Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T12:45:55.722Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Macrofractures on bone-tipped arrows: analysis of hunter-gatherer arrows in the Fourie collection from Namibia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2015

Justin Bradfield*
Affiliation:
School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, WITS 2050, South Africa (Email: [email protected])

Extract

Bone points of two types, the one thin and poisoned and the other robust and not poisoned, are examined in this study of impact fractures. The bone points seem to have had similar experiences to stone points, producing fractures of a similar kind. Most of the fractures in the historical collection examined were caused by impacts. However, this early twentieth-century collection is not thought to be representative of contemporary fracture frequencies that occurred in hunting.

Type
Research article
Copyright
Copyright © Antiquity Publications Ltd. 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Arndt, S. & Newcomer, M.. 1986. Breakage patterns on prehistoric bone points: an experimental study, in Roe, D. (ed.) Studies in the Upper Palaeolithic of Britain and northwest Europe (British Archaeological Reports International Series 296): 165-73. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.Google Scholar
Backwell, L., D'Errico, F. & Wadley, L.. 2008. Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 35: 1566-80.Google Scholar
Barton, H., Piper, P., Rabett, R. & Reeds, I.. 2009. Composite hunting technologies from the Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene, Niah Cave, Borneo. Journal of Archaeological Science 36: 1708-14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartram, L. 1997. A comparison of Kua and Hadza bow and arrow hunting, in Knecht, H. (ed.) Projectile technology: 321-44. London: Plenum.Google Scholar
Bergman, C.A. 1987. Hafting and use of bone and antler points from Ksar Akil, Lebanon, in Stordeur-Yedid, D. (ed.) La main et l'outil: manches et emmanchements préhistoriques (Travaux de la Maison de l'Orient 15): 117-26. Lyon: Maison de l'Orient méditerranéen ancien.Google Scholar
Biesele, M.A. 1975. Folklore and ritual of !Kung hunter-gatherers. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Bleed, P. 1986. The optimal design of hunting weapons: maintainability or reliability. American Antiquity 51: 737-47.Google Scholar
Bosc-Zanardo, B., Bon, F. & Fauvelle-Aymar, F.-X.. 2008. Bushmen arrows and their recent history: crossed outlooks of historical, ethnological and archaeological sources, in Projectile weapon elements from the Upper Palaeolithic to the Neolithic (Proceedings of session C83, 15th World Congress UISPP, Lisbon, September 4-9, 2006). P@lethnologie 1: 341-57.Google Scholar
Bradfield, J. & Lombard, M.. 2011. A macrofracture study of bone points used in experimental hunting with reference to the South African Middle Stone Age. South African Archaeological Bulletin 66: 6776.Google Scholar
Brooks, S., Yellen, J., Nevell, L. & Hartman, G.. 2006. Projectile technologies of the African MSA: implications for modern human origins, in Hovers, E. & Kuhn, S. (ed.) Transitions before the transition: evolution and stability in the Middle Paleolithic and Middle Stone Age: 233-56. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Buc, N. 2011. Experimental series and use-wear in bone tools. Journal of Archaeological Science 38: 546-57.Google Scholar
Christenson, A. 1986. Projectile point size and projectile aerodynamics: an exploratory study. Plains Anthropologist 31: 109-28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, J.D. 1977. Interpretations of prehistoric technology from ancient Egyptian and other sources. Part II: prehistoric arrow forms in Africa as shown by surviving examples of the traditional arrows of the San Bushmen. Paléorient 3: 127-50.Google Scholar
Cotterell, B. 1972. Brittle fracture compression. International Journal of Fracture Mechanics 8: 195208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cotterell, B. & Kamminga, J.. 1987. The formation of flakes. American Antiquity 52: 675708.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
David, E., J. Seppä, Fredsted, J., Pelegrin, J. & Xhauflair, H.. 2009. Reconstructing the use of Maglemosian barbed points by experiment. Part 1. Report HAF 10/09 submitted to the Lejre Experimental Centre. Lejre: Sagnlandet Lejre.Google Scholar
