Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T19:36:08.804Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The change in metal production from the Chalcolithic period to the Early Bronze Age in Israel and Jordan

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2015

Sariel Shalev
Sariel Shalev*
Affiliation:
Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, England
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Distinctive patterns in the nature and composition of early metal objects in Israel and Jordan make it possible to find a chronological order in the celebrated, and hard-to-date, copper-mining sites of the region.

Type
Notes
Information
Antiquity , Volume 68 , Issue 260 , September 1994 , pp. 630 - 637
Copyright
Copyright © Antiquity Publications Ltd. 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, R. 1992. Wadi Fidan Project, 1992, British Association for Near Eastern Archaeology, Newsletter 5: 53–4.Google Scholar
Amiran, R., Beit Arieh, I. & Glass, J.. 1973. The interrelationship between Arad and sites in southern Sinai in the Early Bronze Age II, Israel Exploration Journal 23: 193–7.Google Scholar
Bar Adon, P. 1980. The Cave of the Treasure. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.Google Scholar
Beit Arieh, I. 1977. South Sinai in the Early Bronze age. Unpublished Ph.D thesis, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (Hebrew).Google Scholar
Ben Tor, A. 1975. Two burial caves of the proto-urban period at Azor, Qedem 1: 1–53.Google Scholar
Bliss, F.J. 1894. A mound of many cities. London: Palestine Exploration Fund.Google Scholar
Ehrenreich, R.M. (ed.). 1991. Metals in society: theory beyond analysis. Philadelphia (PA): University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania. MASCA Research Papers in Science and Archaeology 8(II).Google Scholar
Gale, N.H. 1991. Metals and metallurgy in the Chalcolithic period, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 282/283: 37–61.Google Scholar
Gopher, A. & Tsuk, T.. 1991. Ancient gold. Jerusalem: Israel Museum. Exibition Catalogue.Google Scholar
Gopher, A., Tsuk, T., Shalev, S. & Gophna, R.. 1990. Earliest gold artifacts in the Levant, Current Anthropology 31(4): 436–43.Google Scholar
Hauptmann, A. The earliest periods of copper metallurgy in Feinan, Jordan, in Hauptmann, A., Pernicka, E. & Wagner, G.A. (ed.), Old World archaeometallurgy [Der Anschnitt 7): 119–35. Bochum: Deutschen Bergbau-Museums.Google Scholar
Hauptmann, A., Begemann, F., Heitkemper, E., Pernicka, E. & Schmitt-Strecker, S.. 1992. Early copper produced at Feinan, Wadi Araba, Jordan: the composition of ores and copper, Archaeomaterials 6: 1–33.Google Scholar
Hauptmann, A., Weisgerber, G. & Knauf, E.A.. 1985. Archaeometallurgische und Bergbauarchologische Untersuchungen im Gebiet von Fenan, Wadi Arabah (Jordanien), Der Anschnitt 37: 163–95. Bochum: Deutschen Bergbau-Museums.Google Scholar
Hestrin, R. & Tadmor, M.. 1963. A hoard of tools and weapons from Kfar Monash, Israel Exploration Journal 13: 265–88.Google Scholar
Levy, T.E. & Shalev, S.. 1989. Prehistoric metalworking in the southern Levant: archaeometallurgical and social perspectives, World Archaeology 20(3): 352–72.Google Scholar
Miron, E. 1992. Axes and adzes from Canaan. Stuttgart: Steiner Verlag.Google Scholar
Moorey, P.R.S. 1988. The Chalcolithic hoard from Nahal Mishmar, Israel, in context, World Archaeology 20(2): 171–89.Google Scholar
Muhly, J.D. 1984. Timna and King Solomon, Bibliotheca Orientalis 41 (3-4): 275–92.Google Scholar
Perrot, J. 1955. The excavations at Tell Abu Matar, near Beersheba, Israel Exploration Journal 5: 17–41, 7384, 167-89.Google Scholar
Phillip, G. 1991a. Cypriot bronzework in the Levantine world: conservatism, innovation and social change, Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 4(1): 59–107.Google Scholar
Phillip, G. 1991b. Tin, arsenic, lead: alloying practices in Syria-Palestine around 2000 BC, Levant 23: 93–104.Google Scholar
Prag, K. 1978. Silver in the 4th millennium BC, in Moorey, R. & Parr, P. (ed.), Archaeology in the Levant, essays for Kathleen Kenyan: 36–45. Warminster: Aris & Phillips.Google Scholar
Rothenberg, B. 1990a. The Chalcolithic copper smelting furnace in the Timna Valley – its discovery and the strange argument surrounding its dating, Institute for Archaeo-Metallurgical Studies Newsletter 15-16: 9–12.Google Scholar
Rothenberg, B. 1990b. (Ed.). The ancient metallurgy of copper, researches in the Arabah 1959-1984 2. London: Institute for Archaeo-Metallurgical Studies, Institute of Archaeology, University College London.Google Scholar
Rothenberg, B., Tylecote, R.F. & Boydell, P.J.. 1978. Chalcolithic copper smelting. London: Institute of Archaeology, University College London. Institute for Archaeo-Metallurgical Studies Monograph 1.Google Scholar
Shalev, S. 1991. Two different copper industries in the Chalcolithic culture of Israel, in Eluère, C. & Mohen, J-P. (ed.), Découverte du métal: 413–24. Paris, Picard. Google Scholar
Shalev, S. 1993a. The earliest gold artifacts in the southern Levant: reconstruction of the manufacturing process, in Eluère, C. (ed.), Outils et ateliers d’orfèvres des temps anciens: 7-12. Saint-Germain-en-Laye: Société des amis du Musée des Antiquités Nationales.Google Scholar
Shalev, S. 1993b. Metal production and society at Tel Dan, in Biblical archaeology today, 1990: 57–65. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, The Israel Academy of Science and Humanities. Supplement of the Proceedings of the second International Congress on Biblical Archaeology.Google Scholar
Shalev, S., Goren, Y., Levy, T.E. & Northover, J.P.. 1992. A Chalcolithic mace head from the Negev, Israel: technological aspects and cultural implications, Archaeometry 34(1): 63–71.Google Scholar
Shalev, S. & Northover, J.P.. 1987. Chalcolithic metal and metalworking from Shiqmim, in Levy, T.E. (ed.), Shiqmim I: 357–71. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports. International series S356.Google Scholar
Shalev, S. & Northover, J.P.. 1993. The metallurgy of the Nahal Mishmar Hoard reconsidered, Archaeometry 34(1): 35–41.Google Scholar
Stech, T. 1990. Neolithic copper metallurgy in southwest Asia, Archaeomaterials 4(1): 55–61.Google Scholar