^1. Among these are traces of a former bear-cult; the use of pit-dwellings; the compound bow; the coracle; and the semilunar or rectangular stone knife-the ‘woman’s knife’ of the Eskimo.

^2. Examples are, the use of bronze and of the war-chariot; the ox-drawn plough and the growing of wheat (for the two latter items see ANTIQUITY1,9 36,x , 277-80); and probably the potter's wheel and the walling of towns with ramparts of terre pisé.

^3. See Notes by Col. SirHenry, Yule in Journ Anthrop. Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 1879–80, LX, 290 ff.Google Scholar

^4. A well-known example is the Japanese Sun-Goddess, regarded as the divine ancestress of the imperial line. Many other instances could be cited.

^5. See Perry, W.J. The Megalithic Culture of Polynesia, Manchester Univ. Press, 1918 chap. 11, 96–104, ‘Incestuous Unions’.Google Scholar

^6. cf. Richard, Thurnwald Economics in Primitive Societies, Oxford, 1932, p. 26. ‘Incestuous Unions’.Google Scholar

^7. See Charles, Hose and William, McDougall The Pugun Tribes of Borneo, 2 vols., London, 1912;Google Scholar ref. to vol. I, pp. IOO ff.

^8. See John, Anderson, and William, McDougall Report of the Expedition to Western Yunnan vid Bhamb, Calcutta, 1871, p. 122.Google Scholar

^9. See Marshall, H.I. ‘The Karen People of Burma’, Ohio State Univ. Bulletin, 29 April Calcutta, 1922, pp. 1–322;Google Scholar ref. to p. 56.

^10. Regarding the time, apparently only a few centuries ago, when the Kayans reached Borneo, see Hose and McDougall, op. cit., 11, 243.

^11. In northwestern China the peasantry often live in artificial caves excavated in loess bluffs. Whole villages of such ‘houses’ may be seen there.

^12. For pit-dwellings at Neolithic sites in northern China, see ANTIQUITY1,9 33, VII, pp. 393 ff. The type occurs rather widely in the northern portions of both hemispheres.

^13. Clarke, S.R. ‘The Miao and Chungchia Tribes of Kueichow’, East of Asia Muguzine, 1904, 111, 195.Google Scholar

^14. The type of house in question occurs sporadically in northern China also; but there it seems to be a rather recent importation, quite distinct from the prevalent indigenous architecture

^15. In northern China also, boats sometimes appear at the dragon-boat festival; but these are merely much-bedizened pleasure-barges, not racing-craft, and are quite different in both form and function from the true dragon-boats of the south.

^16. Verbal communication from Dr N. Gist Gee. In predynastic Egyptian representations of what are usually taken for boats, there often appears a canopy or cabin of some kind amidships.

^17. The dragon-boat paddles that I have measured have all been about 3 feet long.

^18. The use of a hogging-truss is apparently very old; it is represented, for example, as a fixed feature of the ships sent by Queen Hatshepsut to the land of Punt, as seen at Deir el-Bahri.

^19. Now abolished officially, though not in popular usage; in it the year began on the first new moon after the sun's exit from Capricorn, the last of the three winter signs.

^20. It is scarcely necessary to point out the resemblance to the search for the remains of Osiris, as recounted by Plutarch.

^21. See de Groot, J.J.M. Les Fétes annuellement célébrées à Emoui, Paris, 1886;Google Scholar Lewis, Hodous, ‘The Great Summer Festival of China as observed in Foochow’, in Journ. North-China Br., R.A.S., 1912, 43, 69–80.Google Scholar

^22. Note the similarity in proportions to those of the dragon-boats that I measured on the Middle Yangtse.

^23. The first mention in the Chinese records of sailing-craft-and then apparently not of Chinese but of Western origin-refers to the 3rd century A.D. Sails seem not to have been much used in Japan until about the 9th century A.D.

^24. SirJohn, Bowring, The Kingdom and People of Siam, 2 vols., London, 1857;ref. to vol. 1 pp. 116 ff.Google Scholar

^25. For an excellent description of these Burmese war-boats see Col. SirHenry, Yule, Narrative of the Mission . . . to the Court of Ava in 1855;Calcutta, 1857 p. 488 Google Scholar

^26. On this see Aston, W.G., (tsl.), Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the earliest Tims to A.D. 697 2 vols. London, 1924; 1857 p.Google Scholar ref. to vol. I, p. 68.

^27. For example, a Chinese fleet of the late 2nd century B.C. is recorded as having transported an army of 50,000 men across the one hundred miles and more of open sea between peninsular Shantung and the opposite coast of Korea; but this seem to have been composed not of vessels of the dragon-boat type but of more developed form, with decks. There is nothing however to suggest that they had sails.

^28. Furness, W.H. ‘Life in the Luchu Islands’, Bull. Mus. Science and Art, Univ. Pennsylvania, 1899, 2, 15 Google Scholar

^29. Note the similarly short paddles of the Chinese dragon-boats (see footnote 17, page 416). American Indian canoe-paddles that I have seen have usually been about 5 feet long

^30. The river-name ‘Yangtse’ does not mean ‘Son of the Ocean’, as sometimes stated, but derives from the ancient region of Yang. The two ‘Yangs’, the one meaning ‘ocean’ and the other referring to the territory, though spoken in the same tone, are written with quite different characters

^31. In Pacific Affairs, vol. VII (Sept. 1934), pp. 297-325, ‘Beginnings of North and South in China’, I have attempted to recount some of the circumstances attending this interesting historical process.

^32. In Japan, for example, until within living memory, official incomes were reckoned in terms of bags of rice.

There is considerable evidence, historical, traditional, and legendary, that the diffusion of rice-culture over many parts of the Far East has been relatively recent. It seems to have occurred mainly between 1000 B.C. and A.D. 1000, though beginning even before the earlier date.

^33. The legends on which this assumption is in part based are as a rule lightly dismissed as fables; but certain of their details seem to indicate that they contain a kernel of fact.

^34. The ancient Chinese proper, of the Yellow River basin, wore their hair long and knotted in a sort of chignon on top of the head, as did the Koreans until quite recently. The queue or ‘pigtail’, often regarded as so peculiarly Chinese, was in reality only adopted by that peaple around the middle of the 17th century, under compulsion from their Manchu conquerors.

^35. Similarly, in large areas of Indonesia and Polynesia the bow was practically unused, though known. In regard to Borneo, see Hose and McDougall, op. cit., I, 46.

^36. The military power of the various Chinese feudal states during their later Bronze Age (i.e., for the greater part of the 1st millennium B.c.) was computed in terms of the number of war-chariots that they could put in the field. There was little regard for infantry, composed largely of untrained levies of serfs; and cavalry as an effective fighting force only began to appear toward the close of the period.

^37. Owing to the great changes which have occurred during the historical period in the hydrography of the region, what was once the territory of Yüeh no longer reaches the Yangtse; but anciently the latter’s delta touched its confines, and old records could thus speak of the two states, Wu and Yüeh, as ‘situated on the same river’. In regard to Borneo, see Hose and McDougall, op. cit., I, 46.

^38. It is perhaps worth noting, as an interesting modern survival of the essentially aquatic character of the old ‘Yüeh’ culture, that the Chinese stewards serving on so many of the passenger liners traversing the Seven Seas are almost without exception ‘Ningpo boys’; and that Ningpo itself is situated within a few miles of the site of the ancient capital of Yüeh.

^39. Cooperage was unknown in China until much later.Even today, rice-wine is kept in large and heavy earthenware jars covered with closely woven basketwork.

^40. Thus in the summer of 1924, the Freer Gallery’s archaeological expedition unearthed abundant evidence, in the form of fire-reddened soil, charcoal, ashes, and stone adzes, of the former practice of jhümcultivation in eastern China.