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THE TYPOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY OF SPARTAN BURIALS FROM THE PROTOGEOMETRIC TO THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD: RETHINKING SPARTAN EXCEPTIONALISM AND THE OSTENSIBLE CESSATION OF ADULT INTRAMURAL BURIALS IN THE GREEK WORLD

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 December 2018

Paul Christesen
Paul Christesen*
Affiliation:
Dartmouth College
*
[email protected]
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Abstract

This article makes use of recently published graves to offer the first synthetic analysis of the typology and topography of Spartan burials that is founded on archaeological evidence. Our knowledge of Spartan burial practices has long been based almost entirely on textual sources – excavations conducted in Sparta between 1906 and 1994 uncovered fewer than 20 pre-Roman graves. The absence of pre-Roman cemeteries led scholars to conclude that, as long as the Lycurgan customs were in effect, all burials in Sparta were intracommunal and that few tombs had been found because they had been destroyed by later building activity. Burial practices have, as a result, been seen as one of many ways in which Sparta was an outlier. The aforementioned recently published graves offer a different picture of Spartan burial practices. It is now clear that there was at least one extracommunal cemetery in the Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic periods. What would normally be described as extramural burials did, therefore, take place, but intracommunal burials of adults continued to be made in Sparta throughout the Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic periods. Those burials were concentrated along important roads and on the slopes of hills. The emergent understanding of Spartan burial practices takes on added significance when placed in a wider context. Burial practices in Sparta align closely with those found in Argos and Corinth. Indeed, burial practices in Sparta, rather than being exceptional, are notably similar to those of its most important Peloponnesian neighbours; a key issue is that in all three poleis intracommunal burials continued to take place through the Hellenistic period. The finding that adults were buried both extracommunally and intracommunally in Sparta, Argos and Corinth after the Geometric period calls into question the standard narrative of the development of Greek burial practices in the post-Mycenaean period.

Η τυπολογία και τοπογραφία των Σπαρτιατικών εθίμων ταφής από τη Πρωτογεωμετρική ως την Ελληνιστική περίοδο: αναθεωρώντας την Σπαρτιατική ιδιαιτερότητα και την οριστική διακοπή των ταφών ενηλίκων εντός των τειχών στον Ελληνικό κόσμο

Αυτό το άρθρο χρησιμοποιεί πρόσφατα δημοσιευμένους τάφους για να προσφέρει την πρώτη συνθετική ανάλυση της τυπολογίας και της τοπογραφίας των Σπαρτιατικών ταφών που βασίζεται σε αρχαιολογικές μαρτυρίες. Η γνώση μας για τα σπαρτιατικά έθιμα ταφής βασίζεται εδώ και πολλά χρόνια εξολοκλήρου σε γραπτές πηγές – οι ανασκαφές που πραγματοποιήθηκαν στη Σπάρτη μεταξύ 1906 και 1994 έφεραν στο φως λιγότερο από 20 τάφους. Η απουσία προ-Ρωμαϊκών νεκροταφείων ώθησε τους ερευνητές να συμπεράνουν ότι, όσο ήταν σε ισχύ τα Λυκούργεια ταφικά έθιμα, όλες οι ταφές στη Σπάρτη ήταν εσωκοινωτικές και ότι βρέθηκαν λίγοι τάφοι επειδή είχαν καταστραφεί από υστερότερη οικοδομική δραστηριότητα. Τα ταφικά έθιμα έχουν, ως εκ τούτου, θεωρηθεί ένας από τους πολλούς τρόπους που η Σπάρτη ήταν διαφορετική. Οι προαναφερθέντες πρόσφατα δημοσιευμένοι τάφοι προσφέρουν μια διαφορετική εικόνα των σπαρτιατικών ταφικών εθίμων. Είναι τώρα ξεκάθαρο ότι υπήρχε τουλάχιστον ένα εξωκοινωτικό νεκροταφείο κατά την Αρχαϊκή, Κλασική και Ελληνιστική περίοδο. Αυτό που φυσιολογικά θα περιγραφόταν ως ταφές εκτός των τειχών επομένως έλαβαν χώρα, αλλά εσωκοινωτικές ταφές ενηλίκων συνέχισαν να πραγματοποιούνται στη Σπάρτη καθ’όλη την Αρχαϊκή, Κλασική και Ελληνιστική περίοδο. Αυτές οι ταφές συγκεντρώνονταν κατά μήκος σημαντικών οδών και στους πρόποδες λόφων. Η κατανόηση των σπαρτιατικών ταφικών εθίμων που προκύπτει, προσθέτει στην σπουδαιότητά τους όταν τοποθετηθούν σε ένα ευρύτερο πλαίσιο. Οι ταφικές πρακτικές στη Σπάρτη συμφωνούν με αυτές που απαντώνται στο Άργος και την Κόρινθο. Πράγματι, οι ταφικές πρακτικές στη Σπάρτη, αντί να θεωρηθούν εξαίρεση, είναι ιδιαιτέρως παρόμοιες με αυτές των πιο σημαντικών Πελοποννησίων γειτόνων της. Ένα κεντρικό θέμα είναι ότι και στις τρεις πόλεις οι εσωκοινωτικές ταφές συνέχισαν να λαμβάνουν χώρα ως την Ελληνιστική περίοδο. Το εύρημα ότι οι ενήλικες θάβονταν τόσο εξωκοινωτικά όσο και εσωκοινωτικά στη Σπάρτη, το Άργος και την Κόρινθο μετά τη Γεωμετρική περίοδο θέτει υπό αμφισβήτηση τη τυπική αφήγηση για την εξέλιξη των Ελληνικών ταφικών εθίμων στη μετα-Μυκηναϊκή περίοδο.

Μετάφραση: Στέλιος Ιερεμίας.

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Annual of the British School at Athens , Volume 113 , November 2018 , pp. 307 - 363
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Copyright © The Council, British School at Athens 2018 

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