¹ Budge, Assyrian Sculptures in the British Museum, pl. XIII.

² Hornell, Water Transport, p. 8. The inflated skin is called in Assyrian maskêru. Salonen, Die Wasserahrzeuge in Babylonien, p. 71.

³ Hornell, p. 7, quoting Mansell photo 430.

⁴ Salonen, p. 66-8; Hornell, p. 26 ff.

⁵ 1, 194. See Salonen, pp. 71-4.

⁶ They are seen on the great hunting scene carved at Taq-i-Bostan.

⁷ Budge, Assyrian Sculptures in the British Museum, pls. XXI, XXII.

⁸ Hornell, p. 56.

⁹ Salonen, pp. 12-19 and pl. III, 2, 3.

¹⁰ B.M. 118466, British Museum Quarterly, vol. II, pl. VI, b.

¹¹ Woolley, Royal Cemetery, pl. 169.

¹² Dunand, Byblos 11, pl. LXIX.

¹³ They contained paddles or punt-poles—Woolley, Royal Cemetery of Ur, p. 145. One such canoe is now at Birmingham.

¹⁴ Lloyd, Illustrated London News, 11 September, 1948.

¹⁵ C. J. Gadd, ‘The Royal Graves of Ur’, The Listener, 3 March, 1955.

¹⁶ Leo Oppenheim, ‘The Seafaring Merchants of Ur’, Journal of American Oriental Society, 74, 1954.

¹⁷ Mackay, Further Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro, Delhi, 1937, 2, p. LXIX.

¹⁸ Mackay, ibid., pl. LXXXIX, a. See Wheeler, The Indus Age, p. 60.

¹⁹ V. Seton-Williams, Iraq, XII, p. 118.

²⁰ A. Digby in Singer and Holmyard, History of Technology, I.

²¹ B.M. 35324. Childe, New Light on the Most Ancient East, fig. 51. Though usually called boats, the centipede-like objects on predynastic vases are possibly not boats, but stockades! (Information from Mr T. G. H. James.) O. G. S. Crawford, however, believed them to be boats, with a branch of a tree in full leaf used as a sail.

²² H. Winkler, Rock Drawings of Southern Upper Egypt, I, pl. XXXVII.

²³ See below and note 30.

²⁴ Good illustrations: Winlock, Models of Daily Life in Ancient Egypt, pl. 52, a.

²⁵ From the Tomb of Ti (Schäfer-Andrae, Die Kunst des alten Orients, pl. 251).

²⁶ I.L.N., 19 June, 1954.

²⁷ Digby, loc. cit.

²⁸ Digby, loc. cit.

²⁹ Säve-Söderbergh, The Navy of the XVIIIth Egyptian Dynasty.

³⁰ Naville, The Temple of Deir-el-Bahri, pt. III, pls. LXIX-LXXV.

³¹ Penelope Fox, Tutankhamen’s Treasure, pl. 58.

³² G. S. Clowes, Sailing Ships (Science Museum, S. Kensington, 1930), p. 25, apparently referring to Carter, The Tomb of Tutankhamen III, pl. LXI (a).

³³ Köster, Schiffsfahrt und Handelsverkehr, figs. 5, 6.

³⁴ The remarkable graffiti at Hal Tarxien, Malta, described by Mrs Woolner in Antiquity, June 1957, depict oared boats with one mast and high prows, apparently of the 16th century B.C. Some of these recall the Cycladic representations.

³⁵ Seager, Mochlos (fig. 52).

³⁶ Marinates, ‘La Marine Créto-Mycénienne’, Bulletin de corresp. Héllénique, LVII, gives an invaluable catalogue of 69 illustrations of ships, mostly from gems. A type of ship called ‘Keftiu-ship’, i.e., some kind of Aegean craft, was either built or repaired in the dockyards of Thothmes III. Glanville, Aegyptologische Zeitschrift, 68. Säve-Söderbergh, op. cit., p. 47.

³⁷ iv, 148.

³⁸ Dañaos emigrated with his fifty daughters according to legend, in a home-built sailing-ship, the first two-prowed vessel ever to be launched, in contrast, no doubt, to the Cycladic craft.

³⁹ Iliad, ii, 119-20, 509-10.

⁴⁰ Barnett, Mopsus, J.H.S., 1953, p. 140.

⁴¹ This seems confirmed by the reference to Keftiu-ships in Egypt. See above, note 36.

⁴² Kirk, ‘Ships on Geometric Vases’, Annual of the British School at Athens, XLIV, 1949, p. 116.

⁴³ Ibid., fig. 5.

⁴⁴ Wreszinski, Atlas z. altäg. Kulturgesckichte, pl. 116.

⁴⁵ Botta, Monument de Ninive, pls. 52-4. See also below on these hippoi.

⁴⁶ Säve-Söderbergh, op. cit., p. 48.

⁴⁷ Glanville, loc. cit. (see note 36). Säve-Söderbergh, op. cit., p. 37, Leibovich, Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Egypte, xii, 442. N. A. Giron, Textes Araméens d’Egypte, pp. 13, 25.

⁴⁸ Isaiah, xviii, 1.

⁴⁹ Report of Wen-Amon (Maspéro, Popular Stories of Ancient Egypt).

⁵⁰ See above, note (40).

⁵¹ Ancient Ships (1895), p. 2.

⁵² Published first in Barnett, Archaeology, July 1956.

⁵³ The Assyrian equivalent term for ‘Ship of Tarshish’ is elep qarabi ‘man of war’. This passed through late Greek καράβoς into English ‘carvel’.

⁵⁴ Ibid., p. i.

⁵⁵ Köster, op. cit., pl. I.

⁵⁶ Odyssey, V. 256-7.

⁵⁷ Säve-Söderbergh, op. cit., fig. 10 and pp. 56-8.

⁵⁸ Torr, op. cit., p. 113.

⁵⁹ British Museum, Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities, A.202.

⁶⁰ British Museum, Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities, 1926, 6.28.9.

⁶¹ The anchor is said to have been first invented by Anacharsis, c. 600 B.C. (Strabo VII, 39). The word ἂγκνρα first occurs in Alcaeus, 6th century B.c.

⁶² Torr, p. 113.

⁶³ See above, note 45.

⁶⁴ King, Bronze Reliefs from the Gates of Shalmaneser, pl. XIII.

⁶⁵ Torr, p. 113.

⁶⁶ Melida, Tesoro de Aliseda, pl. opp. p. 27.

⁶⁷ Salonen, pl. XIX, 2.

⁶⁸ On the movement of the Mediterranean tradition of boat-building northwards round the coasts of Spain to Scandinavia, see the excellent remarks of Lethbridge, Boats and Boatmen, p. 8, and pp. 92 ff.

⁶⁹ Caesar, B. G., III, 14. Strabo, IV, p. 195.

⁷⁰ Riemschneider, Die Welt der Hethiter, pl. 83.

⁷¹ Dawkins, Artemis Orthia, pl. CX.

⁷² Salonen, p. 51; Torr, p. 110.

⁷³ Oriental Institute Communications, 21 (1939), fig. 24. I owe this reference to the kindness of Miss Porada.

⁷⁴ I, 13.

⁷⁵ G. S. Kirk, Ships on Geometric Vases, B.S.A. 1949.

⁷⁶ Reproduced in Torr, pl. 3.

⁷⁷ Dussaud et al., La Syrie Antique et mediévale illustrée, pl. 33.

⁷⁸ Oeconomica, VIII.

⁷⁹ Frankfort, Cylinder-Seals, pl. XI, m. I owe this observation to Professor D. D. Kosambi.

⁸⁰ E. R. Taylor, The Haven-Finding Art (1956).

⁸¹ ch. xxxvi.

⁸² For references to Ophir, possibly Suppara, near Bombay, see my Catalogue of the Nimrud Ivories, 59, 60, 168.

⁸³ ANTIQUITY, September 1948.