A Romano-British pottery kiln at North Hykeham, Lincolnshire: with an Appendix on the typology, dating and distribution of ‘Rustic’ ware in Great Britain*

F. H. Thompson

doi:10.1017/S0003581500082457

A Romano-British pottery kiln at North Hykeham, Lincolnshire: with an Appendix on the typology, dating and distribution of ‘Rustic’ ware in Great Britain*

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 29 November 2011

F. H. Thompson

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The discovery of the kiln described in the first part of this report is a pleasing instance of the value of publicity in the field of archaeology. One feature of the post-war campaign waged by the Council for British Archaeology in order to induce the general public to report archaeological discoveries was the issue to sand and gravel companies throughout the country of the illustrated pamphlet entitled Sand and Gravel in History. In due course a copy reached the Apex Sand and Gravel Limited, which has its pits by the Foss Way at North Hykeham, southwest of Lincoln. In October 1951 an employee, Mr. E. Clifton, noticed in the bank of one of the water-filled workings a pit-like structure with a scatter of pot-sherds and fragments of clay bars, some of which he collected and handed to the Manager, Mr. W. C. Acott. The latter compared the sherds with the illustrations in his copy of the pamphlet, deduced that they were Romano-British, and reported the discovery to Mr. F. T. Baker, F.S.A., at the City and County Museum, Lincoln, who, from the description given and an examination of a sample of the pottery, was quick to realize the possibility of yet another kiln in the Lincoln area.

Type: Research Article
Information: The Antiquaries Journal , Volume 38 , Issue 1-2 , April 1958 , pp. 15 - 51

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003581500082457 [Opens in a new window]
Copyright: Copyright © The Society of Antiquaries of London 1958

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^{page 15 note 1} The sixth within recent years.

^{page 16 note 1} The pottery is in the City and County Museum, Lincoln.

^{page 16 note 2} Mem. Geol. Survey, The Geology of the Country around Lincoln (1888), pp. 145–8.Google Scholar

^{page 16 note 3} A feature brought to the writer's notice by Mr. F. T. Baker, F.S.A.

^{page 16 note 4} Ant. Journ. xxvii, 61.

^{page 17 note 1} J.R.S. xxxviii, 88.

^{page 17 note 2} Ibid. xxxii, 110; xli, 127.

^{page 17 note 3} Corder, P., A Romano-British Pottery Kiln on the Lincoln Racecourse (Nottingham University), p. 3.Google Scholar

^{page 17 note 4} Ibid., p. 7.

^{page 17 note 5} Cf. Hayes, R. and SirWhitley, E., The Roman Pottery at Norton, E. Yorks. (Roman Malton and District Report no. 7), p. 25.Google Scholar

^{page 19 note 1} Corder, , op. cit., p. 9 and fig. 2.Google Scholar

^{page 19 note 2} Hayes, and Whitley, , op. cit., pp. 20 f. and figs. 7 and 8.Google Scholar

^{page 19 note 3} J.R.S. xxxii, 110, pl. viii, 2 and fig. 11.

^{page 21 note 1} J.R.S. xiii, 123–4, pls. xi, xiii.

^{page 21 note 2} Hawkes, C. F. C. and Hull, M. R., Camulodunum (Research Report no. XIV of Society of Antiquaries), p. 236 and pl. LVI, Form 99.Google Scholar

^{page 21 note 3} Corder, P., Defences of Roman Fort at Malton (Roman Malton and District Report no. 2), p. 71Google Scholar, figs, 1, 2, 16, and 17.

^{page 21 note 4} Curle, J., A Roman Frontier Post and its People, p. 247Google Scholar and pls. XLVI and LI.

^{page 21 note 5} Bushe-Fox, J. P., Excavations on the Site of the Roman Town at Wroxeter, Shropshire, 1913 (Research Report no. II of Society of Antiquaries), fig. 18, 50, and pl. xv, 1–8.Google Scholar

^{page 21 note 6} T.C.W.A.A.S. xiii (N.S.), 326 and 350, pl. XVIII, no. 112.

^{page 21 note 7} Ibid., 352 and pl. XVIII, nos. 53 and 54.

^{page 21 note 8} Bushe-Fox, loc. cit.

^{page 21 note 9} Oswald, F., The Commandant's House at Margidunum (University College, Nottingham, 1948), pl. IV, 2.Google Scholar

^{page 21 note 10} Corder, P., Fourth Report on the Excavations at the Roman Town, at Brough, E. Yorks. (1936), fig. 10, 20Google Scholar =Brough IV.

