Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T00:29:29.223Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

‘Dark Age Economics’ revisited: the English fish bone evidence AD 600-1600

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 March 2015

James H. Barrett
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, The King’s Manor, University of York, York, YO1 7EP, England. (Email: [email protected])
Alison M. Locker
Affiliation:
L’Ensoleillee’, 20 bld de Garavan, 06500 Menton, France. (Email: [email protected])
Callum M. Roberts
Affiliation:
Environment Department, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, England. (Email: [email protected])

Abstract

When did the market economy come to Europe? Fish might seem an unlikely commodity to throw light on the matter, but the authors use fish bones from English sites to offer a vivid account of the rise and rise of the market as a factor in European development from the late tenth century.

Type
Research
Copyright
Copyright © Antiquity Publications Ltd. 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alheit, J., & Hagen, E.. 1997. Long-term climate forcing of European herring and sardine populations. Fisheries Oceanography 6:130139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amorosi, T., Woollett, J. Perdikaris, S. & Mcgovern, T.. 1996. Regional zooarchaeology and global change: problems and potentials. World Archaeology 28:126157.Google Scholar
AndréN, A. 1989. States and towns in the Middle Ages: the Scandinavian experience. Theory and Society 18:585609.Google Scholar
Arbmann, H. 1939. Birka: Sveriges äldsta handelsstad. Stockholm: Thule.Google Scholar
Astill, G. 1985. Archaeology, economics and early medieval Europe. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 4:215231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ayres, K., Ingrem, C. Light, J. Locker, A. Mulville, J. & Serjeantson, D.. 2003. Mammal, bird and fish remains and oysters, in Hardy, A. Dodd, A., and Keevill, G. D. (ed.), Ælfric’s Abbey: excavations at Eynsham Abbey, Oxfordshire 1989–92. 341432. Oxford: Oxford University School of Archaeology.Google Scholar
Barber, K. E., Chambers, F. M., & Maddy, D.. 2003. Holocene palaeoclimates from peat stratigraphy: macrofossil proxy climate records from three oceanic raised bogs in England and Ireland. Quaternary Science Reviews 22:521539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrett, J. H. 1997. Fish trade in Norse Orkney and Caithness: a zooarchaeological approach. Antiquity 71:616638.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrett, J. H. 2002. The Fish Bone from Excavations at Saxon Flixborough, Lincolnshire. York: Department of Archaeology, University of York, unpublished report.Google Scholar
Barrett, J. H. & Oltmann, J.. 1998. A report on mammal, bird and fish bone from excavations at Sandwick North, Unst, Shetland, 1995. Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, unpublished report.Google Scholar
Barrett, J. H., Nicholson, R. A. & CeróN-Carrasco, R.. 1999. Archaeo-ichthyological evidence for long-term socioeconomic trends in northern Scotland: 3500 Bc to Ad 1500. Journal of Archaeological Science 26:353388.Google Scholar
Barrett, J., Beukens, R. Simpson, I. Ashmore, P. Poaps, S. & Huntley, J.. 2000. What was the Viking Age and when did it happen? A view from Orkney. Norwegian Archaeological Review 33:139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrett, J. H., Beukens, R. P. & Nicholson, R. A.. 2001. Diet and ethnicity during the Viking colonisation of northern Scotland: evidence from fish bones and stable carbon isotopes. Antiquity 75:145154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrett, J. H., O’Connor, T. P. & Ashby, S. P.. 2003. The Mammal, Bird and Fish Bone from Excavations at Kaupang, Norway, 2002. York: Centre for Human Palaeoecology, Department of Archaeology.Google Scholar
