Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T00:17:40.525Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Radiocarbon dating the Iron Age in the Levant: a Bayesian model for six ceramic phases and six transitions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2015

Israel Finkelstein
Affiliation:
The Jacob M. Alkow Department of Archaeology and Ancient Near Eastern Civilizations, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel (Email: [email protected])
Eli Piasetzky
Affiliation:
The Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel (Email: [email protected])

Abstract

The Bayesian model presented in this article is the first attempt to produce a chronological framework for the Iron Age in the Levant, using radiocarbon dating alone. The model derives from 339 determinations on 142 samples taken from 38 strata at 18 sites. The framework proposes six ceramic phases and six transitions which cover c. 400 years, between the late twelfth and mid eighth centuries BC. It furnishes us with a new scientific backbone for the history of Iron Age Levant.

The article is supported by an online supplement which can be found in at http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/finkelstein324

Type
Research articles
Copyright
Copyright © Antiquity Publications Ltd 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Boaretto, E. 2006. Radiocarbon dates, in Finkelstein, I., Ussishkin, D. & Halpern, B. (ed.) Megiddo IV: the 1998-2002 seasons (Tel Aviv University: Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology Monograph Series 24): 550557. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology.Google Scholar
Breasted, J.H. 1948. Bronze base of a statue of Ramses VI discovered at Megiddo, in Loud, G.Megiddo II: 135138. Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Bronk Ramsey, C. 1995. Radiocarbon calibration and analysis of stratigraphy: the OxCal program. Radiocarbon 37: 425430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bronk Ramsey, C. 2001. Development of the radiocarbon program OxCal. Radiocarbon 43: 355363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carmi, I. & Ussishkin, D.. 2004. 14C dates, in Ussishkin, D. (ed.) The renewed archaeological excavations at Lachish (1973-94), Volume V (Tel Aviv University: Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology Monograph Series 22): 25082513. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology.Google Scholar
Coldstream, N. 2003. Some Aegean reactions to the chronological debate in the southern Levant. Tel Aviv 30: 247258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coldstream, N. & Mazar, A.. 2003. Greek pottery from Tel Rehov and Iron Age chronology. Israel Exploration Journal 53: 2948.Google Scholar
Finkelstein, I. 1996. The archaeology of the United Monarchy: an alternative view. Levant 28: 177187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finkelstein, I. 2003. City states and states: polity dynamics in the 10th-9th centuries BCE, in Dever, W.G. & Gitin, S. (ed.) Symbiosis, symbolism and the power of the past: Canaan, ancient Israel, and their neighbors: 7583. Winona Lake (IN): Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Finkelstein, I. 2005. A low chronology update: archaeology, history and the Bible, in Levy, T.E. & Higham, T. (ed.) The Bible and radiocarbon dating: archaeology, text and science: 3142. London: Equinox.Google Scholar
Finkelstein, I. & Piasetzky, E.. 2003. Recent radiocarbon results and King Solomon. Antiquity 77: 771779.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finkelstein, I. & Piasetzky, E.. 2006a. The Iron I-IIA in the highlands and beyond: 14C anchors, pottery phases and the Shoshenq I campaign. Levant 38: 4561.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finkelstein, I. & Piasetzky, E.. 2006b 14C and the Iron Age chronology debate: Rehov, Khirbet en-Nahas, Dan and Megiddo. Radiocarbon 48: 373386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finkelstein, I. & Piasetzky, E.. 2007 Radiocarbon dating and the late-Iron I in northern Canaan: a new proposal. Ugarit-Forschungen 39: 247260.Google Scholar
Finkelstein, I. & Piasetzky, E.. 2009. Radiocarbon-dated destruction layers: a skeleton for Iron Age chronology in the Levant. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 28(3): 255274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finkelstein, I. & Piasetzky, E.. In press. The Iron I/IIA transition in the Levant: a reply to Mazar and Bronk Ramsey and a new perspective. Radiocarbon.Google Scholar
Harrison, T.P.(ed.) 2004. Megiddo III. Final report of the Stratum VI excavations. Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Herzog, Z. & Singer-Avitz, L.. 2004. Redefining the centre: the emergence of state in Judah. Tel Aviv 31: 209244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herzog, Z. & Singer-Avitz, L.. 2006. Sub-dividing the Iron IIA in northern Israel: a suggested solution to the chronological debate. Tel Aviv 33: 163195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krauss, R. 1994. Ein wahrscheinlicher Terminus post quem f¨ur das Ende von Lachisch VI. Mitteilungen der Deutchen Orient-Gesellschaft zu Berlin 126: 123130.Google Scholar
Mazar, A. 2005. The debate over the chronology of the Iron Age in the southern Levant: its history, the current situation and a suggested resolution, in Levy, T.E. & Higham, T. (ed.) The Bible and radiocarbon dating: archaeology, text and science: 1530. London: Equinox.Google Scholar
Mazar, A. & Ramsey, C. Bronk. 2008. 14C dates and the Iron Age chronology of Israel: a response. Radiocarbon 50: 159180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazar, A. & Panitz-Cohen, N.. 2001. Timnah (Tel Batash) II: the finds from the first millennium BCE, Text (Qedem Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem 42). Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology.Google Scholar
Mazar, A., Bruins, H.J., Panitz-Cohen, N. & Van Der Plicht, J.. 2005. Ladder of time at Tel Rehov: stratigraphy, archaeological context, pottery and radiocarbon dates, in Levy, T.E. & Higham, T. (ed.) The Bible and radiocarbon dating: archaeology, text and science: 193255. London: Equinox.Google Scholar
Na'aman, N. 2002. The past that shapes the present. Jerusalem: Hamakor (in Hebrew).Google Scholar
Römer, T. 2007. The so-called deuteronomistic history. London: T. & T. Clark.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M.B. 1986. Radiocarbon dating and the ‘Old Wood’ problem: the case of the hohokam chronology. Journal of Archaeology Science 13: 1330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharon, I., Gilboa, A., Jull, T.A.J. & Boaretto, E..2007a. Report on the first stage of the Iron Age dating project in Israel: supporting a low chronology. Radiocarbon 49: 146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharon, I., Gilboa, A. & Boaretto, E.. 2007b. 14C and the early Iron Age of Israel – where are we really at? A commentary on the Tel Rehov radiometric dates, in Bietak, M. & Czerny, E. (ed.) The synchronization of civilizations in the eastern Mediterranean in the second millennium BC, III : 149155. Vienna: Österreichischen Akademie.Google Scholar
Singer-Avitz, L. 2002. Arad: the Iron Age pottery assemblages. Tel Aviv 29: 110214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yadin, Y. 1970. Megiddo of the Kings of Israel. Biblical Archaeologist 33: 6696.CrossRefGoogle Scholar