Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T00:07:49.604Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Forensic archaeology in Britain

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2015

J. R. Hunter ,
C. Heron ,
R. C. Janaway ,
A. L. Martin ,
A. M. Pollard  and
C. A. Roberts
J. R. Hunter
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, West Yorkshire, England
C. Heron
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, West Yorkshire, England
R. C. Janaway
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, West Yorkshire, England
A. L. Martin
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, West Yorkshire, England
A. M. Pollard
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, West Yorkshire, England
C. A. Roberts
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, West Yorkshire, England
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Forensic archaeology is a relatively recent development in the UK but has already shown its worth on a number of scenes of crime; it has a particular role to play in the location and recovery of buried remains, notably in homicide investigations. This paper explores the overlap between archaeology and criminal investigation and considers areas of mutual interest, experience and potential.

Type
Papers
Information
Antiquity , Volume 68 , Issue 261 , December 1994 , pp. 758 - 769
Copyright
Copyright © Antiquity Publications Ltd. 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aitken, M.J. 1990. Science–based dating in archaeology. London: Longmans.Google Scholar
Angel, J.I. 1985. The forensic anthropologist’s examination Pathologist. 39 (5).Google Scholar
Atkin, M. & Milligan, R. 1992. Ground–probing radar in archaeology — practicalities and problems Field Archaeologist. 16: 288–91.Google Scholar
Barnard, D. 1979. The criminal court in action. 2nd edition. London: Butterworths.Google Scholar
Bass, W.M. 1984. Time interval since death in Rathbun&Buikstra (1984): 136–47.Google Scholar
Bass, W.M. 1987. Human osteology: a laboratory and field manual of the human skeleton 3rd edition. Columbia (MI): Missouri Archaeological Society.Google Scholar
Batey, R.A. 1987. Subsurface interface radar at Sepphoris, Israel, 1985, Journal of Field Archaeology 14: 1–8.Google Scholar
Bellerby, T.J., Noel, M. & Branigan, K. 1990. A thermal method for archaeological prospection: preliminary investigations, Archaeometry 32 (2): 191–203.Google Scholar
Bennike, P. 1985. Paleopathology of Danish skeletons: a comparative study of demography, disease and injury. Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag.Google Scholar
Bethell, P.H. 1991. Inorganic analysis of organic residues at Sutton Hoo, in Budd, P. et al. (ed.), Archaeological sciences 1989: proceedings of a conference on the application of scientific techniques to archaeology, Bradford, September 1989: 316–18.Oxford: Oxbow BooksOxbow Monograph 9.Google Scholar
Bergmann, W. 1963. Geochemistry of lipids, in Berger, I.A (ed.), Organic geochemistry: 503–42. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Bevan, B. & Kenyon, J. 1979. Ground probing radar for historical archaeology, MASCA Newsletter 11: 2–7.Google Scholar
Blumenschine, R.J. 1986. Carcass consumption sequences and the archaeological distinction of scavenging and hunting, Journal of Human Evolution 15 (8): 639–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boddington, A., Garland, A.N. & Janaway, R.C. (ed.). 1987. Death, decay and reconstruction: approaches to archaeology and forensic science Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Bradley, R., 1987. Against objectivity in Gaffney, C.F. & Gaffney, V.L. (ed.), Pragmatic archaeology: theory in crisis: 115–19. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports. British series 167.Google Scholar
Brooke, C.J., 1986. Ground–based remote sensing for the archaeological study of churches in Butler, L.A.S. & Morris, R.K. (ed.), The Anglo–Saxon church: 210–17. London: Council for British Archaeology. Research report 60.Google Scholar
Brooke, C.J., 1989 Ground–based remote sensing. Birmingham: Institute of Field Archaeologists.Technical paper 7.Google Scholar
Brooks, S.T. 1981. Teaching of forensic anthropology in the United States, Journal of Forensic Science 26 (4): 627–31.Google Scholar
