¹ Ellis, H., ‘Observations on some ancient Methods of Conveyance in England’, Archaeologia 17 (1814), 311–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar There is a great deal of information on symbolic objects, from a folklore point of view, in C. R. Beard, Lucks and Talismans (London, n.d.).

² Cambridge University Library, Pincebeck's register fol. 181.

³ Hunter Blair, C., ‘Durham seals, part V’, Archaeol. Aeliana, 3rd ser., 11 (1914), 199Google Scholar, no. 2151, Robert de Saint Martin dated 1148.

⁴ Hearne, Annals of Dunstable, quoted in Ellis, op. cit. (note 1). Also Owen, D. M. and Woodward, S. W., The Minute-Books of the Spalding Gentlemen's Society, 1712–1755 Lincoln Records Society 73 (Lincoln, 1981), 14.Google Scholar

⁵ Goff, Jacques le, Time, Work and Culture in the Middle Ages (Chicago, 1980), 245–6.Google Scholar Cange, Du, Glossarium ad scriptores mediae et infimae latinitatis (1773 ed.).Google Scholar

⁶ Cam, Helen M., ‘The Quo Warranto Proceedings under Edward I’, in Liberties and Communities in Medieval England (1944), 173–82.Google Scholar

⁷ Alexander, J. and Binski, P. (eds.), Age of Chivalry, Art in Plantagenet England, 1200–1400 (London, 1986) no. 165.Google Scholar See also Wall, J., ‘The Conyers Falchion’, Durham Archaeol. J., 2 (1986), 77–83.Google Scholar For the two drawings see Bodleian Library MS Top Yorks c 31 fol. 244^v (pl. XVIIb) and a drawing in the Visitation of Durham in 1666 in the College of Heralds reproduced in Surtees, R., History and Antiquities of the County Palatine of Durham, 4 vols., (London, 1824), 111, 244.Google Scholar

⁸ For hunting tenures see Blount, T., Fragmenta Antiquitatis. Antient Tenures of Land and Jocular Customs of some Mannors (London, 1679)Google Scholar, ed. J. Beckwith, (London, 1815), 230–62.

⁹ Loyd, L. C. and Stenton, D. M. (eds.), Sir Christopher Hattons Book of Seals (1950), 82–3 no. 120Google Scholar, The seal of Richard Engaine, c 1200, shows a wolf running to sinister, two pieces of a broken spear above, and the head of an axe below.

¹⁰ Blount, , op. cit. (note 8), 235.Google Scholar

¹¹ Blount, , op. cit. (note 8), 112Google Scholar, quoting Testa de Nevili, 372.

¹² Camber, R. and Cherry, J., ‘The Savernake Horn’, Brit. Mus. Yearbook 2 (1977), 201–11.Google Scholar For the Pilkington Carter see Clay, C., ‘An illuminated charter of free warren, dated 1291’, Antiq. J. 11 (1931), 129–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hutchinson, G. E., ‘Attitudes towards nature in medieval England: the Alphonso and bird psalters’, Isis 65 (1974), 5–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Sandier, L. F., Gothic Manuscripts 1285–1381, (London, 1986), 15.Google Scholar

¹³ For the Boarstall horn see Harvey, P. D. A. and Skelton, R. A., Local Maps and Plans from Medieval England (Oxford, 1986), 211–19Google Scholar, and also Barnes, G. E., ‘The Boarstall horn’, Oxfordshire Archaeol. Soc. Rep. 38 (1899), 30–1.Google Scholar

¹⁴ For the Carlisle horn see Cole, W., ‘Some observations on the horns given by Henry I to the Cathedral of Carlisle’, Archaeologia 5 (1779), 342–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar It is recorded in a manuscript visitation of the north by Thomas Tong in 1530, BL Harleian MSS 1499 fol. 49^v. See also Nanson, W., Trans. Cumberland Westmorland Antiq. Archaeol. Soc. 2 (1876) 337.Google Scholar

¹⁵ For the Wirral horn see Stewart-Brown, R., ‘The charter and horn of the Master-Forester of Wirral’, Trans. Hist. Soc. Lancashire and Cheshire, 87 (1935), 97–112.Google Scholar The horn is engraved in Ormerod, , History of Cheshire, 3 vols. (London, 1882), II, 361.Google Scholar

¹⁶ For the Delamere Horn see Ormerod, , op. cit. (note 15), 11, 112.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Zschille sale catalogue. Christie, Manson and Woods 25/1/1897–1/2/1897, Lot 328.

