Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T01:39:38.212Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Palaeo-ecology and Pleistocene human occupation in south central Tasmania

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2015

Richard Cosgrove ,
Jim Allen  and
Brendan Marshall
Brendan Marshall
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Evidence for the late-Pleistocene and early-Holocene settlement of Tasmania is now offered by a growing number of sites in a variety of landscapes; among the more remarkable finds are cave-sites with evidence for human settlement of periglacial uplands before 30,000 BP. Good faunal assemblages and environmental records allow the reconstruction of a subsistence system different in character from those modelled on a European Pleistocene prototype.

Type
Papers
Information
Antiquity , Volume 64 , Issue 242 , March 1990 , pp. 59 - 78
Copyright
Copyright © Antiquity Publications Ltd 1990

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen, J. 1989. Excavations at Bone Cave, South Central Tasmania, January-February 1989. Austrafian Archaeology 28: 105–6.Google Scholar
Allen, J. & Cosgrove, R.. 1989. Southern Forests archaeological report no. 2: excavations in the Upper Weld Valley, south central Tasmania, January-February 1989. Unpublished report to the Department of Lands, Parks and Wildlife Service, Hobart, Tasmania. Google Scholar
ALLEN, J., Cosgrove, R. & Brown, S.. 1988. New archaeological data from the Southern Forests region , Tasmania, Australian Archaeology 27: 75–88.Google Scholar
Allen, J., Marshall, B. & Ranson, D.. In press. A note on excavations at the Maxwell River site, M86/2, Southwest Tasmania, Australian Archaeology. Google Scholar
Barlow, B.A. (ed.). 1986. Flora and fauna of Alpine Australasia: ages and origins. Melbourne: CSIRO.Google Scholar
Binford, L. 1978. Nunamiut ethnoarchaeology. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Binford, L. 1981. Bones: ancient men and modern myths. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Blain, B., Fullagar, R., Ranson, D., Allen, J., Harris, S., Jones, R., Stadler,, E. Cosgrove, R. & Middleton, G.. 1983. The Australian National University-Tasmanian National Parks and Wildlife Service Archaeological Expedition to the Franklin and Gordon Rivers, 1983: summary of results, Australian Archaeology 16: 71–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowden, A.R. 1978a. Coastal sands of north east Tasmania: geomorphology and groundwater hydrology. Unpublished Ph.D thesis, University of Tasmania.Google Scholar
Bowden, A.R. 1978b. Geomorphic perspective on shallow groundivaterpotential, coastal northeastern Tasmania. AWRC Technical Paper 36.Google Scholar
Bowden, A.R. 1983. Relict terrestrial dunes: legacies of a former climate in coastal northeastern Tasmania, Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, Supplement Band 45: 153–74.Google Scholar
Bowdler, S. 1981. Hunters in the highlands: Aboriginal adaptations in the Eastern Australian uplands, Archaeology in Oceania 16: 99–111.Google Scholar
Bowdler, S. 1984. Hunter Hill, Hunter Island. Canberra: Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University. Terra Australis 8.Google Scholar
Bowler, J.M., Jones,, R. Allen, H. & Thorne, A.G.. 1970. Pleistocene human remains from Australia: a living site and human cremation from Mungo, Lake, western New South Wales, World Archaeology 2: 39–60.Google Scholar
Bowman, D.M.J.S. & Brown, M.J.. 1986. Bushfires in Tasmania: a botanical approach to anthropological questions, Archaeology in Oceania 21: 166–71.Google Scholar
Bowman, D.M.J.S. & Jackson, W.D.. 1981. Vegetation succession in Southwest Tasmania, Search 12 (10): 358–62.Google Scholar
Bowman, D.M.J.S., Maclean, A.R. & Crowden, R.K.. 1986. Vegetation—soil relations in the lowlands of south-west Tasmania, Australian Journal of Ecology 11: 141–53.Google Scholar
Campbell, J.B. 1984. Extending the archaeological frontier: a review of work on the prehistory of north Queensland, Queensland Archaeological Research 1: 173–84.Google Scholar
Colhoun, E.A. 1978. The late Quaternary environment of Tasmania as a backdrop to man's occupance, Records of the Queen Victoria Museum 61: 1–12.Google Scholar
Colhoun, E.A. 1985a. Pre-Last Glaciation Maximum vegetation history at Henty Bridge, western Tasmania. New Phytologist 100: 681–90.Google Scholar
Colhoun, E.A. 1985b. Glaciations of the West Coast Range, Tasmania, Quaternary Research 24: 39–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colhoun, E.A. & Moon, A.. 1984. Estuarine sediments at the Bowen Bridge on the Derwent River, southeastern Tasmania, Search 15 (7-8): 224–6.Google Scholar
Colhoun, E.A. & Van De Geer, G.. 1986. Holocene to middle Last Glaciation vegetation history at Tull-abardine Dam, western Tasmania, Proceedings of the Royal Society London B 229: 177–207.Google Scholar
Colhoun, E.A. 1987a. Pleistocene macro- and micro-plant fossils from Rosebery, western Tasmania, Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 121: 89–92.Google Scholar
Colhoun, E.A. 1987b. Vegetation history and climate before the Maximum of the Last Glaciation at Crotty, western Tasmania, Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 121: 69–74.Google Scholar
Colhoun, E.A., Van De Geer, G. & Mook, W.G.. 1982. Stratigraphy, pollen analysis, and palaeoclimatic interpretation of Pulbeena Swamp, northwestern Tasmania, Quaternary Research 18: 108–26.Google Scholar
Collier, S. & Hobson, K.A.. 1987. The importance of marine protein in the diet of coastal Australian Aboriginals, Current Anthropology 28 (4): 559–64.Google Scholar
Cosgrove, R. 1985. New evidence for Early Holocene Aboriginal occupation in northeast Tasmania, Australian Archaeology 21: 19–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cosgrove, R. 1989 Thirty thousand years of human colonization in Tasmania: new Pleistocene dates, Science 243: 1703–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cosgrove, R. & Jones, R.. 1989. Judds Cavern: a subterranean Aboriginal painting site, southern Tasmania, Rock Art Research 6 (2): 96–104.Google Scholar
Delcourt, P.A. & Delcourt, H.R.. 1983. Late-Quaternary vegetational dynamics and community stability reconsidered, Quaternary Research 19: 265–71.Google Scholar
Dincauze, D.F. 1987. Strategies for palaeoenviron-mental reconstruction in archaeology, Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 11: 255–336.Google Scholar
Dodson, J.R. 1989. Late Pleistocene vegetation and environmental shifts in Australia and their bearing on faunal extinctions, Journal of Archaeological Science 16: 207–17.Google Scholar
Dodson, P. & Wexlar, D.. 1979. Taphonomic investigations of owl pellets, Paleobiology 5 (3): 275–84.Google Scholar
Dorn, R.I., Nobbs, M. & Cahill, T.A.. 1988. Cation-ratio dating of rock-engravings from the Olary Province of arid South Australia, Antiquity 62: 681–9.Google Scholar
Dortch, C. 1984 Devil's Lair: a study in prehistory. Perth: Western Australian Museum.Google Scholar
Douglas, A.M., Kendrickd, G.W. & Merrilees, D.. 1966. A fossil bone deposit near Perth, Western Australia, interpreted as a carnivore's den after feeding tests on living Sarcophilus (Marsupialia, Dasyuridae), Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 49: 88–90.Google Scholar
Dove, H.S. 1925. Notes on the Tasmanian emu, The Emu 24: 221–2, 300. Google Scholar
Dove, H.S. 1926. The Tasmanian emu, The Emu 25: 213, 290–91.Google Scholar
Driessen, M.M. 1988. Age structure and reproduction of Bennetts and Rufous Wallabies in Tasmania. Unpublished report (Phase 1) to the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Canberra.Google Scholar
Ellis, R.C. 1985. The relationships among eucalypt forest, grassland and rainforest in a highland area in north-eastern Tasmania, Australian journal of Ecology 10: 297–314.Google Scholar
Ellis, R.C. 1986. The relationship between subalpine grass land and forest communities in northern Tas mania, in Barlow, (1986): 243–8.Google Scholar
Ellis, R.C. & Gravley, A.M.. 1987. Soil chemical properties as related to forest succession in a highland area in northeast Tasmania, Australian Journal of Ecology 12: 307–17.Google Scholar
Flood, J. 1980. The moth hunters: Aboriginal prehistory of the Australian Alps. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.Google Scholar
Foley, R. 1977. Space and energy: a method for analysing habitat value and utilization in relation to archaeological sites, in Clarke, D.L. (ed.), Spatial archaeology: 163–87. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Foley, R. 1981 Aspects of variability in palaeoecological studies, in Sheridan, A. & Bailey, G. (ed.), Economic archaeology: 67–75. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports. International Series 96.Google Scholar
Foley, R. 1987. Hominid species and stone-tool assemblages: how are they related?, Antiquity 61: 380–92.Google Scholar
Fudali, R.F. & Ford, R.J.. 1979. Darwin Glass and Darwin Crater: a progress report, Meteoritics 14: 283.Google Scholar
Galloway, R.W. 1986. Australian snowfields past and present, in Barlow, (1986): 27–35.Google Scholar
Gamble, C. 1984. Regional variation in hunter-gatherer strategy in the Upper Pleistocene of Europe, in Foley, R. (ed.), Hominid evolution: 237–60. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Gamble, C. 1986. The Palaeolithic settlement of Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Geering, K. 1983 Preliminary analysis of the faunal remains from Cave, Kutikina, Franklin River, 1981 excavation. Unpublished report to Tasmanian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Hobart.Google Scholar
Gibson, N., Kiernan, K.W. & Macphail, M.K.. 1987. A fossil Bolster Plant from the King River, Tasmania, Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 121: 35–42.Google Scholar
Gibson, N. & Kirkpatrick, J.B.. 1985. Vegetation and flora associated with localized snow accumulation at Mount Field West, >Tasmania, Australian Journal of Ecology 10: 91–9.Google Scholar
Gilbert, J.M. 1949. Fire control in Tasmania, Australian Forestry 13 (5); 1: 34–9.Google Scholar
Gilbert, J.M. 1959. Forest succession in the Florentine Valley, Tasmania, Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 93: 129–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goede, A. & Murray, P.. 1977. Pleistocene man in south central Tasmania: evidence from a cave site in the Florentine Valley, Mankind 11 (1): 2–10.Google Scholar
Goede, A., Murray, P. & Harmon, R.. 1978. Pleistocene man and megafauna in Tasmania: dated evidence from cave sites, Artefact 3: 139–49.Google Scholar
Gowlett, J.A.J. 1987. The coming of modern man, Antiquity 61: 210–19.Google Scholar
Harris, S., Ranson, D. & Brown, S.. 1988. Maxwell River archaeological survey, 1986, Australian Archaeology 27: 89–97.Google Scholar
Hill, R.S. & Read, J.. 1984. Post-fire regeneration of rainforest and mixed forest in western Tasmania, Australian Journal of Botany 32: 481–93.Google Scholar
Hiscock, P. 1984. A preliminary report on the stone artefacts from Colless Creek Cave, northwest Queensland, Queensland Archaeological Research 1: 120–51.Google Scholar
Hocking, G.J. & Guiler, E.R.. 1983. The mammals of the lower Gordon River region south-west Tasmania, Australian Wildlife Research 10: 1–23.Google Scholar
Hoffman, R. 1988. The contribution of raptorial birds to patterning in small mammal assemblages, Paleobiology 14 (1): 81–90.Google Scholar
Hope, G.S. 1978. The late Pleistocene and Holocene vegetational history of Hunter Island, northwestern Tasmania, Australian Journal of Botany 26: 493–514.Google Scholar
Horton, D.R. 1981. Water and woodland: the peopling of Australia, Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies Newsletter 16: 21–7.Google Scholar
Jackson, W.D. 1973. Vegetation of the Central Plateau, in Banks, M. (ed.), The Lake Country of Tasmania: 61–85. Hobart: Royal Society of Tasmania.Google Scholar
Jackson, W.D. 1978 ‘Ecological drift': an argument against the continued practice of Hazard Reduction Burning, in Gee, H. & Fenton, J. (ed.), The South West book: a Tasmanian wilderness: 98–101. Melbourne: Australian Conservation Foundation.Google Scholar
Jarman, S.J., Crowden, R.K. & Brown, M.J.. 1982 A descriptive ecology of the vegetation in the lower Gordon River basin, Tasmania, Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 116: 165–76.Google Scholar
Jarman, P.J., Johnson, C.N., Southwell, C.J. & Stuart-Dick, R.. 1987. Macropod studies at Wallaby Creek I: the area and animals, Australian journal of Wildlife Research 14: 1–14.Google Scholar
Jochim, M. 1979. Breaking down the system: recent ecological approaches in archaeology, Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 2: 77–117.Google Scholar
Johnson, C.N. 1987. Macropod studies at Wallaby Creek IV: home range and movements of the red-necked wallaby, Australian Wildlife Research 14: 125–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, E. 1985. Current developments in bone technology, Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 8: 157–231.Google Scholar
Jones, K.T. & Metcalf, D.. 1988. Bare bones archaeology: bone marrow indices and efficiency, Journal of Archaeological Science 15: 414–23.Google Scholar
Jones, R. 1965. Archaeological reconnaissance in Tasmania, summer 1963/1964, Oceania 35: 191–201.Google Scholar
Jones, R. 1966. A speculative archaeological sequence for north-west Tasmania, Records of the Queen Victoria Museum 25: 1–12.Google Scholar
Jones, R. 1977. The Tasmanian paradox, in Wright, R.V.S. (ed.), Stone tools as cultural markers: change, evolution and complexity: 189–204. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.Google Scholar
Jones, R. 1984. Hunters and history: a case study from western Tasmania, in Schrire, C. (ed.), Past and present in hunter gatherer studies: 27–65. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Jones, R. 1987. Pleistocene life in the dead heart of Australia, Nature 328: 666.Google Scholar
Jones, R. 1988 Hunting forbears, in Roe, M. (ed.), The flow of culture: Tasmanian studies. 14–49 Canberra: Australian Academy of the Humanities.Google Scholar
Jones, R. 1989. East of Wallace's Line: issues and problems in the colonisation of the Australian continent, in Mellars, P. & Stringer, C. (ed.), The human revolution: behavioural and biological perspectives on the origins of modern humans: 743–82.Google Scholar
Jones, R.& Allen, J.. 1984. Archaeological investigations in the Andrew River valley, Acheron River valley and at Precipitous Bluff, Southwest Tasmania, February. 1984, Australian Archaeology 19: 86–101.Google Scholar
Jones, R., Cosgrove, R., Allen, J., Cane, S., Kiernan,, K. Webb, S., Loy, T., West, D. & Stadler, E.. 1988. An archaeological reconnaissance of karst caves within the Southern Forests region of Tasmania, September. 1987, Australian Archaeology 26: 1–23.Google Scholar
Kiernan, K. 1988. Caves and karst areas of Tasmania -a brief survey, Journal of the Sydney Speleological Society 32 (6): 107–21.Google Scholar
Kiernan, K., Jones, R. & Ranson, D.. 1983. New evidence from Fraser Cave for glacial age man in southwest Tasmania, Nature 301: 28–32.Google Scholar
King, F.B. & Graham, R.W.. 1981. Effects of ecological and paleoecological patterns on subsistence and paleoenvironmental reconstructions, American Antiquity 46 (1): 128–42.Google Scholar
Kirk, R.L. 1983. Aboriginal man adapting. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, J.B. 1982. Phytogeographical analysis of Tasmanian alpine floras, Journal of Biogeography 9: 255–71. Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, J.B. 1983. Treeless plant communities of the Tasmanian high country, Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia 12: 61–77.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, J.B. 1986. Tasmanian alpine biogeography and ecology and interpretations of the past, in Barlow, (1986): 229–42.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, J.B. & Brown, M.J.. 1984. The palaeogeographic significance of local endemism in Tasmanian higher plants, Search 15 (3-4): 112–13.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, J.B. 1987. The nature of the transition from sedgeland to alpine vegetation in south-west Tasmania 1: altitudinal vegetation change on four mountains, Journal of Biogeography 14: 539–49.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, J.B. & Dickinson, K.J.M.. 1984. The impact of fire on Tasmanian alpine vegetation and soils, Australian Journal of Botany 32: 613–29.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, J.B. & Duncan, F.. 1987. Tasmanian high altitude grassy vegetation: its distribution, community composition and conservation status, Australian Journal of Ecology 12: 73–86.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, J.B. & Harwood, C.E.. 1980. Vegetation of an infrequently burned Tasmanian mountain region, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 91: 79–107.Google Scholar
Lampert, R. 1971. Burrill Lake and Currarong. Canberra: Australian National University. Terra Australis 1.Google Scholar
Lourandos, H. 1983. Intensification: a late-Pleistocene-Holocene archaeological sequence from Southwestern Victoria, Archaeology in Oceania 18: 81–97.Google Scholar
Lourandos, H. 1985 Intensification and Australian prehistory, in Price, T.D. & Brown, J.A. (ed.), Prehistoric hunter gatherers: the emergence of cultural complexity. Orlando: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Lourandos, H. 1987. Pleistocene Australia: peopling of a continent, in Soffer, O. (ed.), The Pleistocene Old World: regional perspectives: 147–65. New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Lunney, D. & Grigg, G. (ed.). 1988. Kangaroo harvesting and the conservation of arid and semi-arid lands: proceedings of a Royal Zoological Society (NSW) conference, 14 May. 1988, = Australian Zoologist [special edition] 24.Google Scholar
Lyman, L. 1987. Archaeofaunas and butchery studies: a taphonomic perspective, Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 10: 249–337.Google Scholar
Macphail, M.K. 1975. Late Pleistocene environments in Tasmania, Search 6 (7): 295–300.Google Scholar
Macphail, M.K. 1979. Vegetation and climates in southern Tasmania since the Last Glaciation, Quaternary Research 11: 306–41.Google Scholar
Macphail, M.K. & Colhoun, E.A.. 1985. Late Last Glacial vegetation, climates and fire activity in southwest Tasmania, Search 16 (1-2): 43–5.Google Scholar
Macphail, M.K. & Jackson, W.D.. 1978. The Late Pleistocene and Holocene history of the Midlands of Tasmania, Australia: pollen evidence from Tiberias, Lake, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 90: 287–96.Google Scholar
Macphail, M.K. & Peterson, J.A.. 1975. New degla-ciation dates from Tasmania, Search 6 (4): 127–30.Google Scholar
Marshall, B. 1986. An experimental evaluation of the criteria used to distinguish owl-deposited bone in archaeological cave deposits in Australia, Australian Archaeology 22: 104–21.Google Scholar
Marshall, B. & Cosgrove, R.. Forthcoming. Tas-manian Devil scat contents and their archaeological implications, Archaeology in Oceania. Google Scholar
Middleton, G.J. 1979. Wilderness Caves of the Gordon-Franklin River system. Hobart: Centre for Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania.Google Scholar
Mulvaney, D.J. 1975. The Prehistory of Australia. 2nd edition. Ringwood: Penguin.Google Scholar
Murray, P.F. & Goede, A.. 1980. Pleistocene human occupation at Beginners Luck Cave, Florentine Valley, Tasmania, Archaeology and Physical Anthropology in Oceania 15: 142–52.Google Scholar
Nobbs, M.F. & Dorn, R.I.. 1988. Age determinations for rock art varnish formation within petroglyphsication-ratio dating of 24 motifs from the Olary region, South Australia, Rock Art Research 5 [2): 108–46.Google Scholar
Noe-Nygaard, N. 1977. Butchering and marrow fracturing as a taphonomic factor in archaeological deposits, Paleobiology 3: 218–37.Google Scholar
Noli, D. & Avery, G.. 1988. Protein poisoning and coastal subsistence, Journal of Archaeological Science 15: 395–401.Google Scholar
O'Dea, K. 1988. Kangaroo meat — polyunsaturated and low in fat: ideal for cholesterol-lowering diets, in Lunney, & Grigg, (1988): 140–43.Google Scholar
O'Connell, J.F. & Marshall, B.. 1989. Analysis of kangaroo body part transport among the Alyawara of central Australia, Journal of Archaeological Science: 393–405.Google Scholar
Pickett, S.T.A. & White, P.S. (ed.). 1985a. The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics. San Diego (CA): Academic Press.Google Scholar
Pickett, S.T.A. 1985b. Patch dynamics: a synthesis, in Pickett, & White, (1985a): 371–84.Google Scholar
Priddle, D. 1988. Habitat utilisation by Sympatric Red Kangaroos Macropus rufus, and Western Grey Kangaroos M. fuliginosus, in western New South Wales, Australian Wildlife Research 15: 413–21.Google Scholar
Priddle, D., Shepherd, N. & Wellard, G.. 1988. Home ranges of Sympatric Red Kangaroos Macropus rufus, and Western Grey Kangaroos M. fuliginosus, in western New South Wales, Australian Wildlife Research 15: 405–11.Google Scholar
Slgleo, W.R. & Colhoun, E.A.. 1981. A short pollen diagram from Crown Lagoon in the Midlands of Tasmania, Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 115: 181–8.Google Scholar
Sinclair, A.J. 1988. Nutritional properties of kangaroo meat, in Lunney, & Grigg, (1988): 146–8.Google Scholar
Soffer, O. 1987. The Upper Paleolithic of the central Russian plain. Orlando (FL): Academic Press.Google Scholar
Sollas, W.J. 1911. Ancient Hunters and their modern representatives. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Southwell, C. 1987. Macropod studies at Wallaby Creek II: density and distribution of macropod species in relation to environmental variables, Australian Wildlife Research 14: 15–33.Google Scholar
Speth|J.D. 1987. Early hominid subsistence strategies in seasonal habitats, Journal of Archaeological Science 14: 13–29.Google Scholar
Speth, J.D. & Spielman, K.A.. 1983. Energy source, protein metabolism, and hunter-gatherer subsistence strategies, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2: 1–31.Google Scholar
Strahan, R. 1983. The Australian Museum complete book o/Australian mammals. Sydney: Angus & Robertson.Google Scholar
Todd, L.C. & Rapson, D.J.. 1988 Long bone fragmentation and interpretation of faunal assemblages: approaches to comparative analysis, Journal of Archaeological Science 15: 307–25.Google Scholar
Trinkaus, E. 1986. The Neanderthals and modern human origins, Annual Review of Anthropology 15:. 193–218.Google Scholar
Webb, C. & Allen, J.. Forthcoming. A functional analysis of bone tools from two sites in south west Tasmania, Archaeology in Oceania.Google Scholar
White, J.P. 1977. Crude, colourless and unenterprising?: prehistorians and their views on the Stone Age of Sundaand Sahul, in Allen, J., Golson, J. & Jones, R. (ed.), Sunda and Sahul: prehistoric studies in Southeast Asia, Melanesia and Australia. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
White, J.P. & J.F. O'Connell. 1982. A prehistory of Australia, New Guinea and Sahul. Sydney: Academicy Press.Google Scholar
Wiens, J.A. 1985. Vertebrate responses to environmental patchiness in arid and semiarid ecosystems, in Pickett, & White, (1985a): 169–93.Google Scholar
Wright, R.V.S. 1970. Flaked stone material from GG-1, Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria 30: 79–92.Google Scholar