Brooks, S.T. & Brooks, R.H. 1984. Problems of burial exhumation, historical and forensic aspects, in Rathbun, & Buikstra, (1984): 64–86.Google Scholar
Brothwell, D. 1986. The bog man and the archaeology of people. London: British Museum Publications.Google Scholar
Cato, B.H. 1974. The presentation of scientific evidence in the courts — improving its effectiveness, Journal of the Forensic Science Society 14: 93–7.Google Scholar
Cattaneo, C. Gelsthorpe, K. Phillips, P. & Sokal, R.J. 1992. Reliable identification of human albumin in ancient bone using ELISA and monoclonal antibodies, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 87: 365–72.Google Scholar
Chilvarquer, I. Katz, J.O. Glassman, D.M. Prihoda, T.J. & Cottone, J.A. 1991. Comparative radiographic study of human and animal long bone patterns, Journal of Forensic Science 32 (6): 1654–54.Google Scholar
Coles, J. 1984. The archaeology of wetlands. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Cotton, G.E. Aufderheide, A.C. & Goldschmidt, V.G. 1987. Preservation of human tissue immersed for five years in fresh water of known temperature, Journal of Forensic Science 32 (4): 1125–30.Google Scholar
Cronyn, J.M. 1990. The elements of archaeological conservation. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Davies, C. (ed.). 1986. Forensic science. . 2nd edition. Washington (DC): American Chemical Society.Google Scholar
Davies, G.R. & Pollard, A.M. 1988. Organic residues in an Anglo-Saxon grave, in Slater, E.A. & Tate, J.O. (ed.), Science and archaeology Glasgow 1987: 391–402. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports. British series 196(ii).Google Scholar
Davis, J. 1992. Forensic archaeology, Archaeological Review from Cambridge 11 (1): 151–6.Google Scholar
Den Dooren De Jong, L.E. 1961. On the formation of adipocere from fats, contribution to the microbiology of systems containing two liquid fats, Antonie von Leeuvenhoek Journal of Microbiology and Serology 27: 337–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickinson, D.J. 1977. The aerial use of an infra-red camera in a police search for the body of a missing person in New Zealand, Journal of the Forensic Science Society 16: 205–11.Google Scholar
Dwight, T. 1878. The identification of the human skeleton: a medico-legal study. Boston (MA): Massachusetts Medical Society. (Reprinted 1978.)Google Scholar
El-Najjar, M.Y. & Mulinksi, T.M.J. 1980. Mummies and mummification practices in the southwestern and southern United States, in Cockburn, A. & Cockburn, E. (ed.), Mummies, disease and ancient cultures: 103–17. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Reprinted 1978.)Google Scholar
Erzinclioglu, Y.Z. 1983. The application of entomology to forensic medicine, Medical Science Law 23(1): 57-63.Google Scholar
Evershed, R.P. 1992. Chemical investigation of a bog body adipocere, Archaeometry 34(2): 253–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
France, L., Griffin, T.J., Swanburg, J.G., Lindemann, J.W., Davenport, G.C., Trammell, V., Armbrust, C.T., Kondratieff, B., Nelson, A., Castellano, K. & Hopkins, D.. 1992. A multidisciplinary approach to the detection of clandestine graves, Journal of Forensic Science 37(6): 1435–750.Google Scholar
Gaffney, C.F. & Gater, J.G.. 1993. Practice and method in the application of geophysical techniques in archaeology, in Hunter&Ralston (ed.): 205–14.Google Scholar
Gaffney, C.F., Gater, J.G. & Ovenden, S.M.. 1991. The use of geophysical techniques in archaeological evaluations. Birmingham: Institute of Field Archaeologists. Technical paper 9.Google Scholar
Galloway, A., Birkby, W.H., Jones, A.M., Henry, T.E. & Parks, B.O.. 1989. Decay rates of human remains in an arid environment, Journal of Forensic Science 34(3): 607–16.Google Scholar
Galloway, A., Birkby, W.H., Kahana, T. & Fulginiti, L.. 1990. Physical anthropology and the law. legal responsibilities of forensic anthropologists, Yearbook of Forensic Anthropology 33: 39–57.Google Scholar
Garland, A.N. & Janaway, R.C.. 1989. The taphonomy of inhumation burials, in Roberts, C.A., Lee, F. & Bintliff, J. (ed.), Burial archaeology: current research, methods and developments: 15–37. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports. British series 211.Google Scholar
Glaister, J. & Brash, J.C.. 1937. Medicolegal aspects of the Ruxton case. Edinburgh: Livingstone.Google Scholar
Glob, P.V. 1969. The bog people. London: Faber & Faber.Google Scholar
Goulty, N.R., Gibson, J.P.C., Moore, J.G., & Welfare, H.. 1990. Delineation of the vallum at Vindobals, Hadrian’s Wall, by a shear–wave seismic refraction survey, Archaeometry 32(1): 71–82.Google Scholar
Gruspier, K. 1985. Paleoserology: history and new application to the Casa San Vincenzo skeletal material. Unpublished MA thesis, University of Sheffield.Google Scholar
Haglund, W.D., Reay, D.T., & Swindler, D.R.. 1989. Canid scavenging/disarticulation sequence of of human remains in the Pacific Northwest, Journal of Forensic Science 34(3): 587–606.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haglund, W.D., Reichert, D.G., & Reay, D.T.. 1990. Recovery of decomposed and skeletal human remains in the Green River murder investigation: implications for medical examiner/coroner and police, American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 11(1): 35–43.Google Scholar
Hall, R. 1984. The Viking dig: the excavations at York. London: Bodley Head.Google Scholar
Hampton, C. 1982. Criminal procedure. London: Sweet & Maxwell.Google Scholar
Hansen, J.P., Meldgaard, J. & Nordqvist, J. (ed.). 1991. The Greenland mummies. London: British Museum Publications.Google Scholar
Hedges, R.E.M. & Sykes, B.C.. 1992. Biomolecular archaeology: past, present and future, in Pollard, A.M. (ed.), New developments in archaeological science, a joint symposium of the Royal Society and the British Academy, February 1991: 267–83. Oxford: British Academy. Proceedings of the British Academy 77.Google Scholar
Henderson, J. 1987. Factors determining the state of preservation of human remains, in Boddington, et al. (1987): 43–54.Google Scholar
Hodder, I. 1992. Theory and practice in archaeology. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hunter, J.R. & Ralston, I.B.M. (ed.). 1993. Archaeological resource management in the UK: an introduction. Stroud: Alan Sutton.Google Scholar
Hunter, J.R., Martin, A. & Roberts, C.A.R. (ed.). In press. An introduction to forensic archaeology. London: Seaby/Batsford.Google Scholar
Hunter, W. 1990. Digging for victory, Police Review 23: 2306–7.Google Scholar
Imai, T., Sakayama, T. & Kanemori, T.. 1987. Use of ground-probing radar and resistivity surveys for archaeological investigations, Geophysics 52(2): 137–50.Google Scholar
Iscan, M.Y. 1988. Rise of forensic anthropology, Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 31: 203–30.Google Scholar
Iscan, M.Y. 1989. Research strategies in age estimation: the multiregional approach, in Iscan, M.Y. (ed.), Age markers in the human skeleton: 325–39. Springfield (IL): Charles Thomas.Google Scholar
Iscan, M.Y. & Helmer, R.P.. 1993. Forensic analysis of the skull. New York (NY): Wiley-Liss.Google Scholar
Janaway, R.C. 1987. The preservation of organic materials in association with metal artefacts deposited in inhumation graves, in Boddington, et al. (1987): 127–48.Google Scholar
Janssen, W. 1984. Forensic histopathology. Berlin: Springer Verlag.Google Scholar
Jarvis, K.S. 1983. Excavations in Christchurch 1969–1980. Dorchester: Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society. Monograph 5.Google Scholar
Johansson, L.U. 1987. Bone and related materials, in Hedges, H.W.M. (ed.), In situ archaeological conservation: 132–7. Century City (CA): J. Paul Getty Trust, Getty Conservation Institute and Instituto Nacional de Antropologiae Historia de Mexico.Google Scholar
Killam, E.W. 1990. The detection of human remains. Springfield (IL): Charles C. Thomas.Google Scholar
Kind, S.S. 1987. The scientific investigation of crime. Harrogate: Forensic Science Society.Google Scholar
Knight, B.. 1968. Estimation of time since death: a survey of practical methods, Journal of the Forensic Science Society 8: 91–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knight, B. 1969. Methods of dating skeletal remains, Medical Science Law 9: 247–52.Google Scholar
Knight, B. 1987. Murder in the laboratory, New Scientist (25 December): 59–63.Google Scholar
Knight, B. 1991. Forensic pathology. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
Knight, B. & Lauder, I.. 1969. Methods of dating skeletal remains, Human Biology 41(3): 322–41.Google ScholarPubMed
Krogman, W.M. & Iscan, M.Y.. 1986. The human skeleton in forensic medicine. Springfield (IL): Charles C. Thomas.Google Scholar
Locard, E. 1928. Dust and its analysis: an aid to criminal investigation, Police Journal 1: 177–92.Google Scholar
Lynam, J.T. 1970. Techniques of geophysical prospection as applied to near surface structure determinations. Unpublished Ph.D thesis, University of Bradford.Google Scholar
Macgregor, A. 1982. Anglo-Scandinavian finds from Lloyds Bank, Pavement, and other sites. London: York Archaeological Trust and Council for British Archaeology.Google Scholar
Maclaughlin-Black, S.M., Herd, R.J.M., Willson, K., Myers, M. & West, I.E.. 1992. Strontium-90 as an indicator of time since death: a pilot investigation, Forensic Science International 57: 51–6.Google Scholar
Mcconville, M. & Baldwin, J.. 1981. Courts, prosecution and conviction. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Mckinley, J.I. & Roberts, C.A.. 1993. Excavation and post-excavation treatment of cremated and inhumed human remains. Birmingham: Institute of Field Archaeologists. Technicalpaper 12.Google Scholar
Mann, R.W., Bass, W.M. & Meadows, L.. 1990. Time since death and decomposition of the human body: variables and observations in case and experimental field studies, Journal of Forensic Science 35: 103–11.Google Scholar
Mant, A.K. 1953. Recent work on post-mortem changes and timing death, in Simpson, K. (ed.), Modern trends in forensic medicine: 147–62. London: Butterworth.Google Scholar
Mant, A.K. (Ed.) 1984. Taylor’s principles and practice of medical jurisprudence. 13th edition. Edinburgh & New York (NY): Churchill Livingstone.Google Scholar
Mant, A.K. 1987. Knowledge acquired from post-war exhumations, in Boddington, et al. (1987): 65–78.Google Scholar
Martin, A. 1991. The application of archaeological methods and techniques to the location, recovery and analysis of buried human remains from forensic contexts. Unpublished MA dissertation, University of Bradford.Google Scholar
Merbs, C. 1983. Patterns of activity induced pathology in an Inuit population. Ottawa: National Museums of Canada.Google Scholar
Mildred, R.H. 1982. The expert witness. London: Godwin.Google Scholar
Molleson, T. & Cox, M.. 1993. The Spitalfields project 2: The anthropology. The middling sort. York: Council for British Archaeology. Research report 86.Google Scholar
Morrison, I. 1985. Landscape with lake dwellings. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Morse, D. 1983. Studies on the deterioration of associated death scene materials, in Morse et al. (1983): Appendix A.Google Scholar
Morse, D., Crusoe, D. & Smith, H.G.. 1976. Forensic archaeology, Journal of Forensic Science 21(2): 323–32.Google Scholar
Morse, D. & Dailey, R.C.. 1985. The degree of deterioration of associated death scene material, Journal of Forensic Science 30(1): 119–27.Google Scholar
Morse, D., Dailey, R.C., Stoutamire, J. & Duncan, J.. 1984. Forensic archaeology, in Rathbun&Buikstra (1984): 53–63.Google Scholar
Morse, D., Duncan, J. & Stoutamire, J. (ed.). 1983. Handbook of forensic archaeology and anthropology. Tallahassee (FL): Rose Printing.Google Scholar
Morse, D., Stoutamire, J. & Duncan, J.. 1976. A unique course in anthropology, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 45(3): 743–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neave, R.A.H. 1986. The reconstruction of skulls for facial reconstruction using radiographic techniques, in David, A.R. (ed.), Science in Egyptology: 329–333. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Ortner, D., Von Endt, D.W. & Robinson, M.S.. 1972. The effect of temperature on protein decay in bone: its significance in nitrogen dating of archaeological specimens, American Antiquity 37: 514–20.Google Scholar
Owsley, D.W. & Mann, R.W.. 1990. Medico-legal case involving a bear paw, Journal of the American Pädiatrie Association 80(11): 623–5.Google Scholar
Painter, T.J. 1991a. Preservation in peat, Chemistry and Industry (17 June): 421–24.Google Scholar