¹⁸ For the Pusey horn see Pegge, S., ‘Of the horn, as a charter or instrument of conveyance’, Archaeologia 3 (1775), 13–14Google Scholar, and Barnes, G. E. ‘The Pusey Horn’ Oxfordshire Archaeol. Soc. Rep. 38 (1899), 28–9.Google Scholar

¹⁹ See Pegge, op. cit. (note 18); Cox, J. C., J. Derbyshire Archaeol. Natur. Hist. Soc. 8 (1886), 7–14Google Scholar; Bedford, C. D., Archaeol. 13 (1856), 174–6Google Scholar; John Hope, W. H. St., Proc. Soc. Antiq. London, 14 (1892), 148.Google Scholar

²⁰ See below, note 34.

²¹ For the Kavanagh horn see O'Floinn, R., ‘The Kavanagh “charter horn”’, Irish Antiquity, Essays and Studies presented to Professor M. J. O'Kelly, O'Corrain, D. (ed.), (Cork, 1981), 269–79.Google Scholar

²² Astle, T., ‘Extract from the will of Thomas Earl of Ormond, dated July 31, 1515’, Archaeologia 3 (1775), 20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²³ For the Leys Horn see Burnett, G., Family of Burnett of Leys (Aberdeen, 1901), 292.Google Scholar For the Pickard horn see Proc. Soc. Antiq. London 1 (1844), 48 and for the Blackburn horn see Archaeol. J. 11 (1854), 154.

²⁴ Littleton's Tenures was first printed in 1481. For a bibliography see Winters, W.H., Bibliographical Essay on the First Printed Book of English Law, 12–25Google Scholar, Appendix A of Winters, W. H., Report of the New York Law Institute, (New York, 1916), 12–13.Google Scholar For a modern edition of Littleton see Wambaugh, E. (ed.), Littleton's Tenures in English (Washington, 1903).Google Scholar

²⁵ Coke, E., The First Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England or a Commentary upon Littleton, 2nd edition (London, 1629).Google Scholar

²⁶ Evans, Joan, History of the Society of Antiquaries (London, 1954)Google Scholar, Norden, Linda van, ‘Sir Henry Spelman on the chronology of the Elizabethan college of Antiquaries’, Huntingdon Library Quarterly 13, no. 2 (February 1950), 160Google Scholar; Schoeck, R. J., ‘The Elizabethan Society of Antiquaries and men of law’, Notes and Queries 199 (October 1954), 417–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²⁷ For Ulph see W. Camden, Britannia, R. Gough (ed.) (1806) 111, 206; for Pusey, ibid., 1, 214; and for Savernake, ibid., 1, 136. For a modern view of the horn of Ulph see Kendrick, T. D., ‘The horn of Ulph’ Antiquity 11 (1937), 278–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²⁸ Camber and Cherry, op. cit. (note 12).

²⁹ Vetusta Monumenta 1 (1747), pl. 2, drawn by ‘BM’ and engraved by G. Vertue.

³⁰ Hickes, G., Thesaurus Archaeologicus (Oxford, 1725), preface p. xxv.Google Scholar

³¹ Blount, op. cit. (note 8).

³² Plot, Robert, The Natural History of Staffordshire (Oxford, 1686), 443.Google Scholar Also Hildburgh, W. L., ‘Aeolipiles as fire-blowers’, Archaeologia 94 (1951), 35–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³³ Gale, S., ‘An historical dissertation upon the antient Danish horn, kept in the Cathedral Church of York’, Archaeologia 1 (1770), 168–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³⁴ Pegge, S., ‘Of the horn as a charter or instrument of conveyance’, Archaeologia 3 (1775), 1–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³⁵ Clanchy, M. T., From Memory to Written Record, England 1066–1307 (London, 1979).Google Scholar