^{page 21 note 11} Museum no. 9272.06.

^{page 21 note 12} Arch. Journ. ciii, 49.

^{page 21 note 13} Oswald, loc. cit.

^{page 21 note 14} Hawkes, and Hull, , op. cit., p. 237Google Scholar and pl. LVI, Form 108.

^{page 21 note 15} Yorks. Arch. Journ. xxvi, pl. XXXIII, 15.

^{page 22 note 1} Brough IV, fig. 14, 99.

^{page 22 note 2} Malton, fig. 16, 11.

^{page 22 note 3} Wroxeter II, fig. 19, 58.

^{page 22 note 4} Newstead, pl. XLVII, 38.

^{page 22 note 5} Malton, fig. 15, 27.

^{page 22 note 6} Ibid., fig. 15, 20.

^{page 22 note 7} Brough IV, fig. 11, 28 and 29.

^{page 22 note 8} Ibid., fig. 14, 103.

^{page 23 note 1} Cf. Ant. Journ. xix, 446, fig. 16.

^{page 23 note 2} Wroxeter I, fig. 18, 37.

^{page 23 note 3} Wroxeter II, fig. 18, 49.

^{page 23 note 4} M., R. E. and Wheeler, T. V., Verulamium, a Belgic and Two Roman Cities (Research Report XI of Society of Antiquaries), p. 181.Google Scholar

^{page 23 note 5} Cf. ibid., fig. 15, 42 and Camulodunum Form 221.

^{page 23 note 6} As Brough IV, fig. 12, 58 and Trans. Leics. Arch. Soc. xxvi, fig. 16, 4.

^{page 23 note 7} Brough II, fig. 6, A1 and A2, and Brough IV, fig. 11, 28.

^{page 23 note 8} Malton, fig. 17, 19.

^{page 23 note 9} J.R.S. xxxix,66.

^{page 23 note 10} Ant. Journ. XV, 47: Oswald, , Commandant's House, pl. VII, 9Google Scholar, pl. XII, 4: J.R.S. xiii, pl. XI, 13; Brough I, fig. 6, 1; Verulamium, fig. 34, 55; Camulodunum, Forms 85D, 112, 92B, 223.

^{page 23 note 11} Malton, fig. 16, 9 and 10.

^{page 24 note 1} More correctly ‘rusticated’, but the shorter term has been preferred on grounds of common usage and euphony.

^{page 24 note 2} Corder, P., The Defences of the Roman Fort at Malton (Roman Malton and District Report no. 2), p. 71.Google Scholar

^{page 24 note 3} Information from Mr. F. T. Baker, F.S.A.

^{page 24 note 4} Information from Mr. Kenneth Annable.

^{page 24 note 5} Vide infra, p. 28.

^{page 24 note 6} Y Cymmrodor, xli, fig. 63, 51–52, and p. 151.

^{page 25 note 1} Archaeology of Roman Britain, p. 241.

^{page 25 note 2} A similar effect can be achieved with any semi-liquid material, e.g. cement, plaster, cake-icing, etc.

^{page 25 note 3} He is much indebted to Mr. R. Blatherwick, the Pottery instructor, for allowing this experimental work and for giving it his support and encouragement.

^{page 25 note 4} M., R. E. and Wheeler, T. V., Verulamium: a Belgic and two Roman Cities (Research Report XI of Soc. of Antiquaries), fig. 27, 12 and 13.Google Scholar

^{page 26 note 1} Cf. Hawkes, and Hull, , Camulodunum (Research Report XIV of Soc. Antiqs.), pl. LVIGoogle Scholar, Form 99, and Bushe-Fox, J. P., Wroxeter III (Research Report IV of Soc. Antiqs.), pl. XXVII, 76.Google Scholar

^{page 26 note 2} Cf. Oswald, , Commandant's House at Margidunum (University College, Nottingham, 1948), pl. XVII, 12Google Scholar; Wroxeter II, fig. 18, 50; and this paper, fig. 5, 4.

^{page 26 note 3} Cf. Camulodunum, pp. 233–4, discussing Forms 84 and 85: Oswald, , Commandant's House, pl. iv, 1Google Scholar; and fig. 4, 9–11 and 13 of this paper.

^{page 26 note 4} Cf. Camulodunum, p. 239, discussing Form 114, and Collingwood, loc. cit., quoting J.R.S. xiii, pl. XI, 14, 16.

^{page 26 note 5} Y.A.J. xxvi, pl. XXIII, 15 and 20.

^{page 26 note 6} T.C.W.A.A.S. xiii (N.S.), pl. XVII, 53.

^{page 28 note 1} Cf. Camulodunum, p. 228, discussing Form 62A.

^{page 28 note 2} Y.A.J. xxi, 159 and pl. XVI, 1 and 2.

^{page 28 note 3} Ibid, xxvi, 62, and fig. 43B, 1 and 3.

^{page 28 note 4} T.C.W.A.A.S. xlviii (N.S.), 35 and fig. 4, 1.

^{page 28 note 5} Curie, , A Roman Frontier Post and its People, pl. LIGoogle Scholar, fig. 1 and fig. 25, 11.

^{page 28 note 6} Birmingham Arch. Soc. Trans. liii, 188 and pl. xx, fig. 2.

^{page 28 note 7} Information from Mr. Graham Webster, F.S.A., who kindly showed me a sample of sherds.

^{page 28 note 8} Leicester Museum 296.1951; 277.1951; 292.1951; 309.1951; Jarvis Street 1952.

^{page 28 note 9} Kenyon, K.M., Excavations at the Jewry Wall Site, Leicester (Research Report XV of Soc. Antiq.), p. 139Google Scholar; waster of a rusticated beaker from House SE. IIa. The writer has also seen in Leicester Museum a rusticated beaker from the site of the Old Cattle Market, Horsefair St., Leicester, which is an unmistakable kiln waster (Leicester Museum 296. 1955).

^{page 30 note 1} As suggested by Professor Donald Atkinson in describing examples from Caistor by Norwich, (Norfolk Archaeology, xxvii, 219).Google Scholar

^{page 30 note 2} Ibid.

^{page 30 note 3} By Professor C.F.C. Hawkes in discussing the site at Holme, Runcton (P.P.S.E.A., vii (1933), 261–2).Google Scholar

^{page 30 note 4} Kenyon, K. M., Excavations at Breedon-on-the-Hill, Leics. (Trans. Leics. Arch. Soc. xxvi), pp. 58 f.Google Scholar

^{page 30 note 5} Bushe-Fox, , Richborough II (Research Report VII of Soc. Antiqs.), pp. 97–99 and pl. xxix.Google Scholar

^{page 30 note 6} Gose, E., Gefä°typen der römischen Keramik im Rheinland (1950)Google Scholar, Types 220 and 221 = Hofheim, Type 22.

^{page 30 note 7} Ibid., Type 220 (from Hofheim).

^{page 30 note 8} Ibid., Type 221 (from Hofheim); Bonner Jahrbücher, lxxxvi, 223 and Taf. VI, 29 (from Andernach).

^{page 30 note 9} Behrens, , Bingen (Kataloge West- und Süddeutscher Altertumssamlungen, iv), p. 77Google Scholar and Abb. 42,1 (from Bingen, in a Claudian cremation-burial).

^{page 30 note 10} Bonner Jahrbücher, lxxxvi, 175 and 223, and Taf. VI, 22 (from Andernach).

^{page 30 note 11} Koenen, , Gefä°kunde der Vorrömischen, Römischen, und Fränkischen Zeit in den Rheinlanden (1895), Taf. XII, 18Google Scholar: Ritterling, , Das Frührömische Lager bei Hofheim im Taunus, Abb. 54, 6Google Scholar; Giffen, Van, De Romeinsche Castella in den Dorpskeuvel te Valkenburg aan den Rijn (Z.H.), Afb. 49, 21.Google Scholar

^{page 30 note 12} Koenen, , op. cit., Taf. XII, 19Google Scholar; Ritterling, , op. cit., Abb. 54, 1–5, and 7Google Scholar; Van Giffen, op. cit., Afb. 49, 24; Vermeulen, , Een Romeinsch Grafveld op den Hunnerberg te Nijmegen, Afb. 10.Google Scholar

^{page 30 note 13} Loeschcke, , Keramische Funde in Haltern (Mitteilungen der Altertums Kommission für Westfalen, V), Type 40.Google Scholar

^{page 30 note 14} Camulodunum, p. 227, discussing Form 61A.

^{page 31 note 1} Vermeulen, , op. cit., Type 36Google Scholar; the sub-type 36B is specifically compared with Romano-British rustic ware (Afb. 7 and p. 47).

^{page 31 note 2} Loeschcke, , op. cit., pp. 190–1.Google Scholar

^{page 31 note 3} Banner Jahrbücher, lxxxvi, 169 and Taf. VI, 11 (from Andernach-grave 21); Koenen, , op. cit., Taf. XI, 11Google Scholar; Gose, op. cit., Type 337 (from Mülheim/Mosel).

^{page 31 note 4} Ashmolean Museum 1896–1908, R.239.

^{page 31 note 5} Banner Jahrbücher, cvii, 85, Abb. 7, 3 and 4, and Abb. 8, 8.

^{page 31 note 6} Behrens, , op. cit., p. 115Google Scholar, Abb. 59, 1 and 2 and p. 201, Taf. 15g.

^{page 31 note 7} Ritterling, , op. cit., p. 351.Google Scholar

^{page 31 note 8} Vermeulen, , op. cit., p. 39 (Type 27).Google Scholar

^{page 31 note 9} Behrens, , op. cit., Abb. 57, 4.Google Scholar

^{page 31 note 10} Op. cit., Taf. IX, 11.

^{page 31 note 11} O.R.L. 31, Taf. XIV, 26.

^{page 31 note 12} O.R.L., 2a, Taf. v, 1.

^{page 31 note 13} Camulodunum, p. 236, discussing Forms 98 and 99.

^{page 31 note 14} Vermeulen, , op. cit., p. 122 and pl. XI, 111B.Google Scholar

^{page 31 note 15} Steiner, , Xanten (Kataloge West- und Süddeutscher Altertumssamlungen, i), p. 189 and Abb. 31.Google Scholar

^{page 31 note 16} Camulodunum, p. 228.

^{page 31 note 17} Ibid.

^{page 31 note 18} Nash-Williams, , Roman Frontier in Wales, pl. V, 1Google Scholar; Y Cymmrodor, xli, fig. 70, 154; Wroxeter II, fig. 18, 53.

^{page 31 note 19} Camulodunum, Form 114.

^{page 32 note 1} May, The Pottery found at Silchester, p. 112 and pl. XLVII, 48.

^{page 32 note 2} M., R. E. and Wheeler, T. V., op. cit., p. 175 and pl. LVA, 1 and 2.Google Scholar

^{page 32 note 3} London Museum A. 1692.

^{page 32 note 4} Antiq. Journ. xxi, 40 and fig. 4, 26.

^{page 32 note 5} Op. cit., p. 241.

^{page 32 note 6} Oswald, , op. cit., pl. IV, 2.Google Scholar

^{page 32 note 7} Ritterling, , op. cit., p. 256 and Abb. 56.Google Scholar

^{page 32 note 8} The information on which the distribution map is based was obtained primarily by the routine searching of excavation reports and museum collections; in addition museum curators and others were circularized, and the writer's sincere thanks are due to all those who responded with information, drawings, or photographs, and in particular to Messrs. R. R. Clarke, F.S.A., J. P. Gillam, F.S.A., and Graham Webster, F.S.A.

^{page 32 note 9} H. Sumner, New Forest Roman Pottery.

^{page 32 note 10} Corder, The Roman Pottery at Crambeck, Castle Howard (Roman Malton and District Report no. 1).

^{page 32 note 11} Corder, and Kirk, , A Roman Villa at Langton, near Malton, E. Yorks., p. 96.Google Scholar

^{page 32 note 12} Antiq. Journ. xix, 429.

^{page 32 note 13} Ibid. xxxi, 154.

^{page 34 note 1} Though only to a very limited extent, since Chester seems to have absorbed most of the output. Cf. Y Cymmrodor, xli, 43–46.

^{page 34 note 2} Op. cit., p. 241.

^{page 34 note 3} Cf. Camulodunum, p. 237, discussing Form 108.

^{page 35 note 1} Drawing kindly provided by Dr. Enid Dance.

^{page 35 note 2} Drawings based on originals kindly supplied by Mrs. D.T.-D. Clarke, F.S.A.

^{page 35 note 3} Drawings kindly supplied by Miss A. S. Robertson.

Article contents

A Romano-British pottery kiln at North Hykeham, Lincolnshire: with an Appendix on the typology, dating and distribution of ‘Rustic’ ware in Great Britain*

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