Deacon, H. 1976. Where hunters gathered: a study of Stone Age people in the Eastern Cape (South African Archaeological Society Monograph 1). Claremont: South African Archaeological Society.Google Scholar
Deacon, J. 1992. Arrows as agents of belief among the /Xam bushmen (Margaret Shaw Lecture 3). Cape Town: South African Museum.Google Scholar
D'Errico, F., Julien, M., Liolios, D., Vanhaeren, M. & Baffier, D.. 2003. Many awls in our argument: bone tools manufacture and use in the Chatelperronian and Aurignatian levels of the Grotte du Renne at Arcy-sur-Cure, in Zilhão, J. & d'Errico, F. (ed.) The chronology of the Aurignacian and of the transitional technocomplexes: dating, stratigraphies, cultural implications: 247-70. Lisbon: Instituto Português de Arqueologia.Google Scholar
Ellis, C. 1997. Factors influencing the use of stone projectile tips: an ethnographic perspective, in Knecht, K. (ed.) Projectile technology: 3766. London: Plenum.Google Scholar
Fischer, A., Jansen, P. Vemming & Rasmussen, P.. 1984. Macro and micro wear traces on lithic projectile points: experimental results and prehistoric examples. Journal of Danish Archaeology 3: 1946.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fourie, L. 1926. Notes on the Hei//om Bushmen. Journal of the South West Africa Scientific Society 1: 4963.Google Scholar
Fourie, L. 1928. The Bushmen of South West Africa, in Hahn, C.H.L., Vedder, H. & Fourie, L. (ed.) The native tribes of South West Africa: 81105. London. Frank Cass.Google Scholar
Francis, V. 2002. Twenty interesting points: an analysis of bone artefacts from Platypus Rockshelter. Queensland Archaeological Review 13: 6370.Google Scholar
Friis-Hansen, J. 1990. Mesolithic cutting arrows: functional analysis of arrows used in the hunting of large game. Antiquity 64: 494504.Google Scholar
Goodwin, A.J.H. 1945. Some historical Bushmen arrows. South African Journal of Science 61: 429-43.Google Scholar
Guthrie, R.D. 1983. Osseous projectile points: biological considerations affecting raw material selection and design among Palaeolithic and Paleoindian peoples, in Clutton-Brook, J. & Grigson, C. (ed.) Animals and archaeology (British Archaeological Reports International Series 163): 273-93. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.Google Scholar
Hitchcock, R. & Bleed, P.. 1997. Each according to need and fashion: spear and arrow use among the San hunters of the Kalahari, in Knecht, H. (ed.) Projectile Technology: 345-68. London: Plenum.Google Scholar
Knecht, H. 1997. Projectile points of bone, antler and stone: experimental explorations of manufacture and use, in H. Knecht (ed.) Projectile technology: 193212. London: Plenum.Google Scholar
Lawn, B.R. & Marshall, D.B.. 1979. Mechanisms of microcontact fracture in brittle solids, in Hayden, B. (ed.) Lithic use wear analysis: 6382. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Lee, R.B. 1979. The !Kung San: men, women and work in a foraging society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lombard, M. 2005. A method for identifying Stone Age hunting tools. South African Archaeological Bulletin 60: 115-20.Google Scholar
Lombard, M. 2007. Evidence for change in Middle Stone Age hunting behaviour at Blombos Cave: results of a macrofracture analysis. South African Archaeological Bulletin 62: 6267.Google Scholar
Lombard, M. & Pargeter, J.. 2008. Hunting with Howiesons Poort segments: pilot experimental study and the functional interpretation of archaeological tools. Journal of Archaeological Science 35: 2641.Google Scholar
Lombard, M. & Parsons, I.. 2008. Blade and bladelet function and variability in risk management during the last 2000 years in the Northern Cape. South African Archaeological Bulletin 63: 1827.Google Scholar
Lombard, M. & Parsons, I.. 2011. What happened to the human mind after the Howiesons Poort? Antiquity 85: 1433-43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lombard, M. & Phillipson, L.. 2010. Indications of bow and stone-tipped arrow use 64 000 years ago in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Antiquity 84: 635-48.Google Scholar
Marshall, L. 1961. Sharing, talking and giving: relief of social tensions among the !Kung Bushmen. Africa 31: 231-49.Google Scholar
Miller, R., McEwen, E. & Bergman, C.. 1986. Experimental approaches to ancient Near Eastern archery. World Archaeology 18: 178-95.Google Scholar
Nelson, M. 1997. Projectile points: form, function and design, in Knecht, H. (ed.) Projectile technology: 371-85. London: Plenum.Google Scholar
Newcomer, M. 1974. Study and replication of bone tools from Ksar Akil (Lebanon). World Archaeology 6: 138-53.Google Scholar
Noli, H.D. 1993. A technical investigation into the material evidence for archery in the archaeological and ethnographical record of southern Africa. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Cape Town.Google Scholar
Odell, G. & Cowan, F.. 1986. Experiments with spears and arrows on animal targets. Journal of Field Archaeology 13: 195212.Google Scholar
Pargeter, J. 2011. Human and cattle trampling experiments in Malawi to understand macrofracture formation on Stone Age hunting weaponry. Antiquity 85. Available at http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/pargeter327/ (accessed 3 May 2012).Google Scholar
Pargeter, J. & Bradfield, J.. 2012. The effects of Class I and II sized bovids on macrofracture formation and tool displacement: results of a trampling experiment in a southern African Stone Age context. Journal of Field Archaeology 37: 238-51.Google Scholar
Pokines, J.T. 1998. Experimental replication and use of Cantabrian Lower Magdalenian antler projectile points. Journal of Archaeological Science 25: 875-86.Google Scholar
Schapera, I. 1927. Bows and arrows of the Bushmen. Man 27: 113-17.Google Scholar
Semenov, S. 1964. Prehistoric technology. Bath: Adams & Dart.Google Scholar
Shea, J.J. 2006. The origins of lithic projectile point technology: evidence from Africa, the Levant, and Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science 33: 823-46.Google Scholar
Shea, J.J., Brown, K.S. & Davis, Z.J.. 2002. Controlled experiments with Middle Palaeolithic spear points: Levallois points, in Mathieu, J.R. (ed.) Experimental archaeology: replicating past objects, behaviours and processes (British Archaeological Reports International Series 1035): 5572. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Sisk, M.L. & Shea, J.J.. 2009. Experimental use and quantitative performance analysis of triangular flakes (Levallois points) used as arrowheads. Journal of Archaeological Science 36: 2039-47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, A. & Poeggenpoel, C.. 1988. The technology of bone tool fabrication in the South-Western Cape, South Africa. World Archaeology 20: 103-14.Google Scholar
Smith, A., Malherbe, C., Guenther, M. & Berens, P.. 2000. The Bushmen of Southern Africa: a foraging society in transition. Cape Town: David Philip Publishers.Google Scholar
Stow, G.W. 1905. The native races of South Africa. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co.Google Scholar
Tyzzer, E.E. 1936. The “simple bone point” of the shell-heaps of the northeastern Algonkian area and its probable significance. American Antiquity 1: 261-79.Google Scholar
Villa, P. & Lenoir, M.. 2006. Hunting weapons of the Middle Stone Age and the Middle Palaeolithic: spear points from Sibudu, Rose Cottage and Bouheben. Southern African Humanities 18: 89122.Google Scholar
Villa, P., Soressi, M., Henshilwood, C.S. & Mourre, V.. 2009. The Still Bay points of Blombos Cave (South Africa). Journal of Archaeological Science 36: 441-60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vinnicombe, P. 1971. A Bushman hunting kit from the Natal Drakensberg. Annals of the Natal Museum 20: 611-25.Google Scholar
Wadley, L. 1987. Later Stone Age hunter-gatherers of the southern Transvaal: social and ecological interpretation (Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 25/ British Archaeological Reports International Series 380). Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Waguespack, N.M., Surovell, T.A., Denoyer, A., Dallow, A., Savage, A., Hayneman, J. & Tapster, D.. 2009. Making a point: wood- versus stone-tipped projectiles. Antiquity 83: 786800.Google Scholar
Wanless, A. 2007. The silence of colonial melancholy: the Fourie collection of Khoisan ethnologica. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of the Witwatersrand.Google Scholar
Wanless, A. 2010. The Fourie collection of Khoisan ethnographica: forming an archive. Social Dynamics 36: 2437.Google Scholar
Wiessner, P. 1983. Style and social information in Kalahari San projectile points. American Antiquity 48: 253-76.Google Scholar
Yaroshevich, A., Kaufman, D., Nuzhnyy, D., Bar-Yosef, O. & Weinstein-Evron, M.. 2010. Design and performance of microlith implemented projectiles during the Middle and the Late Epipaleolithic of the Levant: experimental and archaeological evidence. Journal of Archaeological Science 37: 368-88.Google Scholar