Painter, T.J. 1991b. Lindow Man, Tollund Man and other peat-bog bodies: the preservative and antimicrobial action of spagnan, a reactive glycuronoglycan with tanning and sequestering properties, Carbohydrate Polymers 15: 123–42.Google Scholar
Perisset, M.C. & Tabbagh, A.. 1981. Interpretation of thermal prospection on bare soils, Archaeometry 23(2): 169–87.Google Scholar
Piepenbrink, H. 1986. Two examples of biogenous dead bone decomposition and their consequences for taphonomic interpretation, Journal of Archaeological Science 13: 417–30.Google Scholar
Polson, C.J., Gee, D.J. & Knight, B.. 1985. The essentials of forensic medicine. 4th edition. London: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Priston, A. 1985a. A forensic scientist’s guide to the English legal system. Part 1, Journal of the Forensic Science Society 25(4): 269–80.Google Scholar
Priston, A. 1985b. A forensic scientist’s guide to the English legal system. Part 2, Journal of the Forensic Science Society 25(5): 329–42.Google Scholar
Priston, A. 1985c. A forensic scientist’s guide to the English legal system. Part 3, Journal of the Forensic Science Society 25(6): 415–24.Google Scholar
Rathbun, T.A. & Buikstra, J.E. (ed.). 1984. Human identification: case studies in forensic anthropology. Springfield (IL): Charles C. Thomas.Google Scholar
Rathje, W.L., Hughes, W.W., Wilson, D.C., Tani, M.K., Archer, G.H., Hunt, R.G. & Jones, T.W.. 1992. The archaeology of contemporary landfills, American Antiquity 57(3): 437–47.Google Scholar
Reeve, J. & Adams, M.. 1993. The Spitalfields project 1: The archaeology. York: Council for British Archaeology. Research report 85.Google Scholar
Reichs, K.J. 1992. Forensic anthropology in the 1990s, American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 13(2): 146–53.Google Scholar
Richards, M., Smalley, K., Sykes, B., & Hedges, R.. 1993. Archaeology and genetics: analysing DNA from skeletal remains, World Archaeology 25(1): 18–28.Google Scholar
Roberts, C.A. 1984. Analysis of some human femora from a medieval charnel house at Rothwell Parish Church, Northamptonshire, Ossa 9-11: 119–34.Google Scholar
Roberts, C.A., Manchester, K. & Storey, A.. 1992. Margaret Clitherow: skeletal identification of an historical figure, Forensic Science International 57: 63–71.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, W.C. & Bass, W.M.. 1983. Insect activity and its relationship to decay rates of human cadavers in East Tennessee, Journal of Forensic Science 28(2): 423–32.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, W.C. & Bass, W.M.. 1985. Decomposition of buried bodies and methods that may aid in their location, Journal of Forensic Science 30(3): 836–52.Google Scholar
Rodwell, W. & Rodwell, K.. 1982. St. Peter’s Church, Barton on Humber: excavation and structural study, 1978-81, Antiquaries Journal 62(2): 283–315.Google Scholar
Saferstein, R. (ed.). 1982. Forensic science handbook. Eaglewood Cliffs (NJ): Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Schoeninger, M.J., Moore, K.M., Murray, M.L. & Kingston, J.D.. 1988. Detection of bone preservation in archaeological and fossil bone, Applied Geochemistry 4: 281–92.Google Scholar
Scollar, I., Tabbagh, A., Hesse, A. & Herzog, I. 1990. Archaeological geophysics and remote sensing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sensabaugh, G.F. 1986. Forensic science research: who does it and where is it going?, in Davies, G. (ed.), Forensic science: 129–40. 2nd edition. Washington (DC): American Chemical Society.Google Scholar
Sigler-Eisenberg, B.B. 1985. Forensic research: expanding the concept of applied archaeology, American Antiquity 50(3): 650–55.Google Scholar
Skinner, M. & Lazenby, R.A.. 1983. Found! Human remains. Burnaby BC: Simon Fraser University Archaeology Press.Google Scholar
Snow, C.C. 1982. Forensic anthropology, Annual Review of Anthropology 11: 97–131.Google Scholar
Spindler, K. 1994. The man in the ice. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.Google Scholar
Stead, I.M., Bourke, J.B. & Brothwell, D.. 1986. Lindow Man: the body in the bog. London: British Museum Publications.Google Scholar
Stewart, T.D. 1978. George A. Dorsey’s role in the Luetgert case: a significant episode in the hiostory of forensic anthropology, Journal of Forensic Science 23(4): 786–91.Google Scholar