Baxter, M. 2003. Statistics in Archaeology. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Bencard, M. (ed). 1981. Ribe Excavations 1970–76: volume 1. Esbjerg: Sydjysk Universitetsforlag.Google Scholar
Benecke, N. 1982. Zur frühmittelalterlichen heringsfischerei im südlichen Ostseeraum – ein archäozoologischer beitrag. – Zeitschrift für Archäologie 16:283290.Google Scholar
Benecke, N. 1987. Die fischreste aus einer frühmittelalterlichen Siedlung bei Menzlin, Kreis Anklam. – Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg Jb 1986:225239.Google Scholar
Blindheim, C. 1975. Kaupang by the Viks Fjord: harbour, market centre, or town?, in Herteig, A. E. Liden, H.-E., and Blindheim, C. (ed.), Archaeological Contributions to the Early History of Urban Communities in Norway. 154175. Oslo: Universiteforlaget.Google Scholar
Bourdillon, J. 1993. Animal Bones, in Garner, M. F., Middle Saxon evidence at Cook Street, Southampton (Sou 254). Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club Archaeological Society 49:116120.Google Scholar
Brander, K. 2000. Detecting the effects of environmental variability on growth and recruitment in cod (Gadus morhua) using a comparative approach. Oceanologica Acta 23:485496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Callmer, J. 1977. Trade Beads and Bead Trade in Scandinavia ca. 800–1000 A.D. Lund: Cwk Gleerup.Google Scholar
CeróN-Carrasco, R. 2002. Of Fish and Men, de Iasg agus Dhaoine: aspects of the utilization of marine resources as recovered from selected Hebridean archaeological sites. PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Childs, W. & Kowaleski, M.. 2000. Fishing and fisheries in the Middle Ages, in Starkey, D. J. Reid, C., and Ashcroft, N. (ed.), England’s Sea Fisheries: the commercial sea fisheries of England and Wales since 1300. 1928. London: Chatham.Google Scholar
Christensen, P., & Nielssen, A. R.. 1996. Norwegian Fisheries 1100–1970: main developments, in olm, P. H Starkey, D. J., and Thor, J. (ed.), The North Atlantic Fisheries, 1100–1976: national perspectives on a common resource. 145176. Esbjerg: North Atlantic Fisheries History Association.Google Scholar
Clavel, B. 2001. L’animal dans l’alimentation medievale et moderne en France du nord (XIIe – XVIIe siècles). Revue Archeologique de Picardie 19:1204.Google Scholar
Cowie, R., & Whytehead, R.. 1989. Lundenwic: the archaeological evidence for middle Saxon London. Antiquity 63:706718.Google Scholar
Crawford, B. E. 1999. Connections between Scotland and western Norway from the Viking Age to c.1500, in Vea, M. S. and Naley, H. R. (ed.), Fiender og Forbundsfeller: regional kontakt gjennom historien. 8196. Karmøy Kommune: Vikingfestivalen.Google Scholar
Crumlin-Pedersen, O. 1999. Ships as indicators of trade in Northern Europe 600–1200, in Bill, J. and Clausen, B. L. (ed.), Maritime Topography and the Medieval Town. 1120. Copenhagen: Publications from The National Museum Studies in Archaeology and History Vol. 4.Google Scholar
Cushing, D. H. 1988. The Provident Sea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dahl-Jensen, D., Mosegaard, K. Gundestrup, N. Clow, G. D. Johnsen, S. J. Hansen, A. W. & Balling, N.. 1998. Past temperatures directly from the Greenland ice sheet. Science 282:268271.Google Scholar
Dembinska, M. 1986. Fasting and working monks: regulations of the fifth to eleventh centuries, in Fenton, A. and Kisbán, E. (ed.), Food in Change: eating habits from the middle ages to the present day. 152160. Edinburgh: John Donald.Google Scholar
Dyer, C. 2002. Making a Living in the Middle Ages. London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Enghoff, I. B. 1996. A medieval herring industry in Denmark and the importance of herring in eastern Denmark. Archaeofauna 5:4347.Google Scholar
Enghoff, I. B. 1999. Fishing in the Baltic region from the 5th century Bc to the 16th century Ad: evidence from fish bones. Archaeofauna 8:4185.Google Scholar
Enghoff, I. B. 2000. Fishing in the southern North Sea region from the 1st to the 16th century Ad: evidence from fish bones. Archaeofauna 9:59132.Google Scholar
Ervynck, A., & Van Neer, W.. 1994. A preliminary survey of fish remains in medieval castles, abbeys and towns of Flanders (Belgium). Offa 51:303307.Google Scholar
Ervynck, A., Van Neer, W., & Pieters, M.. in press. How the north was won (and lost again): historical and archaeological data on the exploitation of the North Atlantic by the Flemish fishery, in Housley, R. A. and Coles, G. M. (ed.), Atlantic Connections and Adaptations: economies, environments and subsistence in lands bordering the North Atlantic. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Feveile, C., & Jensen, S.. 2000. Ribe in the 8th and 9th century: a contribution to the archaeological chronology of North Western Europe. Acta Archaeologica 71:924.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fossier, R. 1999. Rural economy and country life, in Reuter, T. (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History: volume III c.900-c.1024. 2763. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fox, H. 2001. The Evolution of the Fishing Village: landscape and society along the South Devon coast, 10861550. Oxford: Leopard’s Head Press.Google Scholar
Friedland, K. 1983. Hanseatic merchants and their trade with Shetland, in Withrington, D. J. (ed.), Shetland and the Outside World 1469–1969. 8695. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fry, T. (ed). 1981. RB 1980: the Rule of St. Benedict. Collegeville: Liturgical Press.Google Scholar
Gardiner, M., Cross, R. Macpherson-Grant, N. & Riddler, I.. 2001. Continental trade and non-urban ports in Mid-Anglo-Saxon England: excavations at Sandton, West Hythe, Kent. The Archaeological Journal 158:255261.Google Scholar
Gerrard, C. 2003. Medieval Archaeology: understanding traditions and contemporary approaches. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Gosden, C. 1999. Anthropology and Archaeology: a changing perspective. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Grant, E. 1988. Marine and river fishing in medieval Somerset: fishbone evidence from Langport, in Aston, M. (ed.), Medieval fish, fisheries and fishponds in England. 409416. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.Google Scholar
Gregory, C. 1997. Savage Money: the anthropology and politics of commodity exchange: Harwood Academic Publishers.Google Scholar
Grierson, P. 1959. Commerce in the Dark Ages: a critique of the evidence. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society Fifth Series 9: 123140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffiths, D. 2003. Exchange, trade and urbanization, in Davies, W. (ed.), From the Vikings to the Normans. 73106. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hagen, A. 1992. A Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Food: processing and consumption. Pinner, Middlesex: Anglo-Saxon Books.Google Scholar
Hamilton-Dyer, S. 1995. Fish in Tudor naval diet-with reference to the Mary Rose. Archaeofauna 4:2732.Google Scholar
Hamilton-Dyer, S. 1997. The Lower High Street Project, Southampton: The faunal remains: Unpublished Report.Google Scholar
Hamilton-Dyer, S. 2001. Bird and fish remains, in Gardiner, M. Cross, R. MacPherson-Grant, N., and Riddler, I., Continental trade and non-urban ports in Mid-Anglo-Saxon England: excavations at Sandton, West Hythe, Kent, The Archaeological Journal 158: 255261 Google Scholar
Hamre, J. 2003. Capelin and herring as key species for the yield of north-east Arctic cod: results from multispecies model runs. Scientia Marina 67:315323.Google Scholar
Hansen, I. L., & Wickham, C.. (eds). 2000. The Long Eighth Century: production, distribution and demand. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Hass, H. C. 1996. Northern Europe climate variations during the late Holocene: evidence from marine Skagerrak. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 123:121145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heinrich, D. 1983. Temporal changes in fishery and fish consumption between early medieval Haithabu and its successor, Schleswig, in Grigson, C. and Clutton-Brock, J. (ed.), Animals and Archaeology 2: shell middens, fishes and birds. 151156. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports International Series 183.Google Scholar
Hill, D., Barrett, D. Maude, K. Warburton, J. & Worthington, M.. 1990. Quentovic defined. Antiquity 64:5158.Google Scholar
Hill, D., & Cowie, R.. 2001. Wics: the early medieval trading centres of Northern Europe. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.Google Scholar
Hodges, R. 1982. Dark Age Economics: the origins of towns and trade AD 600–1000. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar
Hodges, R. 1988. Charlemagne’s elephant and the beginnings of commoditisation in Europe. Acta Archaeologica 59:155172.Google Scholar
Hodges, R. 2000. Towns and Trade in the Age of Charlemagne. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, R. C. 1996. Economic development and aquatic ecosystems in medieval Europe. The American Historical Review 101:631669.Google Scholar
Holm, P. 1996. Catches and manpower in the Danish fisheries, c1200–1995, in Holm, P. Starkey, D. J., and Thor, J. (ed.), The North Atlantic Fisheries, 1100–1976: national perspectives on a common resource. 177206. Esbjerg: North Atlantic Fisheries History Association.Google Scholar
Ingrem, C. 2000. The fish bones, in Sharples, N. (ed.), The Iron Age and Norse Settlement at Bornish, South Uist: an interim report on the 2000 excavations. 1921. Cardiff: School of History and Archaeology, Cardiff University.Google Scholar
Irving, B. 1998. Fish remains, in Lucas, G., A medieval fishery on Whittlesea Mere, Cambridgeshire, Medieval Archaeology 42: 3740 Google Scholar
Jankuhn, H. 1956. Haithabu: ein handelsplatz der Wikingerzeit. Neumünster: K. Wachholtz.Google Scholar
Jankuhn, H. 1982. Trade and settlement in central and northern Europe up to and during the Viking period. Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 112:1850.Google Scholar
Jones, A. K. G. 1981. Reconstruction of fishing techniques from assemblages of fish bones, in Enghoff, I. G. Richter, J., and Rosenlund, K. (ed.), Fish Osteoarchaeology Meeting: Copenhagen 28th-29th August 1981. 45. Copenhagen: Danish Zoological Museum.Google Scholar
Jones, A. K. G. 1982. Bulk-sieving and the recovery of fish remains from urban archaeological sites, in Hall, A. R. and Kenward, H. (ed.), – Environmental Archaeology in the Urban Context. 7985. London: Council for British Archaeology Research Report 43.Google Scholar
Jones, A. K. G. 1983. Fish remains, in Ayers, B. and Murphy, P. (ed.), Waterfront Excavation and Thetford Ware Production, Norwich. 3234. Norwich: Norwich Museums Service, East Anglian Archaeology No. 17.Google Scholar
Jones, A. K. G. 1988. Provisional remarks on fish remains from archaeological deposits at York, in Murphy, P. and French, C. (ed.), The Exploitation of Wetlands. 113127. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports British Series 186.Google Scholar
Jones, E. 2000. England’s Icelandic fishery in the early modern period, in Starkey, D. J. Reid, C., and Ashcroft, N. (ed.), England’s Sea Fisheries: the commercial sea fisheries of England and Wales since 1300. 105110. London: Chatham.Google Scholar
Kemp, R. L. 1996. Anglian settlement at 46–54 Fishergate. Archaeology of York 7/1: 1114.Google Scholar
Kornexl, L. 1998. Benedictine Reform, in Szarmach, P. E. Tavormina, M. T., and J. Rosenthal, T. (ed.), Medieval England: an encyclopedia. 119120. London: Garland Publishing.Google Scholar
Kowaleski, M. 2000. The expansion of the southwestern fisheries in late medieval England. Economic History Review 53:429454.Google Scholar
Lie, R. W. 1988. Animal Bones, in Schia, E. (ed.), De Arkeologiske Utgravninger i Gamlebyen, Oslo, 5. 153196. Oslo: Alvheim & Eide.Google Scholar
Locker, A. 1997. The fish bones, in P. Mills, Excavations at the dorter undercroft, Westminster Abbey, Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society 46: 111113 Google Scholar
Locker, A. 1988a. The fish bones, in Cowie, R. Whytehead, R. L., and Blackmore, L., Two Middle Saxon Occupation Sites: excavations at Jubilee Hall and 21–22 Maiden Lane, Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society 39: 149150 Google Scholar
Locker, A. 1988b. Fish bones, in R. Daniels, The Anglo-Saxon monastery at Church Close, Hartlepool, Cleveland, The Archaeological Journal 145: 201 Google Scholar
Locker, A. 1999. Fish bone, in I. Soden, A story of urban regeneration: excavations in advance of development off St Peter’s Walk, Northampton, Northamptonshire Archaeology 28: 106108 Google Scholar
Locker, A. 2001. The Role of Stored Fish in England 900–1750 AD: the evidence from historical and archaeological data. Sofia: Publishing Group Limited.Google Scholar
Locker, A. & Jones, A.. 1985. Ipswich: the fish remains. London: English Heritage Ancient Monuments Laboratory Report 4578.Google Scholar
Lopez, R. S. 1976. The Commercial Revolution of the Middle Ages, 950–1350. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mackenzie, B. R., & Visser, A. W.. 2001. Fisheries and climate change: the Danish perspective, in Jørgensen, A.-M. and Fenger, J. (ed.), Impacts of Climate Change on Denmark. 291302. Copenhagen: Danish Meteorological Institute and Danish Environment Ministry.Google Scholar
Magennis, H. 1999. Anglo-Saxon Appetites. Dublin: Four Courts Press.Google Scholar
Makowiecki, D. 2001. Some remarks on medieval fishing in Poland, in Buitenhuis, H. and Prummel, W. (ed.), Animals and Man in the Past. 236241. Groningen: Archaeological Research and Consultancy.Google Scholar
Mcdonnell, J. 1981. Exploitation of Inland Fisheries in Early Medieval Yorkshire 1066–1300. York: University of York Borthwick Institute of Historical Research, Borthwick Papers No 60.Google Scholar
Mcneill, P. G. B. & Macqueen, H. L.. (eds). 1996. An Atlas of Scottish History to 1707. Edinburgh: Scottish Cultural Press.Google Scholar
Moore, R. I. 2000. The First European Revolution c.970–1215. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Nedkvitne, A. 1976. Handelssjøfarten mellom Norge og England i Høymiddelalderen. Sjøfartshistorisk Årbok 1976:7254.Google Scholar
O’connor, T. P. 1989. Bones from Anglo-Scandinavian levels at 16–22 Coppergate. The Archaeology of York 15/3: 137207.Google Scholar
O’connor, T. P. 2000. Bones as evidence of meat production and distribution in York, in White, E. (ed.), Feeding a City: York. 4360. Totnes: Prospect Books.Google Scholar
O’connor, T. P. 2001. On the interpretation of animal bone assemblages from Wics, in Hill, D. and Cowie, R. (ed.), Wics: the early medieval trading centres of Northern Europe. 5460. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.Google Scholar
O’sullivan, A. 2001. Foragers, Farmers and Fishers in a Coastal Landscape: an intertidal archaeological survey of the Shannon estuary. Dublin: The Royal Irish Academy.Google Scholar
Parkhouse, J. 1997. The distribution and exchange of Mayen lava quernstones in early medieval Northwestern Europe, in De Boe, G. and Verhaeghe, F. (ed.), Exchange and Trade in Medieval Europe: papers of the ‘Medieval Europe Brugge 1997’ conference volume 3. 97106. Zellik: I.A.P. Rapporten 3.Google Scholar
Perdikaris, S. 1999. From chiefly provisioning to commercial fishery: long-term economic change in Arctic Norway. World Archaeology 30:388402.Google Scholar
Prestell, T. & Ulmschneider, K.. 2003. Markets in Early Medieval Europe: trading and ‘productive’ sites, 650–850. Macclesfield: Windgather.Google Scholar
Randsborg, K. 1980. The Viking Age in Denmark: the formation of a state. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar
Rixson, D. 2000. The History of Meat Trading. Nottingham: Nottingham University Press.Google Scholar
Robertson, A. J. (ed). 1925. The Laws of the Kings of England from Edmund to Henry I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Robinson, R. 2000. The common North Atlantic pool, in Starkey, D. J. Reid, C., and Ashcroft, N. (ed.), England’s Sea Fisheries: the commercial sea fisheries of England and Wales since 1300. 917. London: Chatham.Google Scholar
Rowley-Conwy, P. 1988. Rye in Viking Age Denmark: new information from Øster Aalum, North Jutland. Journal of Danish Archaeology 7:182190.Google Scholar
Saunders, T. 1995. Trade, Towns and States: a reconsideration of early medieval economics. Norwegian Archaeological Review 28:3153.Google Scholar
Sawyer, P. 1989. Coins and commerce, in Jonsson, K. and Malmer, B. (ed.), Sigtuna Papers: proceedings of the Sigtuna Symposium on Viking-Age coinage 1–4 June 1989. 283288. London: Spink & Son Ltd.Google Scholar
Sayers, W. 2002. Some fishy etymologies: Eng. Cod, Norse ˛orskr, Du. Kabeljauw, Sp. Bacalao. NOWELE: North-Western European Language Evolution 41:1730.Google Scholar
Spufford, P. 2002. Power and Profit: the merchant in medieval Europe. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Swanton, M. 1975. Anglo-Saxon Prose. London: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Symons, D. T. Editor. 1953. The Monastic Agreement of the Monks and Nuns of the English Nation. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd.Google Scholar
Taylor, C. C. 1988. Problems and possibilities, in Aston, M. (ed.), Medieval fish, fisheries and fishponds in England. 465474. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.Google Scholar
Turner, R. 2002. Fish weirs and fish traps, in Davidson, A. (ed.), The Coastal Archaeology of Wales. 95107. York: Council for British Archaeology.Google Scholar
Ulriksen, J. 1994. Danish sites and settlements with a maritime context Ad 200–1200. Antiquity 68:797811.Google Scholar
Vale, D. & Gargett, R. H.. 2002. Size matters: 3-mm sieves do not increase richness in a fishbone assemblage from Arrawarra I, an Aboriginal Australian shell midden on the mid-north coast of New South Wales, Australia. Journal of Archaeological Science 29:5763.Google Scholar
Van Neer, W., Ervynck, A. Bolle, L. Millner, R. S. & Rijnsdorp, A. D.. 2002. Fish otoliths and their relevance to archaeology: an analysis of medieval, post-medieval and recent material of plaice, cod and haddock from the North Sea. Environmental Archaeology 7:6176.Google Scholar
Van Neer, W. & Ervynck, A.. 2003. The late mediaeval heyday of the Flemish marine fishery: a fish-eye view, in Pieters, M. Verhaeghe, F. Gevaert, G. Mees, J., and Seys, J. (ed.), Colloquium: Fishery, trade and piracy – fishermen and fishermen’s settlements in and around the North Sea area in the Middle Ages and later: 4043. Oostende: Instituut voor het Archeologisch Patrimonium Rapport 13.Google Scholar
Verhulst, A. 1995. Economic organisation, in McKitterick, R. (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History: volume II c.700-c.900. 481509. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Verhulst, A. 1999. The Rise of Cities in North-West Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Verhulst, A. 2002. The Carolingian Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wheeler, A. 1979. Fish remains, in Parrington, M., Excavations at Stert Street, Abingdon, Oxon, Oxoniensia 44: 2123 Google Scholar
Woolgar, C. M. 2000. ‘Take this penance now, and afterwards the fare will improve’: seafood and late medieval diet, in Starkey, D. J. Reid, C., and Ashcroft, N. (ed.), England’s Sea Fisheries: the commercial sea fisheries of England and Wales since 1300. 3644. London: Chatham Google Scholar