Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T23:50:35.313Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY OF CERAMIC OIL LAMPS IN HELLENISTIC AND EARLY ROMAN NEA PAPHOS, CYPRUS: INTEGRATED TYPOLOGICAL, CHRONOLOGICAL AND PROVENANCE STUDIES

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 October 2021

Małgorzata Kajzer Open the ORCID record for Małgorzata Kajzer [Opens in a new window] ,
Edyta Marzec Open the ORCID record for Edyta Marzec [Opens in a new window] ,
Evangelia Kiriatzi Open the ORCID record for Evangelia Kiriatzi [Opens in a new window]  and
Noémi S. Müller Open the ORCID record for Noémi S. Müller [Opens in a new window]
Małgorzata Kajzer*
Affiliation:
Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw
Edyta Marzec
Affiliation:
Fitch Laboratory, British School at Athens and the Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Evangelia Kiriatzi
Affiliation:
Fitch Laboratory, British School at Athens
Noémi S. Müller
Affiliation:
Fitch Laboratory, British School at Athens
*
[email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This paper presents the results of a multipronged approach to the study of the Hellenistic and Early Roman ceramic oil lamps excavated at the Agora of Nea Paphos in Cyprus. The assemblage was studied macroscopically, and selected samples were analysed through WD-XRF spectroscopy and thin section petrography, combined with refiring tests. The integrated results revealed that local production changed through time in terms of lamp shapes, manufacturing techniques and clay recipes, while imported lamps originated from a range of sources. The transformations seen in the local production correlate with changes in the origin of imported lamp supply and the impact of other centres on the local lamp manufacture. These patterns in production and supply could be most likely associated with political transformations and urban development.

Παραγωγή και προμήθεια πήλινων λυχναριών στην ελληνιστική και πρώιμη ρωμαϊκή Νέα Πάφο, Κύπρο. Συνθετική μελέτη τυπολογίας, χρονολόγησης και προέλευσης.

Η δημοσίευση αυτή παρουσιάζει τα αποτελέσματα μιας πολύπλευρης διεπιστημονικής μελέτης ελληνιστικών και πρώιμων ρωμαϊκών λυχναριών από την Αγορά της Νέα Πάφου, στην Κύπρο. Το υπό μελέτη σύνολο εξετάστηκε μακροσκοπικά ενώ επιλεγμένα δείγματα υποβλήθηκαν σε φασματοσκοπία φθορισμού ακτίνων χ με διασπορά μήκους κύματος και πετρογραφική ανάλυση με λεπτές τομές, σε συνδυασμό με δοκιμές επανόπτησης. Η σύνθεση των αποτελεσμάτων υποδεικνύει διαχρονικές αλλαγές στην τοπική παραγωγή, σε σχέση με το σχήμα των λυχναριών, τις τεχνικές διαμόρφωσης και τις συνταγές της πηλόμαζας, αλλά και σημαντική ποικιλία στις πηγές των εισηγμένων λυχναριών. Οι μεταβολές στην τοπική παραγωγή σχετίζονται με τις αλλαγές στις πηγές προμήθειας των εισηγμένων λυχναριών και την επίδραση άλλων κέντρων παραγωγής στα τοπικά εργαστήρια. Η γενικότερη εικόνα της παραγωγής και προμήθειας λυχναριών συνδέεται πολύ πιθανόν με πολιτικές αλλαγές και την ανάπτυξη του αστικού συγκροτήματος της Νέα Πάφου.

Type
Articles
Information
Annual of the British School at Athens , Volume 116 , December 2021 , pp. 291 - 357
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Council, British School at Athens

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abadie-Reynal, C. 1987. ‘Céramique romaine’, in Karageorghis, V., Picard, O. and Tytgat, C. (eds), La nécropole d'Amathonte Tombes 113–367, vol. 2: Céramiques non chypriotes (Nicosia), 45–58.Google Scholar
Ambraseys, N. 2009. Earthquakes in the Mediterranean and Middle East: A Multidisciplinary Study of Seismicity up to 1900 (Cambridge).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
‘Amr, K. 1987. The Pottery from Petra: A Neutron Activation Analysis Study (BAR-IS 324; Oxford).Google Scholar
Bailey, D.M. 1965. ‘Lamps in the Victoria and Albert Museum’, OpAth 6, 1–83.Google Scholar
Bailey, D.M. 1972. Greek and Roman Pottery Lamps (Oxford).Google Scholar
Bailey, D.M. 1975. A Catalogue of the Lamps in the British Museum, vol. 1: Greek, Hellenistic and Early Roman Pottery Lamps (London).Google Scholar
Bailey, D.M. 1980. A Catalogue of the Lamps in the British Museum, vol. 2: Roman Lamps Made in Italy (London).Google Scholar
Bailey, D.M. 1985a. ‘The lamps of Sidi Krebish, Benghazi (Berenice): imported and local products’, in Barker, G., Lloyd, J. and Reynolds, J. (eds), Cyrenaica in Antiquity (BAR-IS 236; Oxford), 195–204.Google Scholar
Bailey, D.M. 1985b. Excavations at Sidi Khrebish Benghazi (Berenice), vol. 3.2: The Lamps (LibAnt Supp. 5; Tripoli).Google Scholar
Bailey, D.M. 1988. Catalogue of the Lamps in the British Museum, vol. 3: Roman Provincial Lamps (London).Google Scholar
Balandier, C. 2011. ‘Le defense do Chypre et l'importance strategique de l'ile das la politique lagide’, in Demetriou, A. (ed.), Proceedings of the IV International Cyprological Congress, Lefkosia 29 April–3 May 2008 (Nicosia), 367–76.Google Scholar
Balandier, C. (ed.) 2016a. Nea Paphos. Fondation et développement urbanistique d'une ville chypriote de l'antiquité à nos jours. Études archéologiques, historiques et patrimoniales. Actes du Ier colloque international sur Paphos, Avignon 30, 31 Octobre et 1er Novembre 2012 (Ausonius Éditions, Mémoires 43; Bordeaux).Google Scholar
Balandier, C. 2016b. ‘Fabrika, un quartier résidentiel à Paphos? Résultats archéologiques et réflexion historique sur l’évolution urbaine de secteur Nord-Est de la ville antique’, in Balandier , 121–45.Google Scholar
Balandier, C. 2017. ‘Paphos, colline de Fabrika: résultats de la deuxieme campagne de fouilles de la Mission archéologique française à Paphos (MafaP) 2009’, RDAC, 717–70.Google Scholar
Barag, D, and Hershkovitz, M. 1994. ‘Lamps from Masada’, in Aviram, J., Foerster, G., and Netzer, E. (eds), Masada IV: The Yigael Yadin Excavations 1963–1965, Final Reports (Jerusalem), 1–147.Google Scholar
Barker, C. 2013. ‘Rhodian amphorae from Cyprus: a summary of the evidence and the issues’, in Lawall, M. and Lund, J. (eds), The Transport Amphorae and Trade of Cyprus (Gösta Enbom Monographs 3; Aarhus), 101–10.Google Scholar
Barker, C. 2016. ‘The theatre precinct of Nea Paphos (Fabrika): recent excavations by the Australian mission’, in Balandier , 91–104.Google Scholar
Bekker-Nielsen, T. 2000. ‘The foundation of Nea Paphos’, in Isager, S. and Nielsen, I. (eds), Proceedings of the Danish Institute at Athens, vol. 3 (Athens), 195–207.Google Scholar
Berlin, A. and Stone, P. 2016. ‘The Hellenistic and Early Roman pottery’, in Hartal, M., Syon, D., Stern, E. and Tatcher, A. (eds), ‘Akko II. The 1991–1998 Excavations (Israel Antiquities Authority Reports No. 60; Jerusalem), 133–202.Google Scholar
Bes, P. 2015. Once Upon a Time in the East: The Chronological and Geographical Distribution of Terra Sigillata and Red Slip Ware in the Roman East (Roman and Late Antique Mediterranean Pottery 6; Oxford).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Betina, L. 2019. ‘Petrographic evaluation of selected Geometric and Archaic vessels: identifying imports and defining Ephesian reference groups’, in von Miller, A. (ed.), Archaische Siedlungsbefunde in Ephesos (Ephesos 13.3; Vienna), 425–71.Google Scholar
Bettles, E. 2003. Phoenician Amphora Production and Distribution in the Southern Levant: A Multi-Disciplinary Investigation into Carinated-Shoulder Amphorae of the Persian Period (539–332 bc) (BAR-IS 1183; Oxford).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bezeczky, T. 2013. The Amphorae of Roman Ephesus (Ephesos 15.1; Vienna).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bezzola, S. 2004. Lucerne fittili dagli scavi di Palaepaphos. Ausgrabungen in Alt-Paphos auf Zypern, vol. 5 (Mainz am Rhein).Google Scholar
Blinkenberg, C. 1931. Lindos, vol. 1: Fouilles et découvertes 1902–1914. Les petits objets (Berlin).Google Scholar
Blondé, F., Ballet, P. and Salles, J.-F. (eds) 2002. Céramiques hellénistiques et romaines. Productions et diffusion en Méditerranée orientale (Chypre, Égypte et côte Syro-Palestinienne). Actes du colloque tenu à la Maison de l'Orient méditerranéen Jean Pouilloux du 2 au 4 mars 2000 (Travaux de la Maison de l'Orient Méditerranéen 35; Lyon).Google Scholar
Boardman, J. 1988. ‘Trade in Greek decorated pottery’, OJA 7.1, 27–33.Google Scholar
Bovon, A. 1966. Lampes d'Argos (Paris).Google Scholar
Broneer, O. 1930. Corinth IV.2. Terracotta Lamps (Cambridge).Google Scholar
Bruneau, P. 1965. Délos XXVI. Les lampes (Paris).Google Scholar
Buxeda i Garrigós, J. 1999. ‘Alteration and contamination of archaeological ceramics: the perturbation problem’, JAS 26, 295–313.Google Scholar
Buxeda i Garrigós, J. and Kilikoglou, V. 2003. ‘Total variation as a measure of variability in chemical data sets’, in van Zelst, L. (ed.), Patterns and Process: A Festschrift in Honor of Dr Edward V. Sayre (Suitland, MD), 185–98.Google Scholar
Ceci, M. and Schneider, G. 1994. ‘Analisi chimiche su gruppi di lucerne bollate di fabbricazione urbana’, in Epigrafia della produzione e della distribuzione. Actes de la VIIe Rencontre franco-italienne sur l’épigraphie du monde romain (Rome, 5–6 juin 1992) (Rome), 433–46.Google Scholar
Connelly, J. 2010. ‘Cyprus in the age of empires: Hellenistic and Roman periods, 310 bc–ad 330’, in Hadjisavvas, S. (ed.), Cyprus: Crossroads of Civilizations (Nicosia), 173–95.Google Scholar
Connelly, J. and Młynarczyk, J. 2002. ‘Terracotta oil lamps from Geronisos and their contexts’, RDAC, 293–316.Google Scholar
Copley, M., Bland, H., Rose, P. and Horton, M. 2005. ‘Gas chromatographic, mass spectrometric and stable carbon isotopic investigations of organic residues of plant oils and animal fats employed as illuminants in archaeological lamps from Egypt’, The Analyst 130.6, 860–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daszkiewicz, M. and Raabe, J. 1995. ‘Alexandria and Nea Paphos: lamp producing centres. A technological point of view’, in Meyza and Młynarczyk , 212–31.Google Scholar
Dimakis, N. 2015. ‘Lamps, symbolism and ritual in Hellenistic Greece’, in Polychroniadis, Z.T. and Evely, D. (eds) AEGIS: Essays in Mediterranean Archaeology Presented to Matti Egon by the Scholars of the Greek Archaeological Committee UK (Oxford), 165–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dimakis, N. 2017. “Λύχνοι από το ιερό του Απόλλωνα στην αρχαία Αλάσαρνα της Κω. Μία πρώτη παρουσίαση”, in Triantafyllidis, P. (ed.), Το Αρχαιολογικό Έργο στα Νησιά του Αιγαίου. Διεθνές Επιστημονικό Συνέδριο, Ρóδος, 27 Νοεμβρίου–1 Δεκεμβρίου 2013. TOMOΣ Γ (Μytilene), 327–35.Google Scholar
Dobbins, J.J. 2012. ‘The lamps’, in Berlin, A.M. and Herbert, S.C. (eds), Tel Anafa, vol. 2.2: Glass Vessels, Lamps, Objects of Metal, and Groundstone and Other Stone Tools and Vessels (Ann Arbor, MI), 99–214.Google Scholar
Dobosz, A. 2016. ‘Transport amphorae found in Nea Paphos and the trade relations of the town during the Hellenistic period’, in Balandier , 189–202.Google Scholar
Dobosz, A. 2020. ‘Hellenistic and Roman transport amphorae’, in Papuci-Władyka , 323–62.Google Scholar
Domżalski, K. 2007. ‘Hellenistic fine pottery production in the Eastern Mediterranean as reflected by imports in the Pontic area’, in Gabrielsen, V. and Lund, J. (eds), Black Sea Studies, vol. 6: The Black Sea in Antiquity: Regional and Interregional Economic Exchanges (Aarhus), 161–81.Google Scholar
Dray, E. and du Taylor, J.P. 1951. ‘Tsambres and Aphendrika: two Classical and Hellenistic cemeteries’, RDAC, 24–123.Google Scholar
Dusenbery, E. 1998. Samothrace, vol. 11.1: The Nekropoleis: Catalogues of Objects by Categories (Princeton, NJ).Google Scholar
Élaigne, S. 2002. ‘L'introduction des céramiques fines du bassin oriental de la Méditerranée à Alexandrie: importations et imitations locales’, in Blondé, Ballet and Salles , 159–73.Google Scholar
Élaigne, S. 2007. ‘Les importations de céramiques fines hellénistiques à Beirut (site BEY 002) aperҫu du faciès nord levantin’, Syria 84, 107–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Élaigne, S. 2012. La vaisselle fine de l'habitat alexandrin. Contribution à la connaissance de la mobilité des techniques et des produits céramiques en Méditerranée du IIe siècle av. J.C. à l’époque claudienne (Études Alexandrines 21; Cairo).Google Scholar
Élaigne, S. 2019. ‘Les assemblages hellénistiques de Tyr (Liban, Mission franco-libanaise)’, in Peignard-Giros, A. (ed.), Daily Life in a Cosmopolitan World: Pottery and Culture During the Hellenistic Period Proceedings of the 2nd Conference of IARPotHP Lyon, November 2015, 5th–8th (Vienna), 381–95.Google Scholar
Élaigne, S. and Lemaître, S. 2014. ‘De la vaisselle et du vin chypriote au Létôon de Xanthos à l’époque romaine’, Topoi 19, 565–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fenn, N. 2016. Späthellenistische und frühkaiserzeitliche Keramik aus Priene. Untersuchungen zu Herkunft und Produktion. Priene 4 (AF 35; Wiesbaden).Google Scholar
Frangié, D. 2011. ‘Les lampes hellénistiques de Beyrouth (chantiers 002/026)’, in Frangié and Salles , 303–35.Google Scholar
Frangié, D. and Salles, J.-F. 2011a. ‘Lampes de Byblos’, in Frangié and Salles , 259–302.Google Scholar
Frangié, D. and Salles, J.-F. (eds) 2011b. Lampes antiques du Bilad es Sham. Jordanie, Syrie, Liban, Palestine (Paris).Google Scholar
Frangié-Joly, D. 2017. Le site de Bey-144. Fouilles et étude de la céramique (période hellénistique–début de l'ère romaine) (BAR-IS 2881; Oxford).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Georgakopoulou, M., Hein, A., Müller, N.S. and Kiriatzi, E. 2017. ‘Development and calibration of WD-XRF routine applied to provenance studies on archaeological ceramics’, XRay Spectrometry 46, 186–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibbins, D.J.L. 1989. ‘The Roman wreck of c. ad 200 at Plemmirio, near Siracusa (Sicily): second interim report. The domestic assemblage 1: medical equipment and pottery lamps’, IJNA 18.1, 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilboa, A. and Goren, Y. 2015. ‘Early Iron Age Phoenician networks: an optical mineralogy study of Phoenician bichrome and related wares in Cyprus’, Ancient West and East 14, 73–110.Google Scholar
Gilboa, A., Waiman-Barak, P. and Jones, R. 2015. ‘On the origin of Iron Age Phoenician ceramics at Kommos, Crete: regional and diachronic perspectives across the Bronze Age to Iron Age transition’, BASOR 374, 75–102.Google Scholar
Giudice, F. 1992. ‘Paphos, Garrison's Camp Campagna 1988’, RDAC, 205–50.Google Scholar
Giudice, F., Giudice, E., Giudice, G. and Chiarello, G.S. 2017. ‘Paphos, Garrison's Camp. XIIa Campagna (1999)’, RDAC, 771–809.Google Scholar
Giuliani, A. 2008. ‘The export of Hellenistic Ephesian lamp-workshops and their influence on the local production in the East’, in Roman, C. and Gudea, N. (eds), Lychnological Acts, vol. 2: Trade and Local Production of Lamps from the Prehistory until the Middle Age. Acts of 2nd International Congress on Ancient and Middle Age Lighting Devices, Zalău / Cluj-Napoca, 2006 (Cluj-Napoca), 91–6.Google Scholar
Giuliani, A. 2011. ‘New aspects on the chronology of Hellenistic lamps from Ephesos’, Ζ' επιστημονική συνάντηση για την ελληνιστική κεραμική: Αίγιο 4–9 Απριλίου 2005, 533–8.Google Scholar
Gjerstad, E., Lindros, J., Sjöqvist, E. and Westholm, A. 1935. The Swedish Cyprus Expedition, vol. 2 (Stockholm).Google Scholar
Goldman, H. and Jones, F. 1950. ‘The lamps’, in Goldman, H. (ed.), Excavations at Gözlü Kule, Tarsus, vol. 1: The Hellenistic and Roman Periods (Princeton, NJ), 84–135.Google Scholar
Gordon, J. and Cova, E. 2010. ‘Romanesis in Cyprus: a lamp from Athienou-Malloura’, Cahiers du Centre d’Études Chypriotes 40, 277–94.Google Scholar
Gunneweg, J., Perlman, I. and Yellin, J. 1983. The Provenance Typology and Chronology of Eastern Terra Sigillata (Qedem 17; Jerusalem).Google Scholar
Hadjisavvas, S. 1997. Agia Napa: Excavations at Makronisos and the Archaeology of the Region (Nicosia).Google Scholar
Hammond, M., Gabrieli, R.S., Ferguson, J.R., Glascock, M.D. and Wismann, T. 2018. ‘Compositional analysis of Cypriot cookware from Kourion's Amathous Gate Cemetery and the Theatre at Fabrika Hill, Nea Pafos’, RDAC New Series 1, 113–40.Google Scholar
Harris, W. 1980. ‘Roman terracotta lamps: the organization of an industry’, JRS 70, 126–45.Google Scholar
Hayes, J. 1967. ‘Cypriot sigillata’, RDAC, 65–77.Google Scholar
Hayes, J. 1980. Ancient Lamps in the Royal Ontario Museum, vol. 1: Greek and Roman Clay Lamps (Toronto).Google Scholar
Hayes, J. 1985. ‘Sigillate orientali’, in Bianchi Bandinelli, R. (ed.), Enciclopedia dell'arte antica classica e orientale. Atlante delle Forme Ceramiche II, Ceramica Fine Romana nel Bacino Mediterraneo (Tardo Ellenismo e Primo Impero) (Rome), 1–96.Google Scholar
Hayes, J. 1991. Paphos, vol. 3: The Hellenistic and Roman Pottery (Nicosia).Google Scholar
Hein, A. and Kilikoglou, V. 2017. ‘NAA analysis of Late Roman lamps from Rhodes’, in Katsioti , 651–7.Google Scholar
Heres, G. 1968. ‘Die Werkstatt des Lampentöpfers Romanesis’, FuB 10, 185–211.Google Scholar
Howland, R. 1958. The Athenian Agora: Results of Excavations Conducted by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, vol. 4: Greek Lamps and their Survivals (Princeton, NJ).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, M., Leese, M. and Smith, M. 1988. ‘The analysis of pottery lamps mainly from Western Anatolia, including Ephesus by NAA’, in Bailey , 461–85.Google Scholar
Jackson, M., Zelle, Z., Vandeput, L. and Köse, V. 2012. ‘Primary evidence for Late Roman D Ware production in southern Asia Minor: a challenge to “Cypriot Red Slip Ware”’, AnatSt 62, 89–114.Google Scholar
Kajzer, M. 2019. ‘Produkcja i dystrybucja hellenistyczno-rzymskich lampek oliwnych we wschodnim Basenie Morza Śródziemnego w oparciu o znaleziska z rejonu Nea Pafos na Cyprze’ (unpublished PhD thesis, Jagiellonian University in Krakow).Google Scholar
Kajzer, M. 2020. ‘Hellenistic and Roman lamps’, in Papuci-Władyka , 283–96.Google Scholar
Kajzer, M. forthcoming. ‘Clay oil lamps’, in Given, M., Mavromatis, Ch. and Gabrieli, R.S. (eds), City and Cemetery: Excavations at Kourion's Amathous Gate Cemetery, Cyprus: The Excavations of Danielle A. Parks (Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research).Google Scholar
Kajzer, M. and Marzec, E. 2020. ‘Roman table wares (ca. 30 bce to the 7th century ce)’, in Papuci-Władyka , 249–77.Google Scholar
Kajzer, M. and Marzec, E. forthcoming. ‘The Hellenistic ceramic oil lamps from Sarapieia A and B of Delos’.Google Scholar
Karageorghis, V. 1964. ‘Excavations in the Necropolis of Idalion, 1964’, RDAC, 29–84.Google Scholar
Karageorghis, V. 1966. ‘Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques à Chypre en 1965’, BCH 90, 297–389.Google Scholar
Karageorghis, V. 1978. Excavations in the Necropolis of Salamis, vol. 4 (Nicosia).Google Scholar
Karageorghis, V. 1986. ‘Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques à Chypre en 1985’, BCH 110.1, 823–80.Google Scholar
Katsioti, A. 2017. The Lamps of Late Antiquity from Rhodes (Oxford).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelsall, P. 2018. Lighting the Ancient World: The Development, Manufacture, Art and Uses of the Pottery Oil Lamp (Staffordshire).Google Scholar
Kimpe, K., Jacobs, P. and Waelkens, M. 2001. ‘Analysis of oil used in late Roman oil lamps with different mass spectrometric techniques revealed the presence of predominantly olive oil together with traces of animal fat’, Journal of Chromatography A 937, 87–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kiriatzi, E., Georgakopoulou, M. and Pentedeka, A. 2011. ‘Pottery production and importation at Bronze Age Kolonna: the ceramic fabrics and the island's landscape’, in Gauss, W. and Kiriatzi, E. (eds), Pottery Production and Supply at Bronze Age Kolonna, Aegina: An Integrated Archaeological and Scientific Study of a Ceramic Landscape (Vienna), 69–156.Google Scholar
Kögler, P. 2005. ‘Import, export, imitation: trade and the economic power of late Hellenistic and early Imperial Knidos according to the fine pottery’, in Briese, M.B. and Vaag, L.E. (eds), Trade Relations in the Eastern Mediterranean from the Late Hellenistic Period to the Late Antiquity: The Ceramic Evidence. Acts from a Ph.D. Seminar for Young Scholars, Sandbjerg Manorhouse, 12–15 February 1998 (Halicarnassian Studies 3; Odense), 50–62.Google Scholar
Kögler, P. 2011. Feinkeramik aus Knidos vom mittleren Hellenismus bis in die mittlere Kaiserzeit (ca. 200 v. Chr. Bis 150 n. Chr) (Wiesbaden).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lapp, E. 2016. The Clay Lamps from Ancient Sepphoris: Light Use and Regional Interactions (Winona Lake, IN).Google Scholar
Lawall, M.L. 2004. ‘Archaeological context and Aegean amphora chronologies: a case study of Hellenistic Ephesos’, in Eiring, J. and Lund, J. (eds), Transport Amphorae and Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean (Monographs of the Danish Institute in Athens 5; Athens), 171–88.Google Scholar
Loeschcke, S. 1919. Lampen aus Vindonissa (Zürich).Google Scholar
Lund, J. 1993. ‘Pottery of Classical, Hellenistic and Roman periods’, in Sørensen, L.W. and Rupp, D.W. (eds), The Land of Paphian Aphrodite, vol. 2: The Canadian Palaipaphos Survey Project – Artifact and Ecofactual Studies (SIMA 104.2; Gothenburg), 79–177.Google Scholar
Lund, J. 2006. ‘On the circulation of goods in Hellenistic and Early Roman Cyprus: the ceramic evidence’, in Wriedt Sørensen, L. and Winther Jacobsen, K. (eds), Panayia Ematousa, vol. 2: A Rural Site in South-Eastern Cyprus (Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 6.2; Athens), 31–49.Google Scholar
Lund, J. 2015. A Study of the Circulation of Ceramics in Cyprus from the 3rd Century bc to the 3rd Century ad (Gosta Enbom Monographs 5; Aarhus).Google Scholar
McCann, A. and Oleson, J. 2004. Deep-Water Shipwrecks off Skerki Bank: The 1997 Survey (JRA Supp. Ser. 58; Portsmouth).Google Scholar
McFadden, G. 1946. ‘A tomb of the necropolis of Ayios Ermoyenis at Kourion’, AJA 50, 449–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marangou, A. 2006. ‘Quelques conteneurs phéniciens d’époque hellénistique découverts à Chypre’, Cahiers du Centre d’Études Chypriotes 36, 55–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marchand, J. 1996. ‘The lamps’, in Bikai, P., Fulco, W. and Marchand, J. (eds), Tyre: The Shrine of Apollo (Amman), 57–67.Google Scholar
Marzec, E. 2017. ‘Provenance and technology of colour-coated ware pottery from Nea Paphos on Cyprus (from the late 4th to the 1st century bce)’ (unpublished PhD thesis, Jagiellonian University in Krakow).Google Scholar
Marzec, E., and Kajzer, M. 2020. ‘Hellenistic table wares (from the 4th to the 1st century bc)’, in Papuci-Władyka , 223–47.Google Scholar
Marzec, E., Kiriatzi, E., Müller, N.S. and Hein, A. 2018. ‘The provenance and technology of a group of Hellenistic colour-coated ware pottery from the excavations at Nea Paphos on Cyprus’, JAS Reports 21, 1035–43.Google Scholar
Marzec, E., Kiriatzi, E., Müller, N.S. and Hein, A. 2019. ‘An integrated typological, technological and provenance investigation of Late Hellenistic colour-coated pottery from Nea Paphos, Cyprus’, Archaeological and Anthropological Science 11, 4103–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menzel, H. 1969. Antike Lampen im Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum zu Mainz, 2nd edn with suppl. (Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum zu Mainz Katalog 15; Mainz).Google Scholar
Meyza, H. 2002. ‘Cypriot Sigillata and its hypothetical predecessors’, in Blondé, Ballet and Salles , 23–31.Google Scholar
Meyza, H. 2007. Nea Paphos V. Cypriot Red Slip Ware: Studies on a Late Roman Levantine Fine Ware (Warsaw).Google Scholar
Meyza, H. 2014. ‘Polska misja archeologiczna na Cyprze’, in Borowska, M., Kordos, P. and Maliszewski, D. (eds), Cypr, dzieje, literature, kultura, vol. 1 (Warsaw), 433–41.Google Scholar
Meyza, H. and Młynarczyk, J. (eds) 1995. Hellenistic and Roman Pottery in the Eastern Mediterranean – Advances in Scientific Studies: Acts of the II Nieborów Pottery Workshop (Warsaw).Google Scholar
Michaelides, D., Papantoniou, G. and Dikomitou-Eliadou, M. 2014. ‘Moulding expressions of culture: the terracotta figurines from the House of Orpheus, Nea Paphos’, in Gagatsis, A. (ed.), The A.G. Leventis Research Projects (Nicosia), 75–91.Google Scholar
Michniewicz, J. and Młynarczyk, J. 2017. Archaeometry and Archaeology of Levantine Jars Used in Western Galilee/Southern Phoenicia (Sha'ar Ha'Amakim, Tell Keisan) between the Persian and the Late Roman Period (Poznań).Google Scholar
Miguel Gascón, E. and Buxeda i Garrigós, J. 2013. ‘Characterisation of possible Phoenician pottery production of Tyre’, Applied Clay Science 82, 79–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mikati, R. 1998. ‘The AUB Souks excavations 1994–95: the terracotta lamps’ (unpublished MA thesis, American University of Beirut).Google Scholar
Miszk, Ł. 2020. ‘Stratigraphy and architecture of the agora’, in Papuci-Władyka , 127–84.Google Scholar
Mitsopoulou-Leon, V. 1991. Die Basilika am Staatsmarkt in Ephesos. Kleinfunde, vol. 1: Keramik hellenistischer und römischer Zeit (Ephesos 9.2.2; Vienna).Google Scholar
Młynarczyk, J. 1978. ‘Hellenistic terracotta lamps from Nea Paphos’, RDAC, 235–53.Google Scholar
Młynarczyk, J. 1990a. Nea Paphos III. Nea Paphos in the Hellenistic Period (Warsaw).Google Scholar
Młynarczyk, J. 1990b. ‘An Early Hellenistic lamp in the Graeco-Roman Museum in Alexandria’, RDAC, 155–7.Google Scholar
Młynarczyk, J. 1995. ‘Alexandria and Paphos: lamp producing centres’, in Meyza and Młynarczyk , 203–39.Google Scholar
Młynarczyk, J. 1997. Alexandrian and Alexandria-Influenced Mould-Made Lamps of the Hellenistic Period (BAR-IS 677; Oxford).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Młynarczyk, J. 1998. ‘Lampki terakotowe z polskich wykopalisk w Nea Pafos’, in Daszewski, W. and Meyza, H. (eds), Cypr w badaniach polskich. Materiały z Sesji Naukowej zorganizowanej przez Centrum Archeologii Śródziemnomorskiej UW im. prof. K. Michałowskiego (Warsaw), 51–66.Google Scholar
Młynarczyk, J. 2005. ‘The “pink powdery ware” at Yeronisos: a local West Cypriot ware of the late Hellenistic period’, ÉtTrav 20, 137–49.Google Scholar
Młynarczyk, J. 2009. ‘Sailors and artisans: the Egyptian connections of ceramic finds from Yeronisos’, in Michaelides, D., Kassianidou, V. and Merrillees, R.S. (eds), Proceedings of the International Conference: Egypt and Cyprus in Antiquity. Nicosia, 3–6 April 2003 (Oxford), 210–15.Google Scholar
Młynarczyk, J. 2012. Terracotta Oil Lamps, Tell Atrib III 1985–1995 (Warsaw).Google Scholar
Munsell Soil Color Charts. 2013. Munsell Soil-Color Charts with Genuine Munsell Color Chips (Grand Rapids, MI).Google Scholar
Nicolaou, K. 1966. ‘The topography of Nea Paphos’, in M.L., Bernhard, (ed.), Mélanges offerts à Kazimierz Michałowski (Warsaw), 561–602.Google Scholar
Nicolaou, K. 1975. ‘Archaeological news from Cyprus, 1973’, AJA 79.2, 125–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicolaou, K. 1976. ‘Archaeological news from Cyprus, 1974’, AJA 80.4, 361–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicolaou, K. 1977. ‘Archaeological news from Cyprus 1975’, AJA 81.4, 528–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicolaou, K. 1978. ‘Archaeological news from Cyprus 1967’, AJA 72.4, 369–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicolaou, K. 1980. ‘Archaeological news from Cyprus 1977–1978’, AJA 84.1, 63–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicolaou, I. 1984. ‘A Hellenistic and Roman tomb at Eurychou-Phoenikas, 1983’, RDAC, 234–56.Google Scholar
Nicolaou, I. 1985. ‘Excavations at the Eastern Necropolis of Amathus in 1984, tombs 423–7’, RDAC, 257–85.Google Scholar
Nocoń, K. 2020. ‘Hellenistic and Roman kitchen and cooking pottery’, in Papuci-Władyka , 297–322.Google Scholar
Nohlen, K. and Radt, W. 1978. Kapikaya. Ein Felsheiligtum bei Pergamon. Im Anhang: Topographische Karte von Pergamon (AvP 12; Berlin).Google Scholar
Oliver, A. 1983. ‘Tomb 12 at Episkopi’, RDAC, 245–56.Google Scholar
Orton, C. and Hughes, M. 2013. Pottery in Archaeology (Cambridge).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Outschar, U. and Zabehlicky-Scheffenegger, S. 1998. ‘Graue Platten’, in Zabehlicky-Scheffenegger, S. (ed.), RCRFragmenta. Beiträge zur Keramik in Ephesos. Herausgegeben anläßlich des XXI Internationalen RCRF-Kongress in Ephesos und Pergamon 1998 (RCRFActa 34: Vienna and Selçuk), 12–13.Google Scholar
Oziol, Th. 1977. Salamine de Chypre, vol. 7: Les lampes du Musée de Chypre (Paris).Google Scholar
Oziol, Th. 1993a. ‘Lampes’, in J, .F. Salles, (ed.), Les niveaux hellénistiques. Kition-Bamboula, vol. 4: Recherches sur les civilizations (Paris), 295–309.Google Scholar
Oziol, Th. 1993b. Les lampes au Musée de la Fondation Piéridès, Larnaca (Chypre) (Nicosia).Google Scholar
Oziol, Th. 1995. ‘Kition et Salamine: les lampes hellénistiques’, in Meyza and Młynarczyk , 239–46.Google Scholar
Oziol, Th. 2003. ‘Les lampes des niveaux phéniciens et post-phéniciens de Kition’, in Karageorghis, V. (ed.), Excavations at Kition, vol. 6: The Phoenician and Later Levels (Nicosia), 265–303.Google Scholar
Oziol, Th. and Pouilloux, J. 1969. Salamine de Chypre, vol. 1: Les lampes (Paris).Google Scholar
Papuci-Władyka, E. 1995. Nea Pafos. Studia nad ceramiką hellenistyczną z polskich wykopalisk (1965–1991) (Krakow).Google Scholar
Papuci-Władyka, E. 1997. ‘Nea Paphos: the cistern south of the Villa of Theseus’, Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 9, 130–5.Google Scholar
Papuci-Władyka, E. (ed.) 2020. PAPHOS AGORA, vol. 1: The Results of the Jagiellonian University Interdisciplinary Research in Nea Paphos (2011–2015) (Krakow).Google Scholar
Papuci-Władyka, E. and Machowski, W. 2016. ‘Paphos Agora Project: preliminary results of the 2011–2012 seasons of the Jagiellonian University (Krakow, Poland) excavations’, in Balandier , 67–77.Google Scholar
Papuci-Władyka, E., Machowski, W. and Miszk, Ł. 2018. ‘“Paphos Agora Project” (PAP) 2011–2014: first preliminary report on excavations by the Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland’, RDAC, 533–69.Google Scholar
Parker, A. 1992. Ancient Shipwrecks of the Mediterranean and the Roman Provinces (BAR-IS 580; Oxford).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parks, D. 1999. ‘Burial customs of Roman Cyprus: origin and development’ (unpublished PhD thesis, University of Missouri-Columbia).Google Scholar
Pastutmaz Sevmen, D. 2013. ‘Stoa'da bulunan kandiller’, in Bruns Özgan, C. (ed.), Knidos. Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen von 1996–2006 (Knidos-Studien 4; Istanbul), 198–207.Google Scholar
Pentedeka, A., Georgakopoulou, M. and Kiriatzi, E. 2012. ‘Understanding local products and exploring sources of imports: petrographic and chemical analysis of Classical pottery from Kolonna, Aegina’, in Klebinder-Gauß, G. (ed.), Keramik aus klassischen Kontexten im Apollon-Heiligtum von Ägina-Kolonna. Lokale Produktion und Importe. Ägina-Kolonna (Forschungen und Ergebnisse 6; Vienna), 102–70.Google Scholar
Picon, M. 1991. ‘Quelques observations complémentaires sur les altérations de composition des céramiques au cours du temps: cas de quelques alcalins et alcalino-terreux’, Revue d'Archéométrie 15, 117–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Picon, M. and Blondé, F. 2002. ‘Les résultats d'un programme d'analyses effectué sur l’île de Chypre’, in Blondé, Ballet and Salles , 13–21.Google Scholar
Pieridou, A. 1963. ‘A Hellenistic–Roman tomb at Kyra’, RDAC, 33–40.Google Scholar
Poblome, J. and Firat, N. 2011, ‘Late Roman D: a matter of open(ing) or closed horizons?’, in Cau, M., Reynolds, P. and Bonifay, M. (eds), Late Roman Fine Wares: Solving Problems of Typology and Chronology. A Review of the Evidence, Debate and New Contexts (Roman and Late Antique Mediterranean Pottery 1; Oxford), 49–55.Google Scholar
Pritchard, J.B. 1988. Sarepta, vol. 4: The Objects from Area II, X: The University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania Excavations at Sarafand (Beirut).Google Scholar
Raptou, E. 2004. ‘A painted Roman tomb at Paphos (P.M. 3510)’, MeditArch 17, 311–21.Google Scholar
Raptou, E., Stylianou, E. and Vassiliou, E. 2002. ‘A Hellenistic tomb at Pegeia (P.M. 3534)’, RDAC, 201–34.Google Scholar
Rathossi, Ch., Tsolis-Katagas, P. and Katagas, C. 2004. ‘Technology and composition of Roman pottery in northwestern Peloponnese, Greece’, Applied Clay Science 24, 313–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rautman, M. 1997. ‘Ceramic petrography report’, in Herbert, S. (ed.), Tell Anafa, vol. 2.1 (JRA Supp. Ser. 10; Ann Arbor, MI), 212–35.Google Scholar
Renson, V., Slane, K.W., Rautman, M.L., Kidd, B., Guthrie, J. and Glascock, M.D. 2016. ‘Pottery provenance in the Eastern Mediterranean using lead isotopes’, Archaeometry 58, suppl. 1, 54–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rey-Coquais, J.P. 1963. ‘Lampes antiques de Syrie et du Liban’, MélBeyrouth 39.2, 147–65.Google Scholar
Rice, P.M. 1987. Pottery Analysis: A Sourcebook (Chicago, IL).Google Scholar
Rosenthal-Heginbottom, R. 2012. ‘Lamps from Tel Dor (Dora) – local production and Egyptian iconographic influence’, in Chrzanovski, L. (ed.), Le luminaire antique. Lychnological Acts 3, Actes du 3e Congrès International d’études de l'ILA, Université d'Heidelberg, 21–26.IX.2009 (Monographies Instrumentum 44; Montagnac), 311–20.Google Scholar
Rotroff, S.I. 1997. The Athenian Agora. Results of Excavations Conducted by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, vol. 29: Hellenistic Pottery, Athenian and Imported Wheelmade Table Ware and Related Material (Princeton, NJ).Google Scholar
Rotroff, S.I. 2000. ‘Molds: production and preparation – use and spread’, in Kazakou, M. and Nestoridou, G. (eds), Ε′ Επιστημονική Συνάντηση για την Ελληνιστική Κεραμική. Χρονολογικά Προβλήματα. Κλειστά Σύνολα (Athens), 496–501.Google Scholar
Rotroff, S.I. 2006. ‘The introduction of the moldmade bowl revisited: tracking a Hellenistic innovation’, Hesperia 75.3, 357–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salles, J.-F. 1993. Kition-Bamboula I. Les niveaux hellénistiques (Paris).Google Scholar
Schneider, G. 1993. ‘Studies of Roman lamps from the Northern Provinces and from Rome’, in Olcese, G. (ed.), Ceramica e archeometria: lo stato degli studi: Atti delle Giornate Internazionali di Studio (Castello di Montegufoni, 26–27 Aprile 1993) (Florence), 132–8.Google Scholar
Schneider, G. 2000a. ‘Chemical and mineralogical studies of Late Hellenistic to Byzantine pottery production in the Eastern Mediterranean’, RCRFActa 36, 525–36.Google Scholar
Schneider, G. 2000b. ‘X-ray fluorescence analysis of vernice nera, sigillata and firmalampen from North Italy’, in Brogiolo, G. and Pietro Olcese, G. (eds), Produzione ceramica in area padan tra il II seclo a.c. e il VII secolo d.c.: nuovi dati e prospettive di ricerca. Convegno internazionale di Desenzano del Garda, 8–10 Aprile (Mantua), 103–6.Google Scholar
Schneider, G. 2014. ‘Chemische Analysen von Firmalampen und von Lampen in Wetterauer Ware in Frankfurt, Beitrag’, in Huld-Zetsche, I. (ed.), Die Lampen aus den römischen Töpfereien von Frankfurt am Main-Nied (Schriften des Archäologischen Museums Frankfurt am Main 25; Frankfurt am Main), 35–50.Google Scholar
Schneider, G. and Daszkiewicz, M. 2019. ‘Chemical composition of ancient ceramics: Roman lamps’ (available online <http://repository.edition-topoi.org/collection/CRMC/object/RMLP> accessed August 2021).+accessed+August+2021).>Google Scholar
Schneider, G. and Wirz, E. 1992. ‘Chemical answers to archaeological questions – Roman terracotta lamps as documents of economic history’, in Mery, S. (ed.), Sciences de la terre et céramiques archéologiques. Expérimentations, applications. Documents et travaux (Institut géologique Albert-de-Lapparent Centre Polytechnique Saint-Louis à Cergy 16; Paris), 13–48.Google Scholar
Schwedt, A., Mommsen, H. and Zacharias, N. 2004. ‘Post-depositional elemental alterations in pottery: neutron activation analyses of surface and core samples’, Archaeometry 46, 85–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Şenel, M. 2002. Geological Map of Turkey – Denizli (1/500,000) (Ankara).Google Scholar
Shear, T.L. 1922. ‘Sixth preliminary report on the American excavations at Sardes in Asia Minor’, AJA 26, 389–409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shier, L.A. 1978. Terracotta Lamps from Karanis, Egypt: Excavations of the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, MI).Google Scholar
Slane, K. 1997. ‘The fine wares’, in Herbert, S.C. (ed.), Tel Anafa, vol. 2.1: The Hellenistic and Roman Pottery (JRA Supp. Ser. 10; Ann Arbor, MI), 247–416.Google Scholar
Şoforoğlu, M. and Summerer, L. 2016. ‘Light for the dead: some thoughts on funerary lamps in light of the Hellenistic/Roman tomb in Kormakiti/Korucam’, in Summerer, L. and Kaba, H. (ed.), The Northern Face of Cyprus New Studies in Cypriot Archaeology and Art History (Istanbul), 259–75.Google Scholar
Sørensen, L.W. and Pentz, P. 1992. Lindos IV.2: Excavations and Surveys in Southern Rhodes: The Post-Mycenaean Period until Roman Times and the Medieval Period (Copenhagen).Google Scholar
Sussman, V. 2009. Greek and Hellenistic Wheel and Mould-Made Closed Oil Lamps in the Holy Land: Collection of the Israel Antiquities Authority (BAR-IS 2015; Oxford).Google Scholar
Sussman, V. 2012. Roman Period Oil Lamps in the Holy Land: Collection of the Israel Antiquities Authority (BAR-IS 2447; Oxford).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vessberg, O. 1953. ‘Hellenistic and Roman lamps in Cyprus’, OpAth 1, 115–29.Google Scholar
Vessberg, O. 1956. ‘Terracotta lamps’, in Vessberg, O. and Westholm, A. (eds), The Swedish Cyprus Expedition, vol. 4.3: The Hellenistic and Roman Periods in Cyprus (Lund), 120–7, 184–93.Google Scholar
Vivliodetis, E. 2012. ‘The lamps’, in Kaltsas, N., Vlachogianni, E. and Bouyia, P. (eds), The Antikythera Shipwreck: The Ship, the Treasure, the Mechanism (Athens), 164–8.Google Scholar
Waagé, O. 1941. ‘Lamps’, in Stillwell, R. (ed.), Antioch on the Orontes, vol. 3: The Excavations of 1937–1939 (Princeton, NJ), 55–82.Google Scholar
Waiman-Barak, P. 2016–20. ‘Petrographic analysis of Iron Age IIA decorated Phoenician containers and a Cypriot flask’, in Mazar, A. and Panitz-Cohen, N. (eds), Tel Rehov: The 1997–2012 Excavations. Vols I–V (Qedem 59–63; Jerusalem), 28–36.Google Scholar
Weinberg, S.S. 1962. ‘Excavations at Prehistoric Elateia 1959’, Hesperia 31.2, 158–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitbread, I.K. 1995. Greek Transport Amphorae: A Petrological and Archaeological Study (Fitch Laboratory Occasional Paper 4; Athens).Google Scholar
Więch, M. 2017. ‘Searching for the kitchen in the Early Roman phase of the “Hellenistic” House at Nea Paphos (Cyprus)’, ÉtTrav 30, 439–57.Google Scholar
Wismann, T. 2006. ‘The lamps’, in Wriedt Sørensen, L. and Winther Jacobsen, K. (eds), Panayia Ematousa, vol. 1: A Rural Site in South-Eastern Cyprus (Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 6.1; Athens), 338–54.Google Scholar