Stewart, T.D. 1979. Essentials of forensic anthropology. Springfield (IL): Charles C. Thomas.Google Scholar
Stirland, A. 1984. A possible correlation between os acromiale and occupation in the burials from the Mary Rose, Proceedings of the Paleopathology Association: 327–34. 5th European Meeting, Siena.Google Scholar
Stirland, A. 1990. The late Sir Thomas Reynes: a medieval identification, Journal of the Forensic Science Society Society 30: 39–43.Google Scholar
Stoutamire, J. 1983. Excavation and recovery, in Morse et al. (1983): 20–47.Google Scholar
Stove, G.C. & Addyman, P.V.. 1989. Ground-probing impulse radar: an experiment in archaeological remote sensing at York, Antiquity 63: 337–42.Google Scholar
Takatori, T. & Yamaoka, A.. 1977A. The mechanism of adipocere formation I. Identification and chemical properties of hydroxy fatty acids in adipocere, Forensic Science International 9: 63–73.Google Scholar
Takatori, T. & Yamaoka, A.. 1977b. The mechanism of adipocere formation II. Separation and identification of oxo fatty acids in adipocere, Forensic Science International 10:117–25.Google Scholar
Tapp, E. & O’Sulliva, D. 1982. St Bees Man: the autopsy, Proceedings of the Paleopathology Association: 178–82. 4th European Meeting, MiddelbergGoogle Scholar
Taylor, R.E., Suchey, J.M. Paynen, L.A. & Slota Jnr, P.J. 1989. The use of radiocarbon (14C) to identify human skeletal materials of forensic science interest, Journu1 of Forensic Science 34: 1196–205. 4th European Meeting, MiddelbergGoogle Scholar
Thomas, J. 1991. Science versus anti-science? Archaeological Reviewfroin Cambridge 10 (1): 27–36.Google Scholar
Thomas, K.D. 1993. Molecular biology and archaeology: a prospectus for interdisciplinary research, World Archaeology 25 (1): 1–17.Google Scholar
Tite, M.S. 1991. Archaeological science — past achievements and future prospects, Archaeometry 33 (2): 139–51.Google Scholar
Topping, P. 1989. Topping: the autobiography of the police chief in the Moors Murder case. London: Angus & Robertson.Google Scholar
Trigger, B.G. 1989. A history of archaeological thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ubelaker, D. 1989. Human skeletal remains: excavation, analysis and interpretation. Washington (DC): Taraxacum Press.Google Scholar
Vanezis, P., Grant Sims, B. & Grant, J.H. 1978. Medical and scientific investigations of an exhumation in unhallowed ground, Medical Science Law 18 (3): 209–21.Google Scholar
Vass, A.A., Bass, W.M. Wolt, J.D. Foss, J.E. & Ammons, J.T. 1992. Time since death determinations of human cadavers using soil solution, Journal of Forensic Science 37 1236–53.Google Scholar
Vauchan, C.J. 1986. Ground-penetrating radar surveys used in archaeological investigations, Geophysics 51 (3): 595–604.Google Scholar
Waldron, T. 1987. The relative survival of the human skeleton: implications for palaeopathology, in Boddington et al. (1987): 55–64.Google Scholar
Wea, 1980. Workshop for European Anthropologists: recommendations for age and sex diagnosis of skeletons, Journal ofHuman Evolution 9: 517–49.Google Scholar
Whittaker, D. & Rawle, L. 1987. The effect of conditions of putrefaction on species determination in human and animal teeth, Forensic Science International 35: 209–12.Google Scholar
Willey, P. & Heilman, A. 1988. Estimating time since death using plant roots and stems, Journal of Forensic Science 32: 1264–71.Google Scholar
Williams, J. 1991. The modern Sherlock Holmes: an introduction to forensic science today. London: Broadside Books.Google Scholar
Wolf, D.J. 1986. Forensic anthropology scene investigations, in Reichs, K.J. (ed.) Forensic osteology: 3–23. Springfield (IL): Charles C. Thomas.Google Scholar
Yoffee, N. & Shbrratt, A. 1993a. Archaeological theory: who sets the agenda? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Yoffee, N. & Shbrratt, A. 1993a. Introduction: the sources of archaeological theory in Yoffee & Sherratt (1993a): 1–9.Google Scholar
Zias, J. 1987. Operative dentistry in the 2nd century BC, Journal of the American Dental Association 114: 665–6.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, M.R. & Angel, J.L. (ed.). 1986. Dating and age determination of biological materials London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar