Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T00:19:57.693Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Revising the Broad Spectrum Revolution: and its role in the origins of Southwest Asian food production

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2015

Phillip C. Edwards*
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, MacCallum Building A17, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia

Extract

During the last two decades the Broad Spectrum Revolution, a proposed food-getting adaptation of the terminal Pleistocene, has been generally accepted as an explanatory factor in the accomplishment of food production in Early Holocene Southwest Asia. A survey of faunal and other prehistoric data from the Levant is employed here to argue that wide-ranging exploitation of plants and animals had been persistent in the region from at least the Middle Palaeolithic, and that the issue of taxonomic diversity is unrelated to trends toward food production at the end of the Pleistocene.

Type
Papers
Copyright
Copyright © Antiquity Publications Ltd 1989

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akazawa, T. & Ohnuma, K.. 1988. Site catchment analysis of the Early Middle Palaeolithic occupation at Douara Cave, Syrian Desert. Paper read at the Colloque International CNRS, Prehistory of the Levant 2, Lyons, May-June 1988.Google Scholar
Aurenche, O. 1981. Essai de démographie archéologique: l’exemple des villages du proche orient ancien, Paléorient 7: 93105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, G.N. 1978. Shell middens as indicators of postglacial economies: a territorial perspective, in Mellars, P.A. (ed.), The early postglacial settlement of Northern Europe: 3763. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar
Bailey, G.N. 1983. Problems of site formation and the interpretation of spatial and temporal discontinuities in the distribution of coastal middens, in Masters, P.M. & Flemming, N.C. (ed.), Quaternary coastlines and marine archaeology: towards the prehistory of land bridges and continental shelves: 55982. London: Academic.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. 1975. The Epipalaeolithic in Palestine and Sinai, in Wendorf, & Marks, (1975): 36375.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. 1981a. The Epi-Palaeolithic complexes in the Southern Levant, in Cauvin, & Sanlaville, (1981): 389408.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. 1981b. The ‘Pre-Pottery Neolithic’ period in the southern Levant, in Cauvin, & Sanlaville, (1981): 55569.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. & Goring-Morris, A.N.. 1977. Geometric Kebaran A occurrences, in Bar-Yosef, & Phillips, (1977): 116.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. & Phillips, J.L.. 1977. Prehistoric investigations in Gebel Maghara, Northern Sinai. Jerusalem: Hebrew University. Qedem 7.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. & Tchernov, E.. 1966. Archaeological finds and the fossil faunas of the Natufian and microlithic industries at Hayonim Cave (Western Galilee, Israel), Israel Journal of Zoology 15: 10440.Google ScholarPubMed
Bate, D.M.A. 1927. On the animal remains obtained from the Mugharet el-Emireh in 1925, in Turville-Petre, F., Researches in Prehistoric Galilee, 1925–6: 913. London: Council of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Bender, B. 1978. Gatherer-Hunter to farmer: a social perspective, World Archaeology 10: 20422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Binford, L.R. 1968. Post-Pleistocene adaptations, in Binford, S.R. & Binford, L.R. (ed.), New Perspectives in Archaeology: 31341. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
Binford, L.R. 1983. In pursuit of the past: decoding the archaeological record. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Binford, S.R. 1966. Me’arat Shovakh (Mugharet esh-Shubbabiq), Israel Exploration Journal 16: 96103.Google Scholar
Bouchud, J. 1974. Étude préliminaire de la faune provenant de la Grotte du Djebel Qafzeh près de Nazareth (Israel), Paléorient 2: 87102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braidwood, R.J. & Howe, B.. 1961. Prehistoric investigations in Iraqi Kurdistan. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press for The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 31.Google Scholar
Burleigh, R. 1983. Additional radiocarbon dates for Jericho, in Kenyon, & Holland, (1983): 76065.Google Scholar
Butler, B.H., Tchernov, E. Hietala, H. & Davis, S.. 1977. Faunal exploitation during the late Epi-paleolithic in the Har Harif, in Marks, (1977): 32745.Google Scholar
Byrd, B.F. & Rollefson, G.O.. 1984. Natufian occupation in the Wadi el-Hasa, southern Jordan, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 28: 14350.Google Scholar
Cauvin, J. & Sanlaville, P. (ed.). 1981. Préhistoire du Levant. Paris: CNRS. Actes du Colloque International CNRS 598.Google Scholar
Clark, G. & Yi, S.. 1983. Niche-width variation in Cantabrian archeofaunas: a diachronic study, in Clutton-Brock, & Grigson, : 183208.Google Scholar
Clutton-Brock, J. 1979. The mammalian remains from the Jericho Tell, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 45: 13557.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clutton-Brock, J. & Grigson, C. (ed.). 1983. Animals and archaeology 1: hunters and their prey. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports. International Series 163.Google Scholar
Cohen, M.N. 1977. The food crisis in prehistory: overpopulation and the origins of agriculture. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Cramp, S. 1980. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: the birds of the Western Palearctic 2 & 3. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Crew, H.L. 1976. The Mousterian site of Rosh Ein Mor, in Marks, (1976a): 759.Google Scholar
Dansgaard, W., Johnsen, S.J. Clausen, H.B. & Langway, C.C.. 1971. Climatic record by the Camp Century ice core, in Turekian, K.K. (ed.), The Late Cenozoic Glacial Ages: 3756.Google Scholar
Davis, S. 1974. Animal remains from the Kebaran site of Ein Gev I, Jordan Valley, Israel, Paléorient 2: 45362.Google Scholar
Davis, S. 1978. Étude de la faune, in Lechevallier (1978): 1957.Google Scholar
Davis, S.J.M. 1982. Climatic change and the advent of domestication; the succession of ruminant artio-dactyls in the Late Pleistocene-Holocene in the Israel region, Paléorient 8: 515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, S.J.M. 1985. A preliminary report of the fauna from Hatoula: a Natufian/Khiamian (PPNA) site near Latroun, Israel, in Lechevallier & Ronen (1985): 7198.Google Scholar
Dostal, W. 1956. Die Sulubba und ihre Bedeutung fur die Kulturgeschichte Arabiens, Archiv für Volkerkunde 11: 1542.Google Scholar
Ducos, P. 1978. La faune d’Abu Gosh: proto-élevage de la chèvre au néolithique pré-céramique, in Lechevallier (1978): 10720.Google Scholar
Dunnet, G. 1986. Fishing for chips: some implications of the availability characteristics of marine ‘r’ selected species for the archaeology of coastal subsistence strategies. Unpublished B.A. (Hons) thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Sydney.Google Scholar
Edwards, P.C. 1984. Two Epi-palaeolithic sites in the Wadi Hammeh, in McNicoll, A. Ball, W. Bassett, S. Edwards, P. Macumber, P. Petocz, D. Potts, T. Randle, L. Villiers, L. & Watson, P., Preliminary report on the University of Sydney’s fifth season of excavation at Pella in Jordan, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 28: 5586.Google Scholar
Edwards, P.C. 1987. Late Pleistocene occupation in Wadi al-Hammeh, Jordan Valley. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Department of Archaeology, University of Sydney.Google Scholar
Edwards, P.C., Bourke, S.J. Colledge, S.M. Head, J. & Macumber, P.G.. 1988. Late Pleistocene prehistory in Wadi al-Hammeh, Jordan Valley, in Garrard, & Gebel, (1988): 52565.Google Scholar
Ewing, J.F. 1947. Preliminary note on the excavations at the Palaeolithic site of Ksar ‘Akil, Republic of Lebanon, Antiquity 21: 18697.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferring, C.R. 1977. The late Upper Paleolithic site of Ein Aqev East, in Marks, (1977): 817.Google Scholar
Flannery, K.V. 1969. Origins and ecological effects of early domestication in Iran and the Near East, in Ucko, et al. (1969): 73100.Google Scholar
Flannery, K.V. 1972. The origins of the village as a settlement type in Mesoamerica and the Near East: a comparative study, in Ucko, et al. (1972): 2353.Google Scholar
Garrard, A.N. 1983. The Palaeolithic faunal remains from Adlun and their ecological context, in Roe, (1983): 397409.Google Scholar
Garrard, A.N. 1985. Preliminary notes on faunal remains from Wadi Hammeh 27 (1982/3–1984/5 seasons). Unpublished typescript held in Department of Archaeology, University of Sydney.Google Scholar
Garrard, A.N., Byrd, B. & Betts, A.. 1986. Prehistoric environment and settlement in the Azraq Basin: an interim report on the 1984 excavation season, Levant 18: 524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garrard, A.N. & Gebel, H.G. (ed.). 1988. The Prehistory of Jordan: a 1986 perspective. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports. International Series 396.Google Scholar
Garrod, D.A.E. 1954. Excavations at the Mugharet Kebara, Mount Carmel, 1931, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 20: 15592.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garrod, D.A.E. & Bate, D.M.A.. 1937. The Stone Age of Mount Carmel 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Garrod, D.A.E. & Bate, D.M.A.. 1942. Excavations at the cave of Shukbah, Palestine, 1928, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 8: 120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilead, I. 1981. Upper Palaeolithic tool assemblages from the Negev and Sinai, in Cauvin, & Sanlaville, (1981): 33142.Google Scholar
Goring-Morris, A.N. 1980. Late quaternary sites in Wadi Fazael, lower Jordan Valley. Unpublished M.A. Thesis. Jerusalem: Hebrew University.Google Scholar
Gould, R.A. 1980. Living archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gowlett, J.A.J., Hedges, R.E.M. Law, I.A. & Perry, C.. 1987. Radiocarbon dates from the Oxford AMS system: archaeometry datelist 5, Archaeometry 29: 12555.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haas, G. 1952. The fauna of layer B at Abu Usba Cave, in Stekelis, M. & Haas, G., The Abu Usba Cave (Mount Carmel), Israel Exploration Journal 2: 1547.Google Scholar
Haas, G. 1972. The microfauna of the Djebel Qafzeh cave, Paleovertebra 5: 26170.Google Scholar
Hassan, F.A. 1980. Prehistoric settlements along the Main Nile, in Williams, M.A.J. & Faure, H. (ed.), The Sahara and the Nile: 42150. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema.Google Scholar
Hecker, H.M. 1975. The faunal analysis of the primary food animals from Pre-Pottery Neolithic Beidha. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International. Ph.D. thesis, Columbia University.Google Scholar
Heller, J. 1978. The faunal remains of Iraq e Zigan, a Late Pleistocene site on Mt. Carmel, Israel Journal of Zoology 27: 1119.Google Scholar
Henry, D.O. 1976. Rosh Zin: a Natufian settlement near Ein Avdat, in Marks, (1976): 31725.Google Scholar
Henry, D.O. 1983. Adaptive evolution within the Epipalaeolithic of the Near East, Advances in World Archaeology 6: 99160.Google Scholar
Henry, D.O. 1985. Preagricultural sedentism: the Natufian example, in Price, T.D. & Brown, J. A. (ed.), Prehistoric hunter-gatherers; the emergence of cultural complexity: 36584. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Henry, D.O. & Servello, A.F.. 1974. Compendium of Carbon-14 determinations derived from Near Eastern prehistoric deposits, Paléorient. 2: 1944.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henry, D.O. & Turnbull, P.F.. 1985. Archaeological and faunal evidence from Natufian and Timnian sites in southern Jordan, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 257: 4564.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillman, G.C., Colledge, S.M. & Harris, D.. 1986. Plant-food economy during the Epi-Palaeolithic period at Tell Abu Hureyra, Syria: dietary diversity, seasonality and modes of exploitation. Paper prepared for the symposium on Recent Advances in the Understanding of Plant Domestication and Early Agriculture, World Archaeological Congress, Southampton 1986.Google Scholar
Hillman, G., Madeyska, E. & Hather, J.. Forthcoming. Wild plant foods and diet at Late Palaeolithic Wadi Kubbaniya: evidence from charred remains, to be published in Wendorf, F. Schild, R. & Close, A. (ed.), The prehistory of Wadi Kubbaniya 2: studies in Late Palaeolithic subsistence. Dallas: SMU Press.Google Scholar
Hoffman, M.A. 1980. Egypt before the Pharaohs. London: Ark.Google Scholar
Hole, F., Flannery, K.V. & Neely, J.A.. 1969. Prehistory and human ecology of the Deh Luran plain: an early village sequence from Khuzistan, Iran. Ann Arbor: Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan. Memoir no. 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jelinek, A.J. 1981. The Middle Paleolithic in the southern Levant from the perspective of the Tabun Cave, in Cauvin, & Sanlaville, (1981): 26585.Google Scholar
Jelinek, A.J., Farrand, W.R. Haas, G. Horowitz, A. & Goldberg, P.. 1973. New excavations at the Tabun Cave, Mount Carmel, Israel: a preliminary report, Paléorient 1: 15183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenyon, K. & Holland, T.. 1983. Excavations at fericho 5: The pottery phases of the Tell and other finds. Oxford: Oxford University Press for the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Kirkbride, D., De Saint-Mathurin, S. & Copeland, L.. 1983. Results, tentative interpretations and suggested chronology, in Roe, 1983: 41531.Google Scholar
Köhler-Rollefson, I., Gillespie, W. & Metzger, M. 1988. The fauna from Neolithic Ain Ghazal, in Garrard, & Gebel, (1988): 42330.Google Scholar
Lechevallier, M. 1978. Abu Gosh et Beisamoun: deux gisements du Vlle millénaire avant l’ère chrétienne en Israel. Paris. Mémoires et Travaux du Centre de Recherches Préhistorique Français de Jerusalem 2.Google Scholar
Lechevallier, M. & Ronen, A.. 1985. Le site Natoufien-Khiamien de Hatoula, près de Latroun, Israel: fouilles 1980–1982. Rapport préliminaire. Jerusalem: Cahiers du Centre de Recherches Français de Jérusalem 1.Google Scholar
Lubell, D. & Gautier, A.. 1979. Holocene environment and Capsian subsistence in Algeria, in Van Zinderen Bakker Sr, E.M. & Coetzee, J.A. (ed.), Paleoecology of Africa and the surrounding islands 11: 1718.Google Scholar
Marks, A.E. 1976a. Prehistory and paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel 1: The Avdat/Aqev area part 1. Dallas: SMU Press.Google Scholar
Marks, A.E. 1976b. Site D5 : a Geometric Kebaran ‘A’ occupation in the Nahal Aqev, in Marks, (1976a): 22784.Google Scholar
Marks, A.E. 1976c. Ein Aqev: a late Levantine Upper Palaeolithic site in the Nahal Aqev, in Marks, (1976a): 227284.Google Scholar
Marks, A.E. 1977. Prehistory and paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel 2: The Avdat/Aqev area part 2 and the Har Harif. Dallas: SMU Press.Google Scholar
Marks, A.E. & Larson, P.A. Jr. 1977. Test excavations at the Natufian site of Rosh Horesha, in Marks, (1977): 191202.Google Scholar
Meehan, B. 1977. Man does not live by calories alone: the role of shellfish in a coastal cuisine, in Allen, J. Golson, J. & Jones, R. (ed.), Sunda and Sahul: prehistoric studies in Southeast Asia, Melanesia and Australia: 493531. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Mellaart, J. 1975. The Neolithic of the Near East. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Mienis, H.K. 1977. Marine molluscs from the Epipaleolithic, Natufian and Harifian of the Har Harif, Central Negev, Israel, in Marks, 1977: 34753.Google Scholar
Mienis, H.K. 1978. Molluscs from Abu Gosh and Beisamoun, in Lechevallier, (1978): 26972.Google Scholar
Noy, T., Legge, A.J. & Higgs, E.S.. 1973. Recent excavations at Nahal Oren, Israel, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 39: 7599.Google Scholar
Payne, S. 1983. Bones from cave sites: who ate what? Problems and a case study, in Clutton-Brock, & Grigson, (1983): 14962.Google Scholar
Perrot, J. 1960. Excavations at Eynan (‘Ein Mallaha): preliminary report on the 1959 season, Israel Exploration Journal 10: 1422.Google Scholar
Perrot, J. 1966. Le gisement Natoufien de Mallaha (Eynan), Israel, L’Anthropologie 56: 43783.Google Scholar
Phillips, J.L. 1977. The Harifian, in Bar-Yosef, & Phillips, (1977): 199218.Google Scholar
Phillips, J.L. & Mintz, E.. 1977. The Mushabian, in Bar-Yosef, & Phillips, (1977): 14983.Google Scholar
Pichon, J. 1985. Étude préliminaire de l’avifaune de Hatoula, in Lechevallier, & Ronen, (1985): 99101.Google Scholar
Price, T.D. & Brown, J.A. (ed.). 1985a. Prehistoric hunter-gatherers: the emergence of cultural complexity. Orlando (FL): Academic Press.Google Scholar
Price, T.D. & Brown, J.A. 1985b. Aspects of hunter-gatherer complexity, in Price, & Brown, (1985a): 320.Google Scholar
Redman, C.L. 1977. A model for the origin of agriculture in the Near East, in Reed, (1977): 54367.Google Scholar
Redman, C.L. 1978. The rise of civilization: from early farmers to urban society in the Ancient Near East. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.Google Scholar
Reed, C.A. (1977). Origins of agriculture. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Reese, D.S. 1982. Marine and freshwater molluscs from the Epipalaeolithic site of Hayonim Terrace, Western Galilee, Northern Israel, and other East Mediterranean sites, Paléorient 8: 8390.Google Scholar
Renfrew, C. 1982. Explanation revisited, in Renfrew, C. Rowlands, M.J. & Segraves, B.A. (ed.), Theory and explanation in archaeology: 123. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Rindos, D. 1984. The origins of agriculture: an evolutionary perspective. Orlando (FL): Academic Press.Google Scholar
Roe, D. (ed.). 1983. Adlun in the Stone Age: the excavations of D.A.E. Garrod in the Lebanon, 1958–1963. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports. International Series 159.Google Scholar
Rollefson, G.O. & Simmons, A.H.. 1984. The 1983 season at ‘Ain Ghazal: preliminary report, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 28: 1330.Google Scholar
Rollefson, G.O. & Simmons, A.H.. 1988. The Neolithic settlement at ‘Ain Ghazal, in Garrard, & Gebel, (1988): 393421.Google Scholar
Saxon, E.C. 1974. The mobile herding economy of Mt Carmel: an economic analysis of the faunal remains, Journal of Archaeological Science 1: 2745.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saxon, E.G., Martin, G. & Bar-Yosef, O.. 1978. Nahal Hadera V: an open-air site on the Israeli coast, Paléorient 4: 25366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, T.R. 1977. The Harifian of the Central Negev, in Marks, (1977): 27186.Google Scholar
Servello, A.F. 1976. Nahal Divshon: a Pre-Pottery Neolithic B hunting camp, in Marks, (1976a): 34954.Google Scholar
Service, E.R. 1971. Primitive social organization: an evolutionary perspective. New York: Random House. 2nd edition.Google Scholar
Soffer, O.1985. The Upper Paleolithic of the Central Russian Plain. New York: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steward, J.H. 1955. Theory of culture change: the methodology of multilinear evolution. Urbana (IL): University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Tchernov, E. 1976. Some late Quaternary remains from the Avdat/Aqev area, in Marks, (1976a): 6973.Google Scholar
Tchernov, E. 1980. The faunal remains from the Gilgal site, in Noy, T. Schuldenrein, F. & Tchernov, E., Gilgal, a Pre-Pottery Neolithic A site in the Lower Jordan Valley, Israel Exploration Journal 30: 7382.Google Scholar
Tchernov, E. 1984. Faunal turnover and extinction rate in the Levant, in Martin, P.S. & Klein, R.G. (ed.), Quarternary extinctions: a prehistoric revolution: 52852. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Tchernov, E. & Bar-Yosef, O.. 1982. Animal exploitation in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B period at Wadi Tbeik, Southern Sinai, Paléorient 8: 1737.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ucko, P.J. & Dimbleby, G.W. (ed.). 1969. The domestication and exploitation of plants and animals. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar
Ucko, P.J., Tringham, R. & Dimbleby, G.W. (ed.). 1972. Man, settlement & urbanism. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar
Walker, E.P. 1983. Mammals of the world 11. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Webb, W.S. & Dejarnette, D.L.. 1942. An archaeological survey of Pickwick Basin in the adjacent portions of the states of Alabama, Mississippi and Tennessee. Washington (DC): Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 129.Google Scholar
Wedel, W.R. 1938. The direct-historical approach in Pawnee archaeology, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection 97 (7).Google Scholar
Wendorf, F. & Marks, A.E. (ed.) 1975. Problems in prehistory: North Africa and the Levant. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press.Google Scholar
Yellen, J.E. 1977. Archaeological approaches to the present. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Zar, J.H. 1974. Biostatistical analysis. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar