Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T19:41:58.319Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Bilingualism in South Asia (India): National/Regional Profiles And Verbal Repertoires

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 November 2008

Kamal K. Sridhar
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Anyone who undertakes to do an overview of so large an area as studies on “the South Asian bilingual's verbal repertoire and the functional allocation of languages” within so small a space as permitted by this review deserves her predicament. The problem lies in the complexity and diversity of the situation, and the danger of inanity resulting from oversimplification. However, since the alternative is to wait for book-length treatments which have yet to be written, and in the meanwhile, suffer the omission of a prime example of a multilingual region from a volume devoted to multilingualism, I shall compromise by treating only the broadly representative situations and trends and ignoring the (sometimes more interesting) particularities of a given language or an individual contact situation.

Type
Bilingual Communities: Linguistic Minorities and Their Verbal Repertoires
Information
Annual Review of Applied Linguistics , Volume 6 , March 1985 , pp. 169 - 186
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1985

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Unannotated Bibliography

Agnihotri, R. K. 1979. Processes of assimilation: A sociolinguistic study of Sikh children in Leeds. York: University of York. D.Phil, diss.Google Scholar
Alam, Q. Z. 1983. Issues linguistic and pedagogic: Hints for teachers of English. New Delhi: Sterling.Google Scholar
Annamalai, E. 1971. Lexical insertion in a mixed language. Papers from the Seventh Regional Meeting. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.Google Scholar
Annamalai, E. 1978. The Anglicized Indian languages: A case of code-mixing. International journal of Dravidian linguistics. 7.2.239–247.Google Scholar
Annamalai, E. 1971 To appear. Convergence of literary and colloquial Tamil. Pakha Sanjam. Patiala: Panjabi University.Google Scholar
Annamalai, E. (ed.) 1979. Language movements in India. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages.Google Scholar
Annamalai, E. 1980. Bilingualism and achievement in school. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages.Google Scholar
Apte, M. L. 1970. Some sociolinguistic aspects of interlingual communication in India. Anthropological linguistics.12.3.63–82.Google Scholar
Apte, M. L. 1974. Pidginization of a lingua franca: A linguistic analysis of Hindi-Urdu spoken in Bombay. In Southworth, F. C. and Apte, M. L. (eds.) Contact and convergence in South Asian languages.3.1.21–41. [Special issue of the International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics.]Google Scholar
Bean, S. S. 1974. Linguistic variation and caste system in South Asia. Indian linguistics.35.4.277–293.Google Scholar
Bean, S. S. 1981. Towards a semiotics of “purity and pollution” in India. American ethnologist.8.3.575–595.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhat, D. N. S. 1982. Sociolinguistics and Tulu dialect survey. International journal of Dravidian linguistics. 11.2.236–243.Google Scholar
Bhatia, T. K. 1982. English and the vernaculars of India: Contact and change. Applied linguistics. 3.2.235–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brass, P. 1974. Language, religion and politics in India. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chakledar, S. 1981. Liniguistic minority as a cohesive force in Indian federal process. Delhi: Associated Publishing House.Google Scholar
Chaturvedi, M. G. and Mohale, B. V. 1976. Position of languages in school curriculum in India. Delhi: National Council of Educational Research and Training.Google Scholar
Chaudhary, S. C. 1981. A study of the sociolinguistic factors affecting the second year intermediate tribal students’ learning of English at Ranchi University. Hyderabad: Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages. Research diss.Google Scholar
Damsteegt, T. 1978. Epigraphical Hybrid Sanskrit. Leiden: E. J. Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Das, Gupta J., 1970. Language conflict and national development: Group politics and national language policy in India. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Das, Gupta J. 1975. Ethnicity, language demands and national development in India. In Glazer, N. and Moynihan, D. (eds.) Ethnicity, theory and experi-ence. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 466–488.Google Scholar
Daswani, C. J. and Parchani, S. 1978. Sociolinguistic survey of Indian Sindhi. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages.Google Scholar
David, A. 1978. Bilingual education: An alternative strategy for English language teaching in India. Hyderabad: Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages. M.Litt. diss.Google Scholar
Davidson, T. T. L. 1969. Indian bilingualism and the evidence of the census of 1961. Lingua. 22. 176–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Desai, B. T. 1982. A linguistic study of the English elements in Kannada-English code-switching. Hyderabad: Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages. Ph.D. diss.Google Scholar
De Silva, M. W. S., 1976. Diglossia and literacy. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages.Google Scholar
Devasundaram, N. 1981. Tamil diglossia. Tirunelveli: Nainar Pathippagam.Google Scholar
Dimock, E. C. 1960. Linguistic diversity in South Asia. In Ferguson, C. A. and Gumperz, J. J. (eds.) Linguistic diversity in South Asia. 26.3.43–63. [Special issue of the International Journal of American Linguistics.]Google Scholar
Dua, H. R. 1984. Perspectives on code-switching research. International journal of Dravidian linguistics. 13.1.136–155.Google Scholar
Dua, H. R. and Sharma, S.. 1977. Language diversity, bilingualism and communi-cation in India. Indian linguistics. 38.4.210–220.Google Scholar
Ekka, F. 1979. Language loyalty and maintenance among the Kuruxs. In Annamalai, E. (ed.) Language movements in India. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages. 99–106.Google Scholar
Ekka, F. 1984. Status of minority languages in the schools of India. Inter-national education journal. 1.1.1–19.Google Scholar
Emeneau, M. B. 1962. Bilingualism and structural borrowing. Proceedings of the American philosophical society. 106. 43–44.Google Scholar
Emeneau, M. B. 1974. The Indian linguistic area revisited. International journal of Dravidian linguistics. 3.3. 92–134.Google Scholar
Ferguson, C. A. 1959. Diglossia. Word. 15.2. 325–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferguson, C. A. and Gumperz, J. J. (eds.) 1960. Linguistic diversity in South Asia. Part II. [Special issue of the International Journal of American Linguistics.]Google Scholar
Fernando, C. 1977. English and Sinhala bilingualism in Sri Lanka. Language and society.6. 341–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gankovsky, Y. V. n.d. The peoples of Pakistan: An ethnic history. Lahore: People's Publishing House.Google Scholar
Ghosh, R. N. 1980. Indian bilingualism. In Boey, L. K. (ed.) Bilingual education. Singapore: Singapore University Press for SEAME0 Regional Language Centre. 36–46.Google Scholar
Gnanasundaram, V. 1983. The role of diglossia in the emergence of standard spoken Tamil. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages. Mimeo.Google Scholar
Gumperz, J. J. 1958. Dialect differences and social stratification in a North Indian village. American anthropologist. 60. 668–682.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gumperz, J. J. 1961. Speech variation and the study of Indian civilization. American anthropologist. 63. 976–987.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gumperz, J. J. 1982. Conversational code-switching. In Gumperz, J. J.Discourse strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 59–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gumperz, J. J. and Wilson, R. 1971. Convergence and creolization: A case from the Indo-Aryan/Dravidian border. In Hymes, D. H. (ed.) Pidginization and creolization of languages. London: Cambridge University Press. 151–167.Google Scholar
Halbar, R. G. 1981. Bilingualism in a Karnataka border village. International journal of Dravidian linguistics. 10.1.160–179.Google Scholar
Haq, A. K. F. 1972. Mukti sangram [War of liberation]. Dacca: Dacca University.Google Scholar
Hosali, P. 1982. Butler English: Form and function. Hyderabad: Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages. Ph.D. diss.Google Scholar
Kachru, B. B. 1977. Linguistic schizophrenia and language census. Linguistics. 186. 17–33.Google Scholar
Kachru, B. B. 1978. Towards structuring code-mixing: An Indian perspective. In Kachru, B. B. and Sridhar, S. N. (eds.) Aspects of sociolinguistias in South Asia. 16. 27–46. [Special issue of the International Journal of the Sociology of Language.]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kachru, B. B. 1979. Code-mixing as a verbal strategy in India. In Alatis, J. E. (ed.) International dimensions of bilingual education. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. 107–124. [Georgetown Monographs on Languages and Linguistics.]Google Scholar
Kachru, B. B. 1983a. The Indianization of English. New Delhi: Oxford Univer-sity Press.Google Scholar
Kachru, B. B. 1983b. The bilingual's creativity: Discoursal and stylistic strategies in contact literatures in English. Studies in the linguistic sciences. 13.2. 37–56.Google Scholar
Kandiah, T. 1981. Lankan English schizoglossia. English world wide: A journal of varieties of English. 2.1. 63–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karunakaran, K. 1978. Studies in Tamil sociolinguistias. Madras: Pari Nilayam.Google Scholar
Khubchandani, L. M. 1978. Distribution of contact languages in India: A study of 1961 bilingual returns. In Fishman, J. A. (ed.) Advances in the study of societal multilingualism. The Hague: Mouton.553–585.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khubchandani, L. M. 1984. Sociolinguistics in India: The decade past, the decade to come. International journal of the sociology of language. 45. 47–64.Google Scholar
Koul, M. K. 1982. A sociolinguistic investigation in Srinagar and Anantanag. Kurukshetra: Kurukshetra University. Ph.D. diss.Google Scholar
Koul, O.and, N.Schmidt, R. L. 1983. Kashmiri: A sociolinguistic survey. Patiala: Indian Institute of Language Studies.Google Scholar
Krishnamurti, Bh. 1979a. Problems of language standardization in India. In McCormack, W. and Wurm, S. A. (eds.) Language and society. The Hague: Mouton.673–692.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krishnamurti, Bh. 1979b. Language planning and development: The case of Telugu. Contributions to Asian studies. 9. 38–56.Google Scholar
Krishnamurti, Bh. and Mukherjee, A. (eds.) 1985. Modernization of Indian languages used in the newspapers. Hyderabad: Osmania University.Google Scholar
Kumar, A. 1982. Hindi-English code-switching in academic discourse. Hyderabad:Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages. Research diss.Google Scholar
Labru, C. L. 1984. Indian newspaper English. New York:Apt Books.Google Scholar
Levine, L. 1959. Speech variation and social structure in a group of north Indian villages. New York: Columbia University. Ph.D. diss.Google Scholar
Mahapatra, B. P. 1979a. Ethnicity, identity and language. Indian linguistics. 41.2. 61–66.Google Scholar
Mahapatra, B. P. 1979b. Santali language movement in the context of many dominant languages. In Annamalai, E. (ed.) Language movements in India. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages. 107–117.Google Scholar
Mehrotra, R. R. 1975a. Modes of greetings in Hindi: A sociolinguistic state-ment. In Mehrotra, R. R. and Khubchandani, L. M. (eds.) Studies in linguistics: Occasional papers #1. Simla: Indian Institute of Advanced Study. 1–40.Google Scholar
Mehrotra, R. R. 1975b. Matrimonial advertisements: A study of correlation between linguistic and situational feeling. In Mehrotra, R. R. and Khubchandani, L. M. (eds.) Studies in linguistics: Occasional papers #1. Simla: Indian Institute of Advanced Study. 41–62.Google Scholar
Miranda, R. V. 1978. Caste, religion and dialect differentiation in the Konkani area. In Kachru, B. B. and Sridhar, S. N. (eds.) Aspects of socio-linguistics in South Asia. 16.77–92. [Special issue International Journal of the Sociology of Language.]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Misra, B. G. 1982. Language spread in a multilingual setting: The spread of Hindi as a case study. In Cooper, R. L. (ed.) Language spread: Studies in diffusion and social change. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. 148–157.Google Scholar
Misra, B. G. and Dua, H. R.. 1980. Language use in Himachal Pradesh. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages.Google Scholar
Mukherjee, A. 1980. Language maintenance and language shift among Panjabis and Bengalis in Delhi: A sociolinguistic perspective. Delhi: University of Delhi. Ph.D. diss.Google Scholar
Murthy, S. 1981. A study of the attitudinal function of intonation in Kannada English. Hyderabad: Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages. Research diss.Google Scholar
Nadkarni, M. V. 1975. Bilingualism and syntactic change in Konkani. Language. 51.3. 672–683.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nayak, H. M. 1967. Kannada: Literary and colloquial. Mysore: Rao and Raghavan.Google Scholar
Pandharipande, R. 1982. Counteracting forces in language change: Convergence vs. maintenance. Studies in the linguistic sciences. 12.2. 97–116.Google Scholar
Pandharipande, R. 1983. Mixing and creativity in multilingual India. Studies in the linguistic sciences. 13.2. 99–114.Google Scholar
Pandit, P. B. 1972. India as a sociolinguistic area. Ganeshkhind: University of Poona. [Gune Memorial Lectures.]Google Scholar
Pandit, P. B. 1977. Language in a plural society. New Delhi: Devraj Chanana Memorial Committee.Google Scholar
Parasher, S. V. 1980. Mother tongue-English diglossia: A case study of edu-cated Indian bilinguals’ language use. Anthropological linguistics. 22.4. 151–162.Google Scholar
Parmanik, T. K. 1981. A study of the attitude and motivation for learning English at the first degree level in the district of Cuttack. Hyderabad: Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages. Research diss.Google Scholar
Pathak, R. S. 1985. Language variation in a bilingual setting: a North Indian case study. Indian linguistics. 46. 1–2. 9–24.Google Scholar
Pattanayak, D. P. 1975. Caste and language. International journal of Dravidian linguistics. 4.1. 97–104.Google Scholar
Pattanayak, D. P. 1981. Multilingualism and mother-tongue education. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pattanayak, D. P. and Annamalai, E. (eds.) 1983. To greater heights. 2 Vols. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages.Google Scholar
Prabhoo, L. 1979. Survey of Konkani in Kerala. International journal of Dravidian linguistics. 8.2. 345–355.Google Scholar
Radhakrishnan, B. 1980. Study of diglossia and the Telugu situation. In Agesthialingom, S. and Karunakaran, K. (eds.) Sociolinguistics and dia-lectology. Annamalainagar: Annamalai University. 229–241.Google Scholar
Rajathi, J. 1982. Konkani-a case for language planning. International journal of Dravidian linguistics. 11.2. 367–373.Google Scholar
Ramunni, K. 1976. Subjective reactions to regional and non-regional English accents in India. Hyderabad: Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages. Research diss. Report on the Seminar on Tulu. 1979. International journal of Dravidian linguistics. 8.2. 381–390.Google Scholar
Rubdy, R. 1975. Phonological analysis of English spoken by ten Marathi speakers from Maharashtra. Hyderabad: Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages. Ph.D. diss.Google Scholar
Rubdy, R. 1981. A study of some written varieties of Indian English. Hyderabad: Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages. Research diss.Google Scholar
Sadanand, K. 1983. The use of English in industries in Andhra Pradesh: A sociolinguistic study. Hyderabad: Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages. Ph.D. diss.Google Scholar
Sambasiva, Rao G., 1977. Standardization process. International journal of Dravidian linguistics. 6.1. 65–68.Google Scholar
Satyanath, T. S. 1982. Kannadigas in Dehli: A sociolinguistic study. Delhi: University of Delhi. Ph.D. diss.Google Scholar
Shanmugam, Pillai S. V., 1965. Merger of literary and colloquial Tamil. Anthropological linguistics. 7.4. 98–103.Google Scholar
Shanmugam, Pillai S. V. 1975. Modernization in Tamil. Anthropological linguistics. 17.2. 53–67.Google Scholar
Shantha, K. M. 1977. Code-switching: Malayalam-English, Form and function. Hyderabad: Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages. Research diss.Google Scholar
Sharma, R. K. 1971. Tribal education in Nagaland. Proceedings of the conference of tribal research bureaus in India.Mysore:Central Institute of Indian Languages.Google Scholar
Singh, R.. To appear. Grammatical constraints in code-mixing: Evidence from Hindi-English. Canadian journal of linguistics.Google Scholar
Singh, U. N. and Maniruzzaman, M. 1983. Diglossia in Bangladesh and language planning. Calcutta: Gyan Bhart.Google Scholar
Sivarama, Murty N., 1979. Social stratification in Telugu: A rural case study. Indian linguistics. 40.2. 92–101.Google Scholar
Southworth, F. C. 1977. Functional aspects of linguistic heterogeneity. In Sharma, P. Gopal and Kumar, S. (eds.) Indian bilingualism. Agra: Central Institute of Hindi. 210–227.Google Scholar
Southworth, F. C. 1979. The functions of bilingualism in Nagaland. International journal of Dravidian linguistics. 8.2. 393–397.Google Scholar
Southworth, F. C. 1981. Detecting prior creolization: An analysis of thehistorical origins of Marathi. In Sunkapur, M. S. and Kulli, J. S. (eds.) Papers in linguistics. Mysore: Sharat Prakashana. [Dr. R. C. Hiremath felicitation volume.] 358–382.Google Scholar
Southworth, F. C. and Apte, M. L. (eds.) 1974. Contact and convergence in South Asian languages: Indian journal of Dravidian linguistics. 3.1. [Special volume.]Google Scholar
Sreedhar, M. V. 1976. Standardization of Naga pidgin. Anthropological linguistics. 18.8. 371–379.Google Scholar
Sreedhar, M. V. 1979. The functions of bilingualism in Nagaland. International journal of Dravidian linguistics. 8.2. 103–114.Google Scholar
Sridhar, K. K. 1977. The development of English as an elite language in the multilingual context of India: Its educational implications. Urbana: University of Illinois. Ph.D. diss.Google Scholar
Sridhar, K. K. 1979. English in the sociocultural context of India. Studies in language learning. 2.2. 63–79.Google Scholar
Sridhar, K. K. 1982. English in a South Indian urban context. In Kachru, B. B. (ed.) The other tongue: English across cultures. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 141–153.Google Scholar
Sridhar, K. K. In press. Language policy for education in multilingual India: Issues and implementations. International education journal.Google Scholar
Sridhar, K. K. To appear. Language maintenance and language shift among Asian Indians: Kannadigas in the New York area. International journal of the sociology of language.Google Scholar
Sridhar, S. N. 1978. On the functions of code-mixing in Kannada. Inter-national journal of the sociology of language. 16. 109–117.Google Scholar
Sridhar, S. N. 1980. Diglossia in Kannada. Department of Linguistics, State University of New York at Stony Brook. Mimeo.Google Scholar
Sridhar, S. N. 1982. Language teaching and literacy in South Asia. In Kaplan, R. B., et al. (eds.) Annual review of applied linguistics, II. Rowley, MA: Newbury House. 219–238.Google Scholar
Sridhar, S. N. and Sridhar, K. K.. 1980. The syntax and psycholinguistics of bilingual code-mixing. Canadian journal of psychology. 34.4. 409–418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Srivastava, A. K. 1978. The language load. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages.Google Scholar
Srivastava, G. N. 1970. The language controversy and the minorities. Delhi: Atma Ram.Google Scholar
Srivastava, R. N. 1979. Literacy as a communication skill. Indian journal of adult communication. 14.1. 13–37.Google Scholar
Srivastava, R. N. 1980. Societal bilingualism and language teaching in India. Indian journal of applied linguistics. 6.2. 13–37.Google Scholar
Srivastava, R. N. and Bhatia, S. C.. 1978. Literacy, literacy materials and their preparation. New Delhi: Directorate of Adult Education, Govern-ment of India.Google Scholar
Ullrich, H. 1982. Rural and urban multilingualism: A South Indian case. International journal of the sociology of language. 34. 25–50.Google Scholar
Ure, J. M. and Velayudhan, S. (eds.) 1985. Perspectives on English language teaching. New Delhi: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Vaid, J. 1980. The form and function of code-mixing in Indian films. Indian linguistics. 41.1. 37–44.Google Scholar
Verma, S. K. 1976. Code-switching: Hindi-English. Lingua. 38. 153–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinreich, U. 1957. Functional aspects of Indian bilingualism. Word. 13.2. 203–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar