Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T00:58:12.494Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Palaeolithic art at Grotta di Cala dei Genovesi, Sicily: a new chronology for mobiliary and parietal depictions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 February 2018

Gianpiero di Maida*
Affiliation:
Graduate School Human Development in Landscape, Leibnizstraße 3, D-24118 Kiel, Germany Institute of Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Johanna-Mestorf-Straße 2–6, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
Marcos García-Diez
Affiliation:
Department of Geography, Prehistory and Archaeology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Calle de Francisco Tomás y Valiente s/n, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, Calle de Fernán González 76, 09003 Burgos, Spain
Andreas Pastoors
Affiliation:
Institute of Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kochstraße 4/18, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
Thomas Terberger
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeological Heritage, Niedersächsisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege, Scharnhorststraße 1, 30175 Hannover, Germany
*
*Author for correspondence (Email: [email protected])

Abstract

Unusually for a Palaeolithic cave, the Grotta di Cala dei Genovesi on the island of Levanzo, off the west coast of Sicily, Italy, has yielded evidence of both parietal and mobiliary art. Developments in dating techniques since the excavations of the 1950s now allow the age of the mobiliary art—an engraved aurochs—to be determined. At the same time, stylistic comparison of the parietal art at Grotta di Cala dei Genovesi with other broadly contemporaneous sites that demonstrate well-documented cave art allows a relative chronology to be proposed. The two methods taken together enable a direct chronological comparison to be made between the production of parietal and mobiliary art at this important cave site.

Type
Research
Copyright
Copyright © Antiquity Publications Ltd, 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alessio, M., Bella, F., Improta, S., Belluomini, G., Cortesi, C. & Turi, B.. 1970. University of Rome carbon-14 dates VIII. Radiocarbon 12: 599616. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200008304 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asioli, A., Trincardi, F., Lowe, J.J. & Oldfield, F.. 1999. Short-term climate changes during the Last Glacial–Holocene transition: comparison between Mediterranean records and the GRIP event stratigraphy. Journal of Quaternary Science 14: 373–81. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1417(199907)14:4<373::AID-JQS472>3.0.CO;2-T 3.0.CO;2-T>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aubert, M., Brumm, A., Ramli, R., Sutikna, T., Sapromo, E.W., Hakim, B., Morwood, M.J., van den Berg, G.D., Kinsley, L. & Dosseto, A.. 2014. Pleistocene cave art from Sulawesi, Indonesia. Nature 514: 223–27. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13422 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Azzi, C.M., Bigliocca, L. & Piovan, E.. 1973. Florence radiocarbon dates I. Radiocarbon 15: 479–87. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200008948 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bicho, N., Carvalho, A.F., González-Sainz, C., Sanchidrián, J.L., Villaverde Bonilla, V. & Straus, L.G.. 2007. The Upper Palaeolithic rock art of Iberia. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 14: 81151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-007-9025-5 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bovio Marconi, J. 1952. Isole Egadi—esplorazioni archeologiche a Levanzo e Favignana. Notizie degli scavi VI: 185–99.Google Scholar
Breuil, H. 1952. Quatre cents siècles d'art parietal. Les cavernes ornées de l'age du renne. Montignac: Centre d'Etudes et Documentation Préhistoriques.Google Scholar
Cassoli, P.F. & Tagliacozzo, A.. 1982. La fauna della Grotta di Cala Genovesi a Levanzo. Rivista di Scienze Preistoriche 32: 124–34.Google Scholar
Clottes, J. & Valladas, H.. 2003. Style, Chauvet and radiocarbon. Antiquity 77: 142–45. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00061433 Google Scholar
d'Errico, F. 1996. L'art azilien dans son contexte européen, in Beltrán, A. & Vigliardi, A. (ed.) The colloquia of the 13th International Congress of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences: Forlì (Italia), 8–14 September 1996. Volume 8: art in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic: 1120. Forlì: A.B.A.C.O. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00061433 Google Scholar
d'Errico, F. & Possenti, L.. 1999. L'art épipaléolithique de la Méditerranée occidentale: comparaisons thémathiques et technologiques, in Sacchi, D. (ed.) Les facies leptolithiques du nord-ouest méditerranéen: milieux naturels et culturels: 93116. Paris: Société préhistorique française.Google Scholar
di Maida, G. 2016a. 3D in the cave: hey young deer, why the long face (and no tail)? Rock Art Research 33: 209–18.Google Scholar
di Maida, G. 2016b. Le grotte con arte del Tradiglaciale nel Palermitano: nuove metodologie e prospettive di recerca. Notiziario Archeologico della Soprintendenza di Palermo 6. Available at: http://www.regione.sicilia.it/beniculturali/dirbenicult/notiziarioarcheologicopalermo/06_di%20Maida_Preistoria.pdf (accessed 11 September 2017).Google Scholar
di Maida, G. & Mussi, M.. 2017. Cry wolf! The engraved pebble of Grotta Polesini (central Italy), in Wojtczak, D., Najjar, M. Al, Jagher, R., Elsuede, H., Wegmüller, F. & Otte, M. (ed.) Vocation préhistoire. Hommage à Jean-Marie Le Tensorer. Liège: ERAUL.Google Scholar
Ferrara, G., Fornaca-Rinaldi, G. & Tongiorgi, E.. 1961. Carbon-14 dating in Pisa II. Radiocarbon 3: 141–49. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200020889 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
García-Diez, M. & Cacho, C.. 2015. Beyond Leroi-Gourhan's style IV: portable art at La Peña de Estevanbela rockshelter (Segovia, Spain). Journal of Anthropology and Archaeology 3: 2336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
García-Diez, M. & Ochoa, B.. 2013. Arte prehistórico, in García-Diez, M. & Zapata, L. (ed.) Métodos y técnicas de análisis y estudio en arqueología prehistórica. De lo técnico a la reconstrucción de los grupos humanos: 611–34. Bilbao: Universidad del País Vasco.Google Scholar
García-Diez, M. & Vaquero, M.. 2006. La variabilité graphique du Molí del Salt (Vimbodí, Catalogne, Espagne) et l'art mobilier de la fin du paléolithique supérieur à l'est de la Péninsule Ibérique. L'Anthropologie 110: 453–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anthro.2006.07.009 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
García-Diez, M., Garrido, D., Hoffmann, D.L., Pettitt, P.B., Pike, A.W.G. & Zilhao, J.. 2015. The chronology of hand stencils in European Palaeolithic rock art: implications of new U-series results from El Castillo Cave (Cantabria, Spain). Journal of Anthropological Sciences 93: 118. https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.93004 Google ScholarPubMed
Graziosi, P. 1950. Le pitture e i graffiti dell'isola di Levanzo nell'arcipelago delle Egadi (Sicilia). Rivista di Scienze Preistoriche V: 143.Google Scholar
Graziosi, P. 1953. Nuovi graffiti parietali della Grotta di Levanzo (Egadi). Rivista di Scienze Preistoriche VIII: 120–37.Google Scholar
Graziosi, P. 1954. Pietra graffita paleolitica e ciottoli dipinti nella Grotta di Levanzo (Sicilia). Rivista di Scienze Preistoriche IX: 7988.Google Scholar
Graziosi, P. 1962. Levanzo: pitture e incisioni. Firenze: Sansoni.Google Scholar
Graziosi, P. 1973. L'arte preistorica in Italia. Firenze: Sansoni.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, D.L., Utrilla, P., Bea, M., Pike, A.W.G., García-Diez, M., Zilhão, J. & Domingo, R.. 2017. U-series dating of Palaeolithic rock art at Fuente del Trucho (Aragón, Spain). Quaternary International 432 (part B): 5058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.111 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leroi-Gourhan, A. 1980. I più antichi artisti d'Europa. Introduzione all'arte parietale paleolitica. Milano: Jaca Book.Google Scholar
Leroi-Gourhan, A., Delluc, B. & Delluc, G.. 1995. Préhistoire de l'art occidental. Paris: Citadelles & Mazenod.Google Scholar
Lorblanchet, M. 1989. De l'art naturaliste des chasseurs de rennes à l'art géometrique du mésolithique dans le sud de la France. Almansor 7: 95124.Google Scholar
Lorblanchet, M. & Welte, A.C.. 1990. L'art mobilier paléolithique du Quercy: chronologie et themes, in Clottes, J. (ed.) L'art des objets au Paléolithique: 3164. Foix: Ministère de la Culture.Google Scholar
Martini, F. 2012. La cultura visuale del Paleolitico e del Mesolitico in Italia. Temi, linguaggi iconografici, aspetti formali. Preistoria Alpina 46: 1730.Google Scholar
Martini, F. & Frediani, A.. 1997. Per una definizione di struttura iconografica: le figurazioni mobiliari di Grotta del Cavallo. Rivista di Scienze Preistoriche XLVIII: 239–80.Google Scholar
Martini, F., Lo Vetro, D., Colonese, A.C., De Curtis, O., Di Giuseppe, Z., Locatelli, E. & Sala, B.. 2007. L'Eipigravettiano finale in Sicilia, in Martini, F. (ed.) L'Italia tra 15.000 e 10.000 anni fa. Cosmopolitismo e regionalità nel Tardoglaciale. Firenze: Museo Fiorentino di Preistoria ‘Paolo Graziosi’.Google Scholar
Pettitt, P.B. & Bahn, P.. 2003. Current problems in dating cave art: Candamo and Chauvet. Antiquity 77: 134–41. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00061421 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pettitt, P.B. & Pike, A.. 2007. Dating European cave art: progress, prospects, problems. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 14: 2747. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-007-9026-4 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pike, A.W.G., Gilmour, M., Pettitt, P., Jacobi, R., Ripoll, S., Bahn, P. & Muñoz, F.. 2005. Verification of the age of the Palaeolithic cave art at Creswell Crags, UK. Journal of Archaeological Science 32: 1649–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2005.05.002 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pike, A.W.G., Hoffmann, D.L., García-Diez, M., Pettitt, P., Alcolea, J., De Balbín, R., González Sainz, C., de las Heras, C., Lasheras, J.A., Montes, R. & Zilhao, J.. 2012. U-series dating of Paleolithic art in 11 caves in Spain. Science 336: 1409–13. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1219957 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pike, A.W.G., Hoffmann, D.L., Pettitt, P.B., García-Diez, M. & Zilhão, J.. 2017. Dating Palaeolithic cave art: why U-Th is the way to go. Quaternary International 432 (part B): 4149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.12.013 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plonka, T. 2003. The portable art of Mesolithic Europe. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, S.O., Andersen, K.K., Svensson, A.M., Steffensen, J.P., Vinther, B.M., Clausen, H.B., Siggaard-Andersen, M.-L., Johnsen, S.J., Larsen, L.B., Dahl-Jensen, D., Bigler, M., Röthlisberger, R., Fischer, H., Goto-Azuma, K., Hansson, M.E. & Ruth, U.. 2006. A new Greenland ice core chronology for the Last Glacial Termination. Journal of Geophysical Research 111: D06102. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006079 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rasmussen, S.O., Vinther, B.M., Clausen, H.B. & Andersen, K.K.. 2007. Early Holocene climate oscillations recorded in three Greenland ice cores. Quaternary Science Reviews 26: 1907–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.06.015 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rasmussen, S.O., Seierstad, I.K., Andersen, K.K., Bigler, M., Dahl-Jensen, D. & Johnsen, S.J.. 2008. Synchronization of the NGRIP, GRIP, and GISP2 ice cores across MIS 2 and palaeoclimatic implications. Quaternary Science Reviews 27: 1828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.01.016 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reimer, P.J., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J.W., Blackwell, P.G., Bronk Ramsey, C., Buck, C.E., Cheng, H., Lawrence Edwards, R., Friedrich, M., Grootes, P.M., Guilderson, T.P., Haflidason, H., Hajdas, I., Hatté, C., Heaton, T.J., Hoffmann, D.L., Hogg, A.G., Hughen, K.A., Felix Kaiser, K., Kromer, B., Manning, S.W., Niu, M., Reamer, R.W., Richards, D.A., Marian Scott, E., Southon, J.R., Staff, R.A., Turney, C.S.M. & van der Plicht, J.. 2013. IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0–50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55: 1869–87. https://doi.org/10.2458/azu_js_rc.55.16947 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siani, G., Paterne, M., Arnold, M., Bard, E., Métivier, B., Tisnerat, N. & Bassinot, F.. 2000. Radiocarbon reservoir ages in the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea. Radiocarbon 42: 271–80. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200059075 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tufano, E., Tusa, S., Mannino, M. & Thomas, K.D.. 2012. Resconto preliminare delle indagini stratigrafiche alla Grotta di Cala del Genovese, in Atti della XLI Riunione Scientifica dell'Istituto Italiano di Preistoria e Protostoria. Dai Ciclopi agli Ecisti. Società e territorio nella Sicilia preistorica e protostorica, Palermo 16–19 novembre 2006: 123–34. Firenze: Istituto Italiano di Preistoria e Protostoria.Google Scholar
Tusa, S., di Maida, G., Pastoors, A., Piezonka, H., Weniger, G.C. & Terberger, T.. 2013. The Grotta di Cala dei Genovesi—new studies on the Ice Age cave art on Sicily. Praehistorische Zeitschrift 88 (1–2): 122. https://doi.org/10.1515/pz-2013-0001 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valladas, H., Tisnérat-Laborde, N., Cachier, H., Arnold, M., Bernaldo de Quirós, F., Cabrera-Valdés, V., Clottes, J., Courtin, J., Fortea-Pérez, J.J., González-Sainz, C. & Moure-Romanillo, A.. 2005. Radiocarbon AMS dates for Paleolithic cave paintings. Radiocarbon 43: 977–86. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200041643 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valladas, H., Genty, D., Kaltnecker, E., Quiles, A., Tisnérat-Laborde, N., Arnold, M., Delqué-Količ, E., Moreau, C., Baffier, D., Cleyet Merle, J.J., Clottes, J., Girard, M., Monney, J., Montes, R., Sainz, C., Sanchidrian, J.L. & Simonnet, R.. 2013. Dating French and Spanish prehistoric decorated caves in their archaeological contexts. Radiocarbon 55: 1422–31. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200048359 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vigliardi, A. 1982. Gli strati paleo-mesolitici della Grotta di Levanzo. Rivista di Scienze Preistoriche XXXII: 79123.Google Scholar
Vigliardi, A. 1996. Manifestazioni artistiche dell'Epigravettiano finale e del mesolitico in Italia, in Beltrán, A. & Vigliardi, A. (ed.) The colloquia of the 13th International Congress of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences: Forlì (Italia), 8–14 September 1996 . Volume 8: art in the Palaeolothic and Mesolithic: 3748. Forlì: A.B.A.C.O.Google Scholar
Villaverde Bonilla, V. 1994. Arte paleolítico de la Cova del Parpalló. Estudio de la colección de plaquetas y cantos grabados y pintados. Valencia: Servei d'Investigació Prehistòrica, Diputación de Valencia.Google Scholar
Villaverde Bonilla, V., Romań, D., Peŕez Ripoll, M., Mercè Bergadà, M. & Real, C.. 2012. The end of the Upper Palaeolithic in the Mediterranean Basin of the Iberian Peninsula. Quaternary International 272–73: 1732.CrossRefGoogle Scholar