Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-02T19:30:50.518Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The end of the Greek Bronze Age

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2015

Extract

Many scholars have examined the changes that occurred in Greek life around the twelfth century BC. After a period of great prosperity during Late Helladic III B, there followed an era of war, uncertainty, and cultural disintegration that was part of a general upheaval extending from Italy to the Near East. In Greece the disruption was especially pronounced, and many areas were left relatively unpopulated. The ensuing ‘Dark Age’ witnessed the birth of a profoundly different society.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Antiquity Publications Ltd 1976

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ålin, P. 1962. Das Ende der myhenischen Fundstätten auf dem griechischen Festland (Lund).Google Scholar
Bennett, E. L. 1958. The Olive Oil Tablets of Pylos (Minos, Sup. II, Salamanca).Google Scholar
Betancourt, P. P. 1969. The Age of Homer, Expedition, XII, 214.Google Scholar
Biers, W. R. 1971. Review of Leon Pomerance: The Final Collapse of Santorini (Thera): 1400 BC or 1200 BC? With addenda, The Classical World LXV, 267.Google Scholar
Bouzek, J. 1974. Bronze Age Greece and the Balkans: problems of migrations, in (eds.) Crossland, R. A. and Birchall, A., Bronze Age Migrations in the Aegean (Park Ridge, New Jersey), 16977.Google Scholar
Bryson, R. A., Lamb, H. H. and Donley, D. L.. 1974. Drought and the decline of Mycenae, Antiquity, XLVIII, 4650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cadogan, G., Harrison, R. K. and Strong, G. E.. 1972. Volcanic glass shards in Late Minoan I Crete, Antiquity, XLVI, 31013.Google Scholar
Carpenter, R. 1966. Discontinuity in Greek civilization (Cambridge).Google Scholar
Chadwick, J. 1963. The Two Provinces of Pylos, Minos, VII, 12541.Google Scholar
Chadwick, J. 1970. The Decipherment of Linear B (Cambridge).Google Scholar
Chadwick, J. 1972. The Mycenaean Documents, in (eds.) McDonald, W. A. and Rapp, G. R. Jr., The Minnesota Messenia Expedition (Minneapolis), 10016.Google Scholar
Chadwick, J. 1973. The Geography of Further Pylos, AJA LXXVII, 2768.Google Scholar
Cooke, S. R. B., Henrickson, E. and Rapp, G. R. Jr., 1972. Metallurgical and Geochemical Studies, in (eds.) McDonald, W. A. and Rapp, G. R. Jr., The Minnesota Messenia Expedition (Minneapolis), 22533.Google Scholar
Desborough, V. R. d’A. 1964. The Last Mycenaeans and their Successors : An Archaeological Survey c. 1200-c. 1000 BC (Oxford).Google Scholar
Desborough, V. R. d’A. 1972. The Greek Dark Ages (London).Google Scholar
Dickinson, O. and Bryson, R. A.. 1974. Drought and the decline of Mycenae: some comments, Antiquity XLVIII, 22830.Google Scholar
Finley, M. I. 1957. The Mycenaean Tablets and Economic History, Economic History Review X, 1241.Google Scholar
Finley, M. I. 1970. Early Greece: The Bronze and Archaic Ages (New York).Google Scholar
Frödin, O., and Persson, A. W.. 1938. Asine; Results of the Swedish Excavations 1922–30 (Stockholm).Google Scholar
Geiss, H. 1964. Some Remarks on PY Jn 725 and other Texts, in (ed.) Bennett, E. L. Jr., Mycenaean Studies (Madison), 2735.Google Scholar
Heubeck, A. 1966. Aus der Welt der friigriechischen Lineartafeln (Göttingen).Google Scholar
Simpson, Hope, R. 1965. A) Gazetteer and Atlas of Mycenaean Sites (London).Google Scholar
Howe, T. P. 1958. Linear B and Hesiod’s Bread-winners, Transactions of the American Philological Association, LXXXIX, 4465.Google Scholar
Iakovides, S. E. 1969–70. Perati, vols. 1–3 (Athens).Google Scholar
Iakovides, S. E. 1970. In Prehistory and Protohistory (Athens) 268302.Google Scholar
Ilievski, P. H. 1963. Two notes on the Fr-Tablets, Minos, VII 1439.Google Scholar
Jacopi, G. 1930–1. Nuovi scavi nella necropoli micenea di Jalisso, Annuario della Scuola Archeologica di Atene e delle Missioni Italiane in Oriente, XIII-XIV, 253345.Google Scholar
Killen, J. T. 1964. The Wool Industry of Crete in the Late Bronze Age, BSA, LIX, 115.Google Scholar
Killen, J. T. 1968–9. Minoan Woolgathering: A Reply, Kadmos VII, 10523, and VIIII, 23–38.Google Scholar
Kondoleon, N. M. 1958. Anaskaphai Naxou, Praktika tes en Athenais archaiologikes etaireias, 228–9.Google Scholar
Kondoleon, N. M. 1959. Anaskaphai Naxou, Praktika tes en Athenais archaiologikes etaireias, 180–7.Google Scholar
Kondoleon, N. M. 1960. Anaskaphai Naxou, Praktika tes en Athenais archaiologikes etaireias, 258–62.Google Scholar
Kondoleon, N. M. 1969. Naxos, To Ergon tes archaiologikes etaireias, 141–50.Google Scholar
Kuniholm, P. I. 1974. Dendrochronology at Gordion and on the Anatolian Plateau, Summaries of Papers, 76th General Meeting, Archaeological Institute of America, Chicago, Illinois (New York), 66.Google Scholar
Kyparisses, N. 1919. Kephalleniaka, Archaiologikon deltion, V, 83122.Google Scholar
Lamb, H. H. 1967. Review of Rhys Carpenter: Discontinuity in Greek Civilization, Antiquity, XLI, 2334.Google Scholar
Lang, M. 1966a. Cn flocks, in (eds.) Palmer, L. R. and Chadwick, J., Proceedings of the Cambridge Colloquium on Mycenaean Studies (Cambridge), 2509.Google Scholar
Lang, M. 1966b. Jn Formulas and groups, Hesperia, XXXV, 397412.Google Scholar
Lejeune, M. 1961. Les forgerons de Pylos, Historia, X, 40934.Google Scholar
Loy, W. G., and Wright, H. E. Jr. 1972. The Physical Setting, in (eds.) McDonald, W. A. and Rapp, G. R. Jr., The Minnesota Messenia Expedition (Minneapolis), 3646.Google Scholar
Maiuri, A. 1923–4. Jalisos—Scavi della Missione Archeologica Italiana a Rodi, Annuario della R. Scuola Archeologica di Atene e delle Missioni Italiane in Oriente, VI-VII, 83341.Google Scholar
Marinatos, SP. 1932. Ai anaskaphai Goekoop en Kephallenia, Archaiologike ephemeris, 1–47.Google Scholar
Marinatos, SP. 1933. Ai en Kephallenia anaskaphai Goekoop 2, Archaiologike ephemeris, 68–100.Google Scholar
Mcdonald, W. A. 1967. Progress into the Past: The Rediscovery of Mycenaean Civilization (New York and London).Google Scholar
Mcdonald, W. A., and Hope Simpson, R.. 1972. Archaeological Exploration, in (eds.) McDonald, W. A. and Rapp, G. R. Jr., The Minnesota Messenia Expedition (Minneapolis), 11747.Google Scholar
Mcdonald, W. A., and Rapp, G. R. Jr., 1972. Perspectives, in (eds.) McDonald, W. A. and Rapp, G. R. Jr., The Minnesota Messenia Expedition (Minneapolis), 24061.Google Scholar
Morricone, L. 1965–6. Eleona e Langada: Sepolcreti della tarda Età del Bronzo a Coo, Annuario della Scuola Archeologica di Atene e delle Missioni Italiane in Oriente, XXVII-XXVIII, 5311.Google Scholar
Muhly, J. D. 1973. Copper and Tin: The Distribution of Minerai Resources and the Nature of the Metals Trade in the Bronze Age. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, XLIII (New Haven), 155535.Google Scholar
Mylonas, G. E. 1966. Mycenae and the Mycenaean Age (Princeton).Google Scholar
Mylonas, G. E. 1968a. Mykenai, To Ergon tes archaiologikes etaireias, 5–12.Google Scholar
Mylonas, G. E. 1968b. Mycenae’s Last Century of Greatness (Adelaide).Google Scholar
Mylonas, G. E. 1970. Mykenai, To Ergon tes archaiologikes etaireias, 94–100.Google Scholar
Mylonas, G. E. 1971. Mykenai, To Ergon tes archaiologikes etaireias, 131–43.Google Scholar
Palmer, L. R. 1963. The Interpretation of Mycenaean Greek Texts (Oxford).Google Scholar
Palmer, L. R. 1965. Mycenaeans and Minoans (New York).Google Scholar
Pomerance, L. 1970. The Final collapse of Santorini (Thera): 1400 BC or 1200 BC?, with addenda (Göteborg).Google Scholar
Pomerance, L. 1971. The Final Collapse of Santorini (Thera). 1400 bc or 1200 bc? in Acta of the zst International Scientific Congress on the Volcano of Thera (Athens).Google Scholar
Pomerance, L. 1975. Comments on the Vitaliano Geological Report, American Journal of Archaeology, LXXIX, 834.Google Scholar
Popham, M. and Sackett, L. H.. 1968. Excavations at Lefkandi, Euboea, 1964–5 (London).Google Scholar
Carratelli, Pugliese, G. 1963. I bronzieri di Pilo Micenea, Studi Classici e Orientali, XII, 24253.Google Scholar
Rapp, G. Jr. and Cooke, S. B.. 1973. Thera Pumice Recovered from LH IIA Stratum at Nichoria, Athens Annals of Archaeology, VI, 1367.Google Scholar
Rapp, G. Jr., Cooke, S. R. B., and Henrickson, E.. 1973. Pumice from Thera (Santorini) Identified from a Greek Mainland Archeological Ex- cavation, Science, CLXXIX, 4713.Google Scholar
Roebuck, C. A. 1945. A Note on Messenian Economy and Population, Classical Philogy, XL, 14965.Google Scholar
Ruipérez, M. S. 1963. En torno a la serie J- de Pilo, Minos, VILI, 3750.Google Scholar
Rutter, J. B. 1975. Ceramic Evidence for Northern Intruders in Southern Greece at the Beginning of the Late Helladic IIIC Period, American Journal of Archaeology, LXXIX, 1732.Google Scholar
Sandars, N. K. 1964. The Last Mycenaeans and the European Late Bronze Age, Antiquity, XXXVIII, 25862.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shelmerdine, C. W. 1973. The Pylos Ma Tablets Reconsidered, American Journal of Archaeology, LXXVII, 26175.Google Scholar
Snodgrass, A. M. 1971. The Dark Age of Greece (Edinburgh).Google Scholar
Snodgrass, A. M. 1974. Metal-work as evidence for immigration in the Late Bronze Age, in (eds). Crossland, R. A. and Birchall, A., Bronze Age Migrations in the Aegean (Park Ridge, New Jersey), 20914.Google Scholar
Sourvinou-Inwood, C. 1974. Movements of population in Attica at the end of the Mycenaean period, in (eds.) Crossland, R. A. and Birchall, A., Bronze Age Migrations in the Aegean (Park Ridge, New Jersey), 21525.Google Scholar
Stubbings, F. H. 1951. Mycenaean Pottery from the Levant (Cambridge).Google Scholar
Styrenius, C.-G., and Vidén, A.. 1971. New Excavations at Asine, Athens Annals of Archaeology IV, 1478.Google Scholar
Taylour, Lord William. 1958. Mycenaean Pottery in Italy and Adjacent Areas (Cambridge).Google Scholar
Tegyey, I. 1970. Messenia and the Catastrophe at the End of Late Helladic III B, Acta Classica, VI, 37.Google Scholar
Tegyey, I. 1974. Messenia and the catastrophe at the end of Late Helladic III B, in (eds.) Crossland, R. A. and Birchall, A., Bronze Age Migrations in the Aegean (Park Ridge, New Jersey), 22732.Google Scholar
Themelis, P. 1969. Protogeometric Necropolis near Lefkandi, Athens Annals of Archaeology, II, 98102.Google Scholar
Theochares, D. P. 1961. Anaskaphai Iolkou, Praktika tes en Athenais archaiologikes etaireias, 45–54.Google Scholar
Van Wersch, H. J. 1972. The Agricultural Economy, in (eds.) McDonald, W. A. and Rapp, G. R. Jr., The Minnesota Messenia Expedition (Minneapolis), 17787.Google Scholar
Ventris, M. and Chadwick, J.. 1973. Documents in Mycenaean Greek (Cambridge).Google Scholar
Vermeule, E. 1964. Greece in the Bronze Age (Chicago and London).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vickery, K. F. 1936. Food in Early Greece (Urbana, Illinois).Google Scholar
Vitaliano, C. J., and D. B. 1974. Volcanic Tephra on Crete, American Journal of Archaeology, LXXVIII, 1924.Google Scholar
Wace, A. J. B., and Stubbings, F. H.. 1962. A Companion to Homer (London).Google Scholar
Warren, P. M. 1973. Review of Leon Pomerance: The Final Collapse of Santorini (Thera), 1400 BC or 1200 BC? With addenda Gnomon, XLV, 1738.Google Scholar
Wide, S. 1910. Gräberfunde aus Salamis, Ath. Mitt., XXXV, 1736.Google Scholar
Wright, H. E. Jr. 1968. Climatic Change in Mycenaean Greece, Antiquity, XLII, 1237.Google Scholar
Wright, H. E. Jr., 1972. Vegetation History, in (eds.) McDonald, W. A. and Rapp, G. R. Jr., The Minnesota Messenia Expedition (Minneapolis), 18899.Google Scholar
Wundsam, K. 1968. Die politische und soziale Struktur in den mykenischen Residenzen nach den Linear B Texten (Diss., Universität Wien).Google Scholar
Young, D. 1965. Some Puzzles about Minoan Woolgathering, Kadmos, IV, 11122.Google Scholar
Young, D. 1969. Minoan Woolgathering : A Rejoinder, Kadmos, VIII, 3942.Google Scholar