Hostname: page-component-669899f699-tpknm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-05-03T19:27:43.177Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Stone on stone: elite involvement in stoneworking at the ancestral Maya site of El Perú-Waka’

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 November 2024

Rachel A. Horowitz*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, USA
Damien B. Marken
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Sociology, Criminal Justice, and Social Work, Commonwealth University of Pennsylvania-Bloomsburg, USA
Juan Carlos Meléndez
Affiliation:
Archéologie des Amériques, UMR 8096 – CNRS, Université Paris 1 – Panthéon-Sorbonne, France
*
*Author for correspondence ✉ [email protected]

Abstract

Crafting is often assumed to have been a ‘dirty’ and hence low-status activity: elites managed the supply of materials or distribution of the products, lower-status workers undertook the hard graft. Here, the authors present an in situ stoneworking toolkit from El Perú-Waka’ in the central Maya lowlands of Guatemala. Recovered from a high-status neighbourhood, the tools indicate the involvement of elite crafters in the working of various types of stone and greenstone. The assemblage is discussed with reference to ontological understandings of raw materials in the Maya world and the importance of specialised and ritual knowledge. The results encourage greater consideration of the involvement of elites in craft production across Mesoamerica and beyond.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Antiquity Publications Ltd

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Adams, J.L. 2002. Ground stone analysis: a technological approach. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.Google Scholar
Ames, K. 1995. Chiefly power and household production of the Northwest Coast, in Price, T. & Feinman, G. (ed.) Foundations of social inequality: 155–87. New York: Plenum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amesbury, J.R., Walth, C.K. & Bayman, J.M.. 2022. Marine shell ornaments and the political economy of gendered power in the Mariana Islands. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 17: 537–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564894.2020.1838972CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrefsky, W. Jr. 2005. Lithics: macroscopic approaches to analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrews, E.W. IV & Rovner, I.. 1973. Archaeological evidence on social stratification and commerce in northern Yucatan: two mason's toolkits from Muna and Dzibilchaltun, Yucatan, in Harrison, M.A.L. & Wauchope, R. (ed.) Archaeological investigations on the Yucatan Peninsula: 81102. New Orleans (LA): Middle American Research Institute.Google Scholar
Andrieu, C. & Forne, M.. 2010. Producción y distribución del jade en el Mundo Maya: talleres, fuentes y rutas del intercambio en su contexto interregional: vista desde Cancuén, in Arroyo, B., Linares, A. & Paiz, L. (ed.) XXIV Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala: 946–55. Guatemala City: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología.Google Scholar
Andrieu, C., Rodas, E. & Luin, L.. 2014. The value of Classic Maya jade: a reanalysis of Cancuen's jade workshop. Ancient Mesoamerica 25: 141–64. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0956536114000108CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aoyama, K. 2007. Elite artisans and craft producers in Classic Maya society: lithic evidence from Aguateca, Guatemala. Latin American Antiquity 18: 326. https://doi.org/10.2307/25063083CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrowclough, D.A. & Lister, A.R.. 2004. The secrets of the craft production of Scandinavian Late Neolithic flint daggers. Lithic Technology 29: 7586. https://doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2004.11721013CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cabrera, V., Guzmán, V., Melgar, E.R. & Sánchez, S.. 2018. Análisis tecnológico de los monolitos de Piedra Verde Hallados en la Plaza de La Pirámide de La Luna, Teotihuacán. Boletín de Arqueología Experimental 13: 3753. https://doi.org/10.15366/baexuam2018-19.13.003Google Scholar
Campbell, R.B., Li, Zhipeng, He, Yuling & Jing, Yuan. 2011. Consumption, exchange and production at the great settlement Shang: bone-working at Tiesanlu, Anyang. Antiquity 85: 1279–97. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00062050CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canuto, M.A. et al. 2018. Ancient Lowland Maya complexity as revealed by airborne laser scanning of northern Guatemala. Science 361. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau0137CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chase, A.F. & Chase, D.Z.. 2011. Heterogeneity in residential group composition: continued investigation in and near Caracol's epicenter: Caracol Archaeological Project Investigations for 2011. Report prepared for the Belize Institute of Archaeology. Available at: https://caracol.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Season-Report-2011.pdf (accessed March 2023).Google Scholar
Chirikure, S. 2020. New perspectives on the political economy of Great Zimbabwe. Journal of Archaeological Research 28: 139–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-019-09133-wCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, J.E. 2007. In craft specialization's penumbra: things, persons, action, value, and surplus. Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 17(1): 2035. https://doi.org/10.1525/ap3a.2007.17.1.20CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, M.E. 2020. Producing stone and slate: the intersection of domestic and institutional economies in Classic Maya society. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Boston University.Google Scholar
Clarke, M.E., Horowitz, R.A. & Paling, J.S.R.. In press. Tools of the trade: a review of the lithic technologies associated with ancient Maya quarries. Ancient Mesoamerica.Google Scholar
Costin, C.L. 1991. Craft specialization: issues in defining, documenting, and explaining the organization of production. Archaeological Method and Theory 3: 156.Google Scholar
Costin, C.L. 2001. Craft production systems, in Feinman, G.M. & Price, T.D. (ed.) Archaeology at the millennium: a sourcebook: 273314. New York: Plenum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costin, C.L. 2004. Craft economies of ancient Andean states, in Feinman, G.M. & Nichols, L.M. (ed.) Archaeological perspectives on political economy: 189221. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.Google Scholar
Davenport, J.A. 2020. The organization of production for Inka polychrome pottery from Pachacamac, Peru. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2020.101235CrossRefGoogle Scholar
del Águila Flores, P. 2009. Manufactura de piedras de moler contemporáneas: una aproximación al estudio en las regiones de Nahualá, Sololá, San Luis Jilotepeque, Jalapa y Malacatancito, Huehuetenango, Guatemala (Serie de Estudios Arqueológicos 6). Guatemala: Ministerio de Culturas y Deportes.Google Scholar
Digby, A. 1972. Maya jades. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Domínguez Carrasco, M. del R. & Folan, W.J.. 1999. Hilado, confección y lapidación: los quehaceres cotidianos de los artesanos de Calakmul, Campeche, México, in Laporte, J.P., Arroyo, B. & Escobedo, H. (ed.) XII simposio de investigaciones arqueológicas en Guatemala, 1998: 628–46. Guatemala City: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología.Google Scholar
Eppich, K. 2020. Commerce, redistribution, autarky, and barter: the multitiered urban economy of El Perú-Waka’, Guatemala, in Masson, M.A., Friedel, D.A. & Demarest, A.A. (ed.) The real business of ancient Maya economies: from farmers' fields to rulers' realms: 149–71. Tallahassee: University of Florida Press. https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813066295.003.0009Google Scholar
Eppich, K. & Freidel, D.. 2015. Markets and marketing in the Classic Maya Lowlands: a case study from El Perú-Waka’, in King, E.M. (ed.) The ancient Maya marketplace: the archaeology of transient space: 195225. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Eppich, K., Marken, D.B. & Menéndez, E.D.. 2023. A city in flux: the dynamic urban form and function of El Perú-Waka’, in Marken, D.B. & Arnauld, M.C. (ed.) Building an archaeology of Maya urbanism: planning and flexibility in the American tropics: 105–47. Denver: University of Colorado Press.Google Scholar
Flad, R.K. & Hruby, Z.X.. 2007. “Specialized” production in archaeological contexts: rethinking specialization, the social value of products, and the practice of production. Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 17(1): 119. https://doi.org/10.1525/ap3a.2007.17.1.1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freidel, D. 1993. The jade ahau: towards a theory of commodity value in Maya civilization, in Lange, F.W. (ed.) Precolumbian jade: new geological and cultural interpretations: 149–65. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.Google Scholar
Freidel, D.A. & Escobedo, H.L.. 2014. Stelae, buildings, and people: reflections on ritual in the archaeological record of El Perú-Waka’, in Navarro-Farr, O.C. & Rich, M. (ed.) Archaeology at El Perú-Waka': ancient Maya performance of ritual, memory, and power: 1833. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Guenter, S. 2014. The epigraphy of El Perú-Waka’, in Navarro-Farr, O.C. & Rich, M. (ed.) Archaeology at El Perú-Waka’: ancient Maya performances of ritual, memory, and power: 147–66. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Haviland, W.A. 1974. Occupational specialization at Tikal, Guatemala: stoneworking-monument carving. American Antiquity 39: 494–96. https://doi.org/10.2307/279445CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helms, M.W. 1993. Craft and the kingly ideal: art, trade, and power. Austin: University of Texas.Google Scholar
Hirth, K.E. 2009. Craft production, household diversification, and domestic economy in prehispanic Mesoamerica. Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 19(1): 1332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-8248.2009.01010.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horowitz, R.A., Brown, M.K., Yaeger, J. & Cap, B.. 2024. Animate stone: Maya chert ‘debitage’ and ontological perspectives. Archaeologies 20: 177213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11759-024-09497-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houston, S. 2000. Into the minds of ancients: advances in Maya glyph studies. Journal of World Prehistory 14: 121201. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007883024875CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houston, S. 2014. The life within: Classic Maya and the matter of permanence. New Haven (CT): Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Houston, S. (ed.) 2021. A Maya universe in stone. Los Angeles (CA): Getty Research Institute.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houston, S., Stuart, D. & Taube, K.. 2021a. Seasonal gods and cosmic rulers, in Houston, S. (ed.) A Maya universe in stone: 93151. Los Angeles (CA): Getty Research Institute.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houston, S., Scherer, A. & Taube, K.. 2021b. A sculptor at work, in Houston, S. (ed.) A Maya universe in stone: 3792. Los Angeles (CA): Getty Research Institute.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hruby, Z.X. 2007. Ritualized chipped-stone production at Piedras Negras, Guatemala. Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 17(1): 6887. https://doi.org/10.1525/ap3a.2007.17.1.68CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inomata, T. 2001. The power and ideology of artistic creation: elite craft specialists in Classic Maya society. Current Anthropology 42: 321–49. https://doi.org/10.1086/320475CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inomata, T. & Triadan, D.. 2000. Craft production by Classic Maya elites in domestic settings: data from rapidly abandoned structures at Aguateca, Guatemala. Mayab 13: 5766.Google Scholar
Inomata, T., Triadan, D., Ponciano, E., Pinto, E., Terry, R.E. & Eberl, M. 2002. Domestic and political lives of Classic Maya elites: the excavation of rapidly abandoned structures at Aguateca, Guatemala. Latin American Antiquity 13: 305–30. https://doi.org/10.2307/972113CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kidder, A., Jennings, J. & Shook, E.. 1946. Excavations at Kaminaljuyu, Guatemala. Vol. 561. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington.Google Scholar
Kovacevich, B. 2006. Reconstructing Classic Maya Economic systems: production and exchange at Cancuen, Guatemala. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Vanderbilt University.Google Scholar
Kovacevich, B. 2011. The organization of jade production at Cancuen, Guatemala, in Hruby, Z.X., Braswell, G.E. & Chinchilla Mazariegos, O. (ed.) The technology of Maya civilization: political economy and beyond in lithic studies: 151–63. Sheffield: Equinox.Google Scholar
Kovacevich, B. 2017. The value of labor: how the production process added value to pre-Columbian Maya jade, in Mathews, J.P. & Guderjan, T.H. (ed.) The value of things: prehistoric to contemporary commodities in the Maya region: 729. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Kovacevich, B. & Callaghan, M.G.. 2018. Fifty shades of green: interpreting Maya jade production, circulation, consumption, and value. Ancient Mesoamerica 30: 457–72. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0956536118000184CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landry, R. 2013. Ancient Maya stone polishers and issues with the terminology for the artifacts polished with these tools. Unpublished MA dissertation, University of Central Florida.Google Scholar
Marken, D.B. 2015. Conceptualizing the spatial dimensions of Classic Maya states: polity and urbanism of El Perú-Waka’, Peten, in Marken, D.B. & Fitzsimmons, J.L. (ed.) Classic Maya polities of the Southern Lowlands: 123–66. Boulder: University of Colorado Press.Google Scholar
Marken, D.B. & Cooper, Z.J.. 2018. WK22: excavaciones en estructuras residenciales asociadas con rasgos de manejo del agua en el Barrio Ical, in Pérez, J.C., Pérez, G. & Friedel, D. (ed.) Proyecto Arqueológico Waka’ Informe 15, Temporada 2017: 196254. Report on file with the Instituto de Antropología e Historia.Google Scholar
Marken, D.B. & Ricker, M.C.. 2024. Fire, earth, and water: settlement, soils and hydrology at El Perú-Waka’, in Eppich, K., Marken, D.B. & Freidel, D. (ed.) El Perú-Waka’: new archaeological perspectives on the kingdom of the centipede: 5789. Gainesville: University of Florida Press.Google Scholar
Marken, D.B., Pérez, J.C., Navarro-Farr, O. & Eppich, K.. 2019. Ciudad de los ciempies: urbanismo, fronteras, y comunidad en el Perú-Waka’, Peten, Guatemala, in Arroyo, B., Salinas, L. Méndez & Ajú Álvarez, G. (ed.) XXXII simposio de investigaciones arqueológicas en Guatemala: 531–36. Guatemala City: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología.Google Scholar
Marken, D.B., Menéndez, E.D., Cuyán, M., Pérez, H., Plunkett, M., Van Oss, S. & Canté, S.. 2023. ES: excavaciones en grupos residenciales urbanos: grupos Ical, Pepem, Caída, Batz, y Jabalí, in Pérez Robles, G., Navarro-Farr, O. & Marken, D. (ed.) Proyecto Arqueológico Waka’ Informe No. 20 Temporada 2022: 92209. Report submitted to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia.Google Scholar
Martin, S. 2020. Ancient Maya politics: a political anthropology of the Classic Period 150–900 CE. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, S. & Velásquez, E.. 2016. Polities and places: tracing the toponyms of the snake dynasty. The PARI Journal 17(2): 2333.Google Scholar
Melgar, E.R. 2023. La Lapidaria del Templo Mayor, estilos y tradiciones tecnológicas. Mexico City: Secretaría de Cultura, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.Google Scholar
Melgar, E.R. & Andrieu, C.. 2016. El intercambio del jade en las Tierras Bajas Mayas, desde una perspectiva tecnológica, in Arroyo, B., Méndez, L. & Ajú, G. (ed.) XXIX simposio de investigaciones arqueológicas en Guatemala 2015: 1065–76. Guatemala City: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología.Google Scholar
Melgar, E.R. & Solís, R.. 2018. Caracterización mineralogica y tecnológica de la lapidaria de Teopancazco, in Manzanilla, L. (ed.) Teopancazco como Centro de Barrio Multiétnico de Teotihuacan. Los sectores funcionales y el intercambio a larga distancia: 621–72. Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.Google Scholar
Melgar, E.R., Solís, R., Monterrosa, H., Puy, M.J. & Meléndez, J.C.. 2021. Presencia de lapidaria de estilo Maya fuera de la región Maya. Revista Española de Antropología Americana 51: 1132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meléndez, J.C. 2019. A contextual and technological study of ancient Maya greenstone mosaic masks. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Washington University in St. Louis.Google Scholar
Menéndez, D. & Cuyán, M.. 2016. Excavaciones de Sondeo, in Pérez, J.C. & Pérez, G. (ed.) Proyecto Arqueológico Regional Waka’ Informe 13 Temporada 2015: 131–74. Report submitted to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia.Google Scholar
Mirambell, L. 1968. Técnicas Lapidarias Prehispánicas. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.Google Scholar
Moffett, A.J., Hall, S. & Chirikure, S.. 2020. Crafting power: new perspectives on the political economy of southern Africa, AD 900–1300. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2020.101180Google Scholar
Navarro-Farr, O.C. & Rich, M. (ed.). 2014. Archaeology at El Perú-Waka': ancient Maya performance of ritual, memory, and power. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Odell, G.H. 2003. Lithic analysis. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Olausson, D. 2017. Knapping skill and craft specialization in Late Neolithic flint daggers. Lithic Technology 42: 127–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2017.1364328CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Neil, M.E. 2009. Ancient Maya sculptures of Tikal, seen and unseen. Res: Anthropology and Aesthetics 55/56: 119–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/RESvn1ms25608839Google Scholar
Parker, E., Bey, G.J. III & Gallareta Negrón, T.. 2019. Organization of masonry technology in the eastern Puuc: evidence from Escalera al Cielo, Yucatán. The Mayanist 1(1): 2136.Google Scholar
Patterson, E. 2018. Análisis preliminar de los restos óseos esqueléticos humanos, Temporada 2017, in Pérez, J.C., Pérez, G. & Friedel, D. (ed.) Proyecto Arqueológico Waka' Informe 15, Temporada 2017: 345–49. Report on File with the Instituto de Antropología e Historia.Google Scholar
Rochette, E. 2009. The Late Classic organization of jade artifact production in the middle Motagua Valley, Zacapa, Guatemala. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Pennsylvania State University.Google Scholar
Rochette, E. 2014. Out of control? Rethinking assumptions about wealth goods production and the Classic Maya. Ancient Mesoamerica 25: 165–85. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095653611400011XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rovner, I. & Lewenstein, S.M.. 1997. Maya stone tools of Dzibichaltun, Yucatan and Becan and Chicanna, Campeche (Middle American Research Institute Publication 65). New Orleans (LA): Middle American Research Institute.Google Scholar
Shimada, I. 2007. Introduction, in Shimada, I. (ed.) Craft production in complex societies: multicraft and producer perspectives: 125. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.Google Scholar
Stuart, D. 1989. Hieroglyphs on Maya vessels, in Kerr, J. (ed.) The Maya vase book, a corpus of rollout photographs of Maya vases, vol. 1: 149–60. New York: Kerr Associates.Google Scholar
Stuart, D. 1996. Kings of stone: a consideration of stelae in ancient Maya ritual and representation. Res: Anthropology and Aesthetics 29/30: 148–71. https://doi.org/10.1086/RESvn1ms20166947Google Scholar
Sun, Z. 2008. Craft production in the Western Zhou Dynasty (1046771 BC): a case study of a jue-earrings workshop at the predynastic capital site, Zhouyuan, China (British Archaeological Reports International Series 1777). Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Swenson, E.R. & Warner, J.P.. 2012. Crucibles of power: forging copper and forging subjects at the Moche ceremonial center of Huaca Colorada, Peru. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 31: 314–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2012.01.010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taube, K. 2005. The symbolism of jade in Classic Maya religion. Ancient Mesoamerica 16: 2350. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0956536105050017CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weedman Arthur, K. 2018. The lives of stone tools: crafting the status, skill, and identity of tool makers. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whittaker, J.C. 1994. Flintknapping: making and understanding stone tools. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Yee, Wong Wai, Darith, Ea, Rachna, Chhay & Suy, Tan Boun. 2021. Two traditions: a comparison of roof tile manufacture and usage in Angkor and China. Asian Perspectives 60: 128–56. https://doi.org/10.1353/asi.2020.0039Google Scholar