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14 The writers are indebted to Dr Denise Allen for reporting on the glass, to Mr D. Bailey for reporting on the lamps, to Dr Brenda Dickinson for reporting on the samian, to Dr J. P. Wilde for examining the textile impressions and to Dr Peter Northover for undertaking the metal analysis on the bronze bowl. Their full reports will be published with the final report on the burial. The cremation jar, bronze bowl, strigils and tripod were conserved by Birgul Biktimir and Philip Carter of the Verulamium museum, with facilities provided by the Stanmore Orthopaedic Hospital and the Ancient Monuments Laboratory. The initial recording and the drawing of the bronze bowl were carried out by Ralph Jackson and Karen Hughes of the British Museum; Mr Jackson also provided many useful comments on the bowl. The drawings in this note are the work of Joe Clarke (tripod), Karen Hughes (bowl), Clare Pollak and Alexandra Thorne (plans and sections). The photograph was taken by James Brown of the Verulamium museum, while Mr Roger Miles was of invaluable assistance in arranging for replicas of the tripod to be made. To all of these individuals and organizations, and to our colleagues in the Verulamium museum for their many useful comments, the writers wish to record their sincere thanks.

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19 Ritual breaking of objects prior to burial was recorded in several graves in the King Harry Lane cemetery, op.cit. (note 15), burials 12, 203, ?249, ?259, 327, 339.

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22 Though the finder and landowner would not divulge the exact findspot, it probably lies close to the Lincolnshire/Nottinghamshire border where it runs along the A46 (the Fosse Way), in the parish of Norton Disney or Stapleford. The statuette now has the British Museum registration number P. 1990. 1–1.1 and 2.

23 Taylor, M.V., ‘Statuettes of Horsemen and Horses and other Votive Objects from Brigstock, Northants.’, Antiq. J. 43 (1963), 264CrossRefGoogle Scholar, discusses all the examples known at the time: see also Green, Miranda, A Corpus of Religious Material from the Civilian Areas of Roman Britain, Brit. Archaeol.Rep. 24 (Oxford, 1976), 29–31Google Scholar (general comments),181 (Brigstock), 210 (Willingham Fen); Pitts, Lynn F, Roman Bronze Figurines from the Civitates of the Catuvellauni and Trinovantes, Brit. Archaeol. Rep. 60 (Oxford, 1979), nos. 136–42.Google Scholar An additional find from Brigstock, a rider without his horse which came to light in 1972, is published in Wheeler, H, ‘Two Roman bronzes from Brigstock, Northants’.,Antiq. J. 61 (1981), 309CrossRefGoogle Scholar; this object was acquired by the British Museum in 1987, and has the registration no. P. 1987. 5–1.1. Another find from Brigstock, an extremely crudely-modelled horse, remains in private hands, but was published by Dix, Brian, ‘Some further Roman Bronzes from Brigstock, Northamptonshire', Antiq. J. 66 (1986), 126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar The Bunwell, Norfolk, horse, was published by Gregory, Anthony, ‘The Bunwell Horse’, in Britannia 17 (1986), 330. A very large bronze rider, about 200mm high, from Caves Inn, near Rugby, was photographed at the British Museum in 1952, but its present whereabouts are not known. Two separate riders, and one rider with his horse, were seen in a London private collection in 1990; the complete figurine was said to be from Lincolnshire.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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37 I should like to acknowledge the help of our Fellows Ralph Jackson and Jack Ogden, and of my colleagues Joanne Freeman and Karen Hughes, whose knowledge of horses and horsemanship has been invaluable.

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46 Harden et al., op.cit. (note 44), 220–1, no. 122 and 245–9, no. 139.

47 Fremersdorf, F., Die römischen Gläser mit Schliff, Bemalung und Goldauflagen aus Köln. Die Denkmäler des römischen Köln VIII (Köln, Löwe, 1967), 152–3, pls. 198–9; 167, pl. 221; 173, pl. 232.Google Scholar

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54 (Registration number P1960.2–6.1). I am grateful to our Fellow, Dr I.H. Longworth, the Keeper of the Department, for permission to exhibit it at this Ballot and to Ms Karen Hughes in the same Department for drawing the figure.

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70 The head is 160mm high. It is 200mm deep of which 95mm correspond to the squared-off stone formerly engaged in the wall. Its inventory number is: Northgate, 1988–8B, SF1374, Layer274.

71 Catalogue of the Lichfield Museum collected by Richard Green 3rd ed. (Lichfield, 1786), 57.Google Scholar The collection is discussed by Clive Wainwright, The Romantic Interior (New Haven and London, 1989), 16.Google Scholar

72 BM M L A 1987, 4–4, 1. The seal was purchased at Bloomsbury Book Auctions, 12 March 1987, Lot 135.

73 Proceedings at the Meetings of the Archaeological Institute: Antiquities and Works of Art Exhibited, Archaeol. J. 13 (1856), 189.Google Scholar An impression from the matrix in sulphur taken by Doubleday exists in the British Library see Birch, W.de Gray, Catalogue of Seals, 6 vols. (1892) 11Google Scholar, no. 5573. Sir Hilary Jenkinson commented on these impressions in ‘The Great Seal of England: Deputed or Departmental Seals’, Archaeologia 85 (1935, pub. 1936), 327.Google Scholar

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75 For the use of this seal see Griffiths, R.A., Principality of Wales in the later Middle Ages: structure and personnel of government (Cardiff, 1972), 39 especially footnote 27.Google Scholar

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79 Blair, C.Hunter, ‘Durham Seals, Part VI, English Royal Seals’, Archaeol. Aeliana (3rd ser.) 13 (1916) 130Google Scholar, no. 3035. Sandford, F., Genealogical History (London, 1707) 245. S. Pegge in Gentlemans Magazine (1769), 439.Google Scholar

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88 As demonstrated by XRF analysis undertaken at the Oxford laboratory by Dr Mark Pollard, to whom thanks are recorded.

89 A patchy, brown-black surface layer is shown by XRF analysis to be no more than a copper corrosion product.

90 Confirmed by XRF analysis. Cf.Kellner, H., Der Römische Verwahrfund von Eining (Munich, 1978), 23, Taf. 31, for repoussé work also filled with lead.Google Scholar

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92 The mis-alignment of shaft and trophy is conveniently paralleled on the triumphal arch of Severus at Lepcis Magna (ibid., pl.XXX), which repeats this general arrangement.

93 As e.g. on the Sant'Ombono frieze (ibid., pl. III).

94 E.g. on a relief from Gordum (Delminium; ibid., pl. XIIb), where similar vertical elements emerge amidst spears; and the identification is confirmed by a trophy which appears on the column of Marcus Aurelius at Rome, cf. Reinach, S., Répertoire de Reliefs Grecs et Romains, 3vols. (Paris, 1909), 1 Les Ensembles, 311, no. 69.Google Scholar

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100 The cuirass, crested helmet and shields can all be paralleled individually among the Greek and Gallic spoils depicted on the balustrade at the Temple of Athena at Pergamon (second century BC), cf. Reinach, op. cit. (note 94), 1, 211–15.

101 Woelcke, op. cit. (note 95), 167.

102 There is no ancient warrant for the term.

103 picard, op. cit. (note 91), 53.

104 Gnecchi, F., Rivista Italiana di Numismatica 19 (1906), 141 and pl. 11, no. 9Google Scholar; and idem, I Medaglioni Romani, 3 vols. (Milan, 1912 11, Bronzo; 1, Gran Modulo, 31, no. 36 and Tav., 61, no. 10, noting that the piece has been retouched: but this can hardly have been so extensive as to affect the comparison. I am grateful to our fellow Edward Besly for pursuing this parallel, and to Curtis L. Clay for observations on the possible extent of the retouching. The photograph was kindly supplied by the Minestero per i Beni Culturali e Ambienti, through the Soprintenza Archaeologica di Roma, and is reproduced with permission.Google Scholar

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107 The largest of the paired breast-plates, to which this bears only superficial resemblance, are about 180mm long (ibid., pl, P28 etc ) the Caerleon piece, quite simply, is too large to have been worn on the chest without risk of buckling when the wearer sat down.

108 Garbsch, op. cit. (note 106).

109 Compare, e.g., the medium size of chamfron, ibid.op. cit. (note 106), Abb. 5 and Taf. 6, B21, 22 etc. (trapezoid, and 255mm and 265mm respectively); the Caerleon piece is of an appropriate width to have served in this way.

110 Reference at note 90 above; the piece measures 204mm by 138mm, and retains a tie-loopriveted at top centre of the panel so as to leave a hole as appears on the Caerleon plaque.

111 I am most grateful to Dr Martin Henig, and John Clark of the Museum of London for drawing my attention to a number of the parallels discussed here, and to Justine Bayley and Gerry McDonnell of the Ancient Monuments Laboratory, English Heritage.

112 Ancient Monuments Laboratory reference number 1479. A Scanning Electron Microscope was used, with an attached energy dispersive X-ray analysis system; the accelerating voltage used was 20KV. Since the technique is surface sensitive, and silver surfaces are affected by burial, the results are inevitably approximate.

113 For illustrations: H.A., Cahn and A.Kaufman, Heinimann (eds.), Der Spätromische Silberschatz von Kaiseraugst (Derendingen, 1984), pl. 29–30, 33–6.Google Scholar

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