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The Multilingual Lexicon: The Cognitive and Neural Basis of Lexical Comprehension and Production in Two or More Languages

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 November 2013

Judith F. Kroll ,
Jason W. Gullifer  and
Eleonora Rossi
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Abstract

Recent studies have shown that when bilinguals or multilinguals read written words, listen to spoken words, or plan words that they intend to speak in one language alone, information in all of the languages that they know is momentarily active. That activation produces cross-language competition that sometimes converges to facilitate performance and sometimes diverges to create costs to performance. The presence of parallel activation across languages has been documented in comprehension, in studies of word recognition, and also in production, in studies of lexical speech planning. The observation that one of the two or more languages cannot be switched off at will is particularly surprising in production, where the intention to express a thought should be guided by conceptually driven processes. Likewise, in comprehension, recent studies show that placing words in sentence context in one language alone is insufficient to restrict processing to that language. The focus of current research on the multilingual lexicon is therefore to understand the basis of language nonselectivity, to consider how the language in use is ultimately selected, and to identify the cognitive consequences of having a lexical system that is open to influence by the languages not in use. In this article, we review the recent cognitive and neural evidence on each of these issues, with special consideration to the question of how the nature of the evidence itself shapes the conclusions drawn about the organization and access to the lexicon in individuals who speak more than one language.

Type
SECTION B: INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETAL MULTILINGUALISM
Information
Annual Review of Applied Linguistics , Volume 33 , March 2013 , pp. 102 - 127
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013 

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References

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

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This article describes the bilingual interactive activation plus (BIA+) model of bilingual word recognition. BIA+ and its earlier version (BIA) have shaped the field on issues of lexical processing in providing an account for the inherent nonselectivity of lexical access when bilinguals recognize words in each of their languages.

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This article first described the revised hierarchical model (RHM), a framework that captures, at lexical level, the consequences of late L2 acquisition for creating mappings between words and concepts. This model has particular implications for the role of the L1 in modulating access to the L2.

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This article reported a study that shows that foreign language learners, within the first few months of classroom experience, begin to show changes in the electrophysiological record that are not evident in behavior itself. In brief, the brain outpaces behavior. Other studies, on acquisition of L2 grammar, have used this approach to demonstrate native-like abilities in L2 sentence processing.

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