Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T06:04:04.395Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

An Early Epipalaeolithic sitting burial from the Azraq Oasis, Jordan

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2015

T. Richter*
Affiliation:
Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, The Henry Wellcome Building, University of Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Street, Cambridge CB2 1QH, UK
Jay T. Stock
Affiliation:
Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, The Henry Wellcome Building, University of Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Street, Cambridge CB2 1QH, UK
L. Maher
Affiliation:
Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, The Henry Wellcome Building, University of Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Street, Cambridge CB2 1QH, UK
C. Hebron
Affiliation:
5b Friar's Stile Road, Richmond Hill, London TW10 6NM, UK

Abstract

Detailed analysis of the anatomy and taphonomic process of a burial in Jordan shows that the body was originally bound in a sitting position and placed in marshland, where it collapsed into the splayed tableau eventually recovered by excavation. The authors succeed in reconstructing a burial rite from one of the most elusive of mortuary phases: the Early Epipalaeolithic in south-west Asia.

Type
Research articles
Copyright
Copyright © Antiquity Publications Ltd 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Arensburg, B. & Bar-Yosef, O.. 1973. Human remains from Ein Gev I, Jordan Valley, Israel. Paléorient 1: 201202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. 1989. The Last Glacial Maximum in The Mediterranean Levant, in Soffer, O. & Gamble, C. (ed.) The world at 18,000 BP. Volume 2. Low latitudes: 5877. London: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. 1998. The Natufian culture in the Levant. Threshold to the origins of agriculture. Evolutionary Anthropology 6: 159177.3.0.CO;2-7>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. & Belfer-Cohen, A.. 2000. Early sedenstism in the Near East: a bumpy ride to village life, in Kujit, I. (ed.) Life in Neolithic farming communities: social organization, identity, and differentiation: 1962. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. & Meadow, R.H.. 1995. The origins of agriculture in the Near East, in Price, T.D. & Gebauer, A.B. (ed.) Last hunters-first farmers: new perspectives on the prehistoric transition to agriculture: 3994. Santa Fe (NM): School of American Research Press.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. & Vogel, J.C.. 1987. Relative and absolute chronology of the Epipalaeolithic in the southern Levant, in Aurenche, O., Evin, J. & Hours, F. (ed.) Chronologies in the Near East (British Archaeological Reports International Series 379): 219246. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.Google Scholar
Belfer-Cohen, A. 1988. The Natufian graveyard in Hayonim Cave. Paléorient 14: 297308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belfer-Cohen, A. 1991. The Natufian in the Levant. Annual Review of Anthropology 20: 167186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belfer-Cohen, A. 1995. Rethinking social stratification in the Natufian culture: the evidence from burials, in Campbell, S. & Green, A. (ed.) The archaeology of death in the ancient Near East: 297308. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Belfer-Cohen, A., Schepartz, L.A. & Bar-Yosef, O.. 1991. New biological data for the Natufian populations in Israel, in Bar-Yosef, O. & Valla, F.F. (ed.) The Natufian culture in the Levant (International Monographs in Prehistory 1): 411424. Ann Arbor (MI): International Monographs in Prehistory.Google Scholar
Betts, A.V.G. 1991. The Late Epipalaeolithic in the Black Desert, eastern Jordan, in Bar-Yosef, O. & Valla, F.R. (ed.) The Natufian culture in the Levant (International Monographs in Prehistory 1): 923. Ann Arbor (MI): International Monographs in Prehistory.Google Scholar
Betts, A.V.G. 1998. The Harra and the Hamad: excavations and surveys in eastern Jordan. Volume 1. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.Google Scholar
Bocquentin, F. 2007. A Final Natufian population: health and burial status at Eynan-Mallaha, in Faerman, M., Horwitz, L.K., Khana, T. & Zilberman, U. (ed.) Faces from the past: diachronic patterns in the biology of human populations from the Eastern Mediterranean. Papers in honour of Patricia Smith (British Archaeological Reports International Series 1603): 6681. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Boyd, B. 2001. The Natufian burials from el-Wad, Mt. Carmel: beyond issues of social differentiation. Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society 31:185200.Google Scholar
Byrd, B.F. 1994. Late Quaternary hunter-gatherer complexes in the Levant between 20,000 and 10,000 BP, in Bar-Yosef, O. & Kra, R.S. (ed.) Late Quaternary chronology and paleoclimates of the eastern Mediterranean: 205226. Tucson (AZ): Radiocarbon; Cambridge (MA): American School of Prehistoric Research.Google Scholar
Byrd, B.F. & Garrard, A.N.. 1989. The Last Glacial Maximum in the Jordanian desert, in Soffer, O. & Gamble, C. (ed.) The world at 18,000 BP. Volume 2. Low latitudes: 7896. London: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar
Byrd, B.F. & Monahan, C.M.. 1995. Death, mortuary ritual and Natufian social structure. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 14: 251287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dirkmaat, D.C. & Sienicki, L.A.. 1995. Taphonomy in the northeast woodlands: four cases from western Pennsylvania. Proceedings of the 47th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences 1: 10.Google Scholar
Duday, H. 1987. Nouvelles observations sur la déecomposition des corps dans un espace libre, in Duday, H. & Masset, C. (ed.) Anthropologie physique et archéologie: méthode d’étude des sépultures. Comptes rendus de la table ronde de la RCP 742, St-Germain-en-Laye: 613. Paris: CNRS.Google Scholar
Duday, H. 1990. Observations ostéologiques et décomposition du cadavre: sépulture en espace colmaté ou en espace vide? Revue Archéologique du Centre de la France 29: 193196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duday, H. & Masset, C. (ed.) 1987. Anthropologie physique et archéologie: méthode d’étude des sépultures. Comptes rendus de la table ronde de la RCP 742, St-Germain-en-Laye. Paris: CNRS.Google Scholar
Duday, H., Courtaud, P., Cruzbézy, E., Sellier, P. & Tillier, A.M.. 1990. L'anthropologie de ‘terrain’: reconnaissance et interprétation des gestes funéraires. Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris 2: 2649.Google Scholar
Eshed, V., Gopher, A., Gage, T.B. & Hershkovitz, I.. 2004a. Has the transition to agriculture reshaped the demographic structure of prehistoric populations? New evidence from the Levant. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 124: 315329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eshed, V., Gopher, A., Galili, E. & Hershkovitz, I.. 2004b. Musculoskeletal stress markers in Natufian hunter-gatherers and Neolithic farmers in the Levant: the upper limb. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 123: 303315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eshed, V., Gopher, A. & Hershkovitz, I.. 2006. Tooth wear and dental pathology at the advent of agriculture: new evidence from the Levant. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 130: 145159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garrard, A.N. 1991. Natufian settlement in the Azraq Basin, eastern Jordan, in Bar-Yosef, O. & Valla, F.F. (ed.) The Natufian culture in the Levant (International Monographs in Prehistory 1):235244. Ann Arbor (MI): International Monographs in Prehistory.Google Scholar
Garrard, A.N. 1998. Environment and cultural adaptations in the Azraq Basin: 24,000-7,000 BP, in Henry, D.O. (ed.) The prehistoric archaeology of Jordan (British Archaeological Reports International Series 705):139148. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Garrard, A.N. & Byrd, B.F.. 1992. New dimensions to the Epipalaeolithic of the Wadi el-Jilat in central Jordan. Paléorient 18: 4762.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garrard, A.N., Betts, A., Byrd, B.F., Colledge, S. & Hunt, C.. 1988. Summary of the palaeoenvironmental and prehistoric investigations in the Azraq Basin, in Garrard, A.N. & Gebel, H.G. (ed.) The prehistory of Jordan: the state of research in 1986 (British Archaeological Reports International Series 396): 311337. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.Google Scholar
Garrard, A.N.Baird, D., Colledge, S., Martin, L. & Wright, K.. 1994. Prehistoric environment and settlement in the Azraq Basin: an interim report on the 1987 and 1988 excavation seasons. Levant 26: 73109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garrod, D.A.E. 1932. Excavations at the Wady el-Mughara (Palestine), 1931. Quarterly Statement of the Palestine Exploration Fund 64: 4651.Google Scholar
Garrod, D.A.E. & Bate, D.M.. 1937. The Stone Age of Mount Carmel. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Goring-Morris, A.N. 1995. Complex hunter/gatherers at the end of the Paleolithic, in Levy, T. (ed.) The archaeology of society in the Holy Land: 141167. London: Leicester University Press.Google Scholar
Grosman, L. 2003. Preserving cultural traditions in a period of instability: the Late Natufian of the hilly Mediterranean zone. Current Anthropology 44: 571580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grosman, L., Munro, N.D. & Belfer-Cohen, A.. 2008. A 12,000-year-old shaman burial from the southern Levant (Israel). Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States 105:1766517669.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hassan, F.A. 1981. Demographic archaeology. New York; London: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henderson, J. 1987. Factors determining the state of preservation of human remains, in Boddington, A., Garland, A.N. & Janaway, R.C. (ed.) Death, decay and reconstruction: approaches to archaeology and forensic science: 4354. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Hershkovitz, I., Spiers, M.S., Frayerd, D., Nadel, D., Wishbaratz, S. & Arensburg, B.. 1995. Ohalo 11: a 19,000-year-old skeleton from a water-logged site at the Sea of Galilee. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 96: 215234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hours, F. 1992. Le Paléolithique et l'Epipaléeolithique de la Syrie et du Liban. Beirut: Dar El-Machreq.Google Scholar
Johnson, D., Janetski, J., Chazan, M., Witcher, S. & Meadow, R.. 1999. Preliminary report on Brigham Young University's first season of excavation and survey at Wadi Al-Mataha, Petra, Jordan. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 43: 249260.Google Scholar
Kroeber, A.L. 1927. Disposal of the dead. American Anthropologist 29: 308315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maher, L. 2005. Recent excavations at the Middle Epipalaeolithic encampment of ‘Uyun al-Hammam, northern Jordan. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 49: 101114.Google Scholar
Maher, L. 2007a. 2005 Excavations at the Geometric Kebaran site of ‘Uyun al-Hammam, Al Koura District, Jordan. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 51: 263272.Google Scholar
Maher, L. 2007b. Microliths and mortuary practices: new perspectives on the Epipalaeolithic in northern and eastern Jordan, in Levy, T.E., Daviau, M., Younker, R.W. & Sharer, M. (ed.) Crossing Jordan: North American contributions to the archaeology of Jordan: 195202. London: Equinox.Google Scholar
Maher, L., Richter, T. & Jones, D.. 2007. Archaeological survey at the Epipalaeolithic site of Kharaneh IV. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 51: 263272.Google Scholar
Mastin, B.A. 1964. The extended burials at the Mugharet el-Wad. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 94: 4451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muheisen, M. 1983. La Préhistoire en Jordanie. Recherches sur l'Epipaléolithique. Volume 2. L'exemple du gisement de Kharaneh IV. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Université de Bordeaux.Google Scholar
Muheisen, M. 1988a. The Epipalaeolithic phases of Kharaneh IV, in Garrard, A.N. & Gebel, H.G. (ed.) The prehistory of Jordan: the state of research in 1986 (British Archaeological Reports International Series 396): 353367. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.Google Scholar
Muheisen, M. 1988b. Le gisement de Kharaneh IV, note sommaire sur la phase D. Paléorient 14: 265282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nadel, D. 1994. Levantine Upper Palaeolithic-Early Epipalaeolithic burial customs: Ohalo II as a case study. Paléorient 20: 113121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nadel, D. 1995. The visibility of prehistoric burials in the southern Levant. How rare are the Upper Palaeolithic/Early Epipalaeolithic graves?, in Campbell, S.A.G. & Green, A. (ed.) The archaeology of death in the ancient Near East (Oxbow Monograph 51): 18. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Olszewski, D.I. 2001. The Palaeolithic, including the Epipalaeolithic, in MacDonald, B., Adams, R. & Bienkowski, P. (ed.) The archaeology of Jordan (Levantine Archaeology 1): 3165. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.Google Scholar
Olszewski, D.I. 2006. Issues in the Levantine Epipalaeolithic: the Madamaghan, Nebekian and Qalkhan (Levant Epipalaeolithic). Paléorient 32: 1926.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker Pearson, M. 1999. The archaeology of death and burial. Stroud: Sutton.Google Scholar
Perrot, J., Ladiray, D. & Soliveres-Massei, O.. 1988. Les hommes de Mallaha (Eynan) Israel (Mémoires et Travaux du Centre de Recherche fran¸ais de Jerusalem 7). Paris: Association Paléorient.Google Scholar
Peterson, J. 2002. Sexual revolutions: gender and labor at the dawn of agriculture (Gender and Archaeology Series 4). Walnut Creek (CA); Oxford: Altamira.Google Scholar
Raxter, M.H.Ruff, C.B., Azab, A., Frfan, M., Soliman, M. & El-Sawaf, A.. 2008. Stature estimation in ancient Egyptians: a new technique based on anatomical reconstruction of stature. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 136: 147155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richter, T. & Röhl, C.. 2007. Rescue excavations at Epipalaeolithic ‘Ayn Qasiyah: report on the 2005 season. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 50: 313328.Google Scholar
Richter, T., Colledge, S., Luddy, S., JOnes, D., M. Jones, , Maher, L. & Kelly, R.. 2007. Preliminary report on the 2006 season at Epipalaeolithic ‘Ayn Qasiyah, Azraq es-Shishan. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 51: 313328.Google Scholar
Richter, T., Alcock, S., Asouti, E., Colledge, S., Jones, M., Maher, L., Martin, L., Stock, J. & Thorne, B.. 2010. New light on Final Pleistocene settlement diversity in the Azraq Basin: some preliminary results from Ayn Qasiyah and AWS 48. Paléorient 35.Google Scholar
Roksandic, M. 2002. Position of skeletal remains as a key to understanding mortuary behavior, in Haglund, W.D. & Sorg, M.H. (ed.) Advances in forensic taphonomy: method, theory, and archaeological perspectives: 99117. Boca Raton (FL); London: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Rollefson, G., Schnurrenberger, D., Quintero, L., Watson, R.P. & Low, R.. 1997. Ain Soda and ‘Ayn Qasiya: new Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene sites in the Azraq Shishan area, eastern Jordan, in Gebel, H.G.K., Kafafi, Z. & Rollefson, G.O. (ed.) The prehistory of Jordan, II: perspectives from 1997 (Studies in early Near Eastern production, subsistence and environment 4): 4558. Berlin: Ex Oriente.Google Scholar
Rollefson, G., Quintero, L. & Wilke, P.. 1999. Bawwab al-Ghazal: preliminary report on the testing season 1998. Neo-Lithics 1: 24.Google Scholar
Rollefson, G., Quintero, L. & Wilke, P. 2001. Azraq wetlands survey 2000: preliminary report. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 45: 7182.Google Scholar
Rolston, S.L. 1982. Two prehistoric burials from Qasr Kharaneh. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 26: 221229.Google Scholar
Ruff, C.B.Trinkhaus, E. & Holliday, T.W.. 1997. Body mass and encephalization in Pleistocene Homo. Nature 387: 173176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schyle, D. & Uerpmann, H.. 1996. Das Epipaläolithikum des Vorderen Orients, Bd. 1. Tl. 1: das Epipaläolithikum und der Ü bergang zum Neolithikum in der Levante und in Ägypten (Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients. Reihe B, Geisteswissenschaften 85/1). Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert.Google Scholar
Stock, J., Pfeiffer, S., Chazan, M. & Janetski, J.. 2005. F-81 skeleton from Wadi Mataha, Jordan, and its bearing on human variability in the Epipaleolithic of the Levant. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 128: 453465.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stutz, A.J. & Estabrook, G.F.. 2004. Computationally intensive multivariate statistics and relative frequency distributions in archaeology (with an application to the Early Epipaleolithic of the Levant). Journal of Archaeological Science 31: 16431658.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ucko, P. 1969. Ethnography and archaeological interpretation of funerary remains. World Archaeology 1: 262280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Valla, F.R. 1995. The first settled societies – Natufian (12,500-10,200 BP), in Levy, T. (ed.) The archaeology of the Holy Land: 169190. London: Leicester University Press.Google Scholar
Weinstein-Evron, M. 2003. In B or not in B: a reappraisal of the Natufian burials at Shukbah Cave, Judaea, Palestine. Antiquity 77: 96101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, G.A. 1978. Social differentiation in the early Natufian, in Redman, C.L., Berman, M.J., Curtin, E.V., Langhorne, W.T. Jr., Versaggi, N.M. & Wanser, J.C. (ed.) Social anthropology: 210224. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar