressing complex propositions by adults who use augmentative and alternative communication systems. Applied Psycholinguistics, 25, 349371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutton, A., Trudeau, N., Morford, J., Rios, , , M. N., & Poirier, M.-A. (2010). Preschool-aged children have difficulty constructing and interpreting simple utterances composed of graphic symbols. Journal of Child Language, 37, 126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trudeau, N., Sutton, A., Dagenais, E., de Broeck, S., & Morford, J. (2007). Construction of graphic symbol utterances by children, teenagers, and adults: The effect of structure and task demands. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 50, 13141329.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Udwin, O., & Yule, W. (1990). Augmentative communication systems taught to cerebral palsied children: A longitudinal study. I. The acquisition of signs and symbols, and syntactic aspects of their use over time. British Journal of Disorders of Communication, 25, 295309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
von Tetzchner, S., & Martinsen, H. (2000). Introduction to augmentative and alternative communication (2nd ed.). London: Whurr.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, K. M., Romski, M. A., & Sevcik, R. A. (1994). Emergence of visual–graphic symbol combinations by youth with moderate or severe mental retardation. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 37, 883895.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zelazo, P., Müller, U., Frye, D., & Marcovitch, S. (2003). The development of executive function in early childhood. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 68(3, Serial No. 274).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed