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Pottery Wares from the Prehistoric Settlement at Ialysos (Trianda) in Rhodes1
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 27 September 2013
Abstract
Among the vast amount of pottery yielded from the Late Bronze Age settlement of Ialysos (Trianda) on Rhodes, 233 samples have been selected for chemical analysis by means of Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) at the Bonn Laboratory. Thus, a rather comprehensive new data-base for pottery assemblages from Rhodes and other related production centres has been provided. Further evidence has been also suggested for the local mechanisms of pottery production and the patterns of continuity and changes from the LM IA, through to LMIB/LH IIA and LH IIB-III A1 to LH III A2/LH III B1 periods, in both the intra site and inter site relations of the island with Minoan Crete, the Greek mainland, the Argolid, Cyprus, and other eastern Mediterranean sites.
The study sets the basis for further studies towards the identification of the rather complex system of the society of Ialysos and its interaction with some other yet unknown centers in the Aegean during the early stages of the Bronze Age and throughout the periods of the Minoan and Mycenaean expansion.
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References
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26 Cf. Section A above.
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28 Ibid., plot Trianda 1.
29 Marketou 2004, 133–44. Further archaeometric study of the Mycenaean kiln is under progress by P. Day, V. Kilikoglou, and T. Marketou thanks to a generous fund from the Institute for Aegean Prehistory.
30 Marketou, T., ‘Bronze LB I Statuettes from Rhodes,’ in Karageorghis, V. and Stambolidis, N. (eds.), Eastern Mediterranean: Cyprus—Dodecanese—Crete, 16th–6th cent, b.c. (Athens, 1998), 56–8Google Scholar.
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39 Cf.Jones 1986, 292, 295.
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41 As far as 119 is concerned, see the comments on the chemical composition of the KNOL group above.
42 This is most probably due to the above-noted chemical ambiguity of the Cretan KNOL Group compared with the Theb.
43 Marketou 1998, 47, fig. 3.
44 Ibid. 52, fig. 4, fig. 5, nos. 2, 3.
45 Ibid., fig. 7, no. 6.
46 Marketou 1990, 103, fig. 5 d.
47 Marketou 1998, 54, fig. 9, no. 10.
48 Ibid. 1998, 58, fig. 14, nos. 20–1.
49 This type of reed pattern is a local version of LM I A reeds, cf. Marketou 1990, 109, fig. 17, no. 4690.
50 Karageorghis, V. and Marketou, T., ‘Late Bronze Age Ia/Ib Rhodian imitations of Cypriote Ceramics. The evidence from Trianda (Ialysos),’ in Czerny, E., Hein, I., Hunger, H., Melman, D., Schwab, A. (eds.), Timelines, Studies in Honour of Manfred Bietak, 3 vols. (Leuven, 2006), ii. 455–62Google Scholar. However, 13–14 are singles owing to contamination.
51 N. Momigliano (pers. comm.). It is hoped that further scientific analysis will confirm this important evidence.
52 Marketou 1998, 52, 54, figs. 7, 9–12.
53 Kommoss III, 172.
54 Karageorghis and Marketou (n. 50). 141–5 and 231 are presented in this publication.
55 For further references, cf. Marthari, Marketou, and Jones.
56 Kommos III, 16, 171.
57 Momigliano, N. et al. , ‘Notiziario. Report on the 2001 study season of the Bronze Age levels at Iasos (SW Turkey),’ SMEA 43/2 (2002), 272Google Scholar, fig. 2. This consideration makes it clear that there is an urgent need for further NAA and petrographic analysis of the light-on-dark and dark-on light pottery from the LB I sites in Asia Minor.
58 Marketou 1998, 52–3, fig. 6.
59 For the decoration, cf. Macdonald, C., ‘Destruction and construction at Knossos: LM I A-B,’ in Thera and the Aegean World III. 3, 84, fig. 3Google Scholar; Mountjoy 2003, 66, figs. 4, 6. Similar are the spirals appearing in local pottery, such as on the bridge-spouted jar from Trianda, cf. Marketou 1998, 52, fig. 4.
60 Kythera, 124, pl. 14.
61 Cf. Marketou 1998, 54, fig. 8.
62 Marketou 1990, figs. 17, 18; Furumark 1950, 152–4, fig. 2.
63 A similar rhyton comes from Phylakopi, no. 5791 in the National Museum, Athens. For the motif, cf. Bernini, L., ‘Early Neopalatial period pottery at Palaikastro,’ BSA 90 (1995), 53–82Google Scholar, figs. 4, 8.
64 Kommos III, pl. 54, pl. 63, no. 833; Popham 1984, pl. 134 b.
65 FS 224, FM78, 1, Alt-Ägina, pl. 3. 30–4.
66 Furumark 1950, 154, fig. 2, no. 29; Mountjoy 2003.
67 Kythera, 106, pls. 25, 11, 13, 1 5. Similar decoration appears on a Cretan LM I A import from Keos VI, cf. Davis, J. L. and Cherry, J. F. (eds.), ‘Spatial and temporal uniformitarianism in Late Cycladic I,’ in Thera and the Aegean World III. 1, 194Google Scholar, fig. 4 a.
68 Cf. Popham 1984, pl. 131 h, 143. 8.
69 Cf. Leonard et al., 118–21.
70 Karantzali 2003; 2005.
71 Jones and Mee (n. 7), 461–4.
72 Karantzali and Ponting.
73 For further information on this method of analysis see Section A.
74 Karantzali 2003; 2005. For Cypriot imports from the Italian excavation, cf. Benzi 1992, pl. 109 i; id., ‘Problems of Mycenaean expansion in the south-eastern Aegean’ in E. De Miro, L. Godart, A. Sacconi (eds.) Atti e memorie del II Congresso internazionale di micenologia (Rome, 1996), 951 n. 19 for references, 954.
75 Marketou 1998, 61–2.
76 For the group of mainland marine style production, cf. Mountjoy, P., Jones, R. E., and Cherry, J. F., ‘Provenance studies of the LM I B/LH II A marine style,’ BSA 73 (1978), 168Google Scholar; ‘Marine Style’; Mountjoy and Ponting.
77 See 101, 102, 108, from the same vase, a bridge-spouted jug or beaked jug. The fragment reminiscent of marine wares from Kos, cf. Marketou, T., ‘Marine Style pottery from the Seraglio on Kos,’ BSA 82 (1987), 167–9Google Scholar; Palaststilkeramik, 29, Abb. 6. 2; RMDP i. 870, fig. 354. 9. For 110–11 (1633 a), cf. ‘Marine Style,’ fig. 24. 26 from Knossos. For 127 (S. 971 a) from a stirrup jar, cf. Alt-Ägina, pls. 18–19; ‘Marine Style,’ 169, fig. 2. For octopus in marine environment, cf. Frizell, B. Santillo, ‘The Tholos Tomb at Berbati,’ Op. Ath. XV (1984), 40Google Scholar, fig. 16.
78 For 128 (S1640) for the shape, cf. ‘Marine Style,’ pls. 14f, 15 a–c; for the motif, cf. Palaststilkeramik, figs. 10–11. For 130 (19449), a beaked jug fragment with rock pattern and probably a coral tree, cf. ‘Marine Style,’ 176, fig. 5: Kastri 5, Kn. 8, Kn. 11, fig. 18. 162, from Knossos, fig. 23. 6, 10; Müller, W., Kretische Tongefäße mit Meeresdekor (Archäologische Forschungen, 19; Berlin 1997), 440Google Scholar, pls. 27: XBKa53h, 95: XG444. For 132 (S. 410) from a bridge-spouted jug (FS 103) or piriform jar (FS 24), cf. ‘Marine Style,’ pl. 17 e—g; Mountjoy and Ponting, 157–8, fig. 10. 116. For the motif, cf. Kythera, 148, pl. 40. 147; Palaststilkeramik, 39–40, pl. 11. 4; Müller, op. cit., pl. 17. For 135 (S. 596), cf. ‘Marine Style,’ 177, fig. 6: Ag. Ir. 10. For 196 (S. 1264 b), a tall alabastron with rock pattern I, cf. for shape MDP 24, fig. 18. For 105 (S. 1452), probably from a beaked jug FS 141, cf. MDP 29, fig. 27. 1. Cf. also a Minoan example from Karpathos, L. Platon and Karantzali, E., ‘New evidence for the history of the Minoan presence on Karpathos,’ BSA 98 (2003), 196, 201Google Scholar, fig. 5.
79 Cf. 109 (19117 c) from a bridge-spouted jug (FS 103): cf. Mountjoy 2003, 95–6, fig. 4. 20. 279. For 140 (S1018, 19454), from a FS 103 bridge-spouted jug, decorated with ivy pattern FM12: Alt-Ägina, 80, pl. 12. 15; MDP 27, fig. 24; Kalogeropoulos, pl. 33 a–c. Keos III, pl. 51. 274.
80 For 112 (AE99), cf. Mountjoy 2003, 97, fig. 4. 21. 294; Mountjoy and Ponting, 158, fig. 10. 133. Keos III, 56–7, pl. 48, nos. 181, 182, pl. 86. 1562. Kythera, pl. 38. 23, 29 pl. 53. 103. For 131 (19451), cf. MDP, type II, 15, fig. 8. This Vapheio cup has a rough interior, as is common in mainland examples, while the foliate band was rendered in a mainland tradition rather rare on Vapheio cups. For 139 (19453) from a stirrup jar FS 169, cf. for the motif, Palaststilkemmik, 59, fig. 18. 18–19.
81 134 (S405), Mountjoy 2003, 82, 84, fig. 4. 14 for the shape, and 110, fig. 4. 26. 436 for the motif. Keos III, 100, pl. 73. 1136; Kythera, pl. 56, 232–3, 235. For 215 (S2359 a), from a FS 141 or FS 135 vase (beaked jug or cutaway neck jug), cf. French, E., ‘Late Helladic III A1 pottery from Mycenae,’ BSA 59 (1964)Google Scholar, pl. 70 a–b. For the motif, cf. Keos III, pl. 74. 1145; RMDP ii. 871, fig. 355. 24; Alt-Ägina, pl. 7. 106. For 104 (single/AE400) from a bell-cup of FS 221 with monochrome interior, cf. Keos III, 127, pl. 86. 1565; ‘Marine Style,’ 184, fig. 12. Kn69.
82 Cf. 137 (21325) probably from a piriform jar FS 21 (cf. Kalogeropoulos, pl. 31 b), or a stirrup jar FS 169 (cf. RMDP i. 321, fig. 107. 20).
83 For 138 (19352) from a large piriform jar FS 21, cf. for the motif, Kalogeropoulos, pls. 10. 40, 29 d–e. 230 (645/3367) from a jug FS 117 or 141 has the same motif.
84 146 (19445), from an ewer FS 117, cf. RMDP ii. 874, fig. 356. 26. 147 (19361), from a beaked jug probably FS 141, or an ewer FS 117, bearing the zonal arranged pattern FM64, FM69, FM53 (foliate band, serpentine loop, ‘adder mark’), cf. PM iv. 289–90, fig. 224.
85 For 148–9, probably from the same vase (19442), a jar (FS 14) or piriform jar (FS 21), decorated with hatched loops probably growing out from stem or rosette motif, cf. MDP 11, fig. 2. RMDP i. 88, fig. 13. 40; Kalogeropoulos, pl. 44 c–d; Palaststilkeramik, fig. 36. 1 (LH II A). Mountjoy and Ponting, 150, fig. 5. 39, 52. Fragment 19442b probably depicts a shield with another additional pattern, cf. RMDP ii. 1003, fig. 366. 43–4. For 154 (21047 a), probably from a squat LH II A jug (FS 87), cf. MDP 25, fig. 21; RMDP i. 503, fig. 179. For the motif, cf. Keos III, pl. 80 k, 113–15, pl. 87 a.
86 For 216 (S. 2359 b), cf. Keos III, pl. 77. 122.
87 For 209 (S. 2789/2774/130), with FM 13. 2 motif, cf. Alt-Ägina, pl. 16. 176; Kalogeropoulos, pls. 25 c, 27 a; RMDP ii. 874, fig. 356. 25. For shape, cf. RMDP ii. 875, fig. 357. 32, 33.
88 For 106 (AE480), from FS 211 cup with FM33/23 motif of tricurved rockwork alternated with shell pattern and monochrome interior, cf. Alt-Ägina, 53, 73–4, fig. 4. Palaststilkeramik, 31. Kythera, fig. 92. 5, 253. Mountjoy 2003, 101, fig. 4. 23. 369.
89 For the motif of 133 (S. 975 a), cf. Palaststilkemmik, 94, fig. 38. 6, pl. 9. XI A1, probably from the piriform jar FS 21 or jug. Cf. Müller (n. 78), pl. 70, XG411, XG412, XG415, 415.
90 For other Trianda examples (Base/necks from ‘Base Ring I’ jugs and ‘White Slip I’ bowls), cf. Furumark 165, fig. 6, 97 (Trianda II A): Marketou (n. 34), 31.
91 Finds from the Italian excavations at Ialysos, phase Trianda II B (LH II B/ III A1), cf. Monaco, fig. 84. 3, a spindle bottle from phase Trianda II B; Karantzali 2005, 146.
92 Benzi 1992, 11. Cypriot imports were also discovered in Ialysos tombs 59 and 31, along with imported Mycenaean vases.
93 Cf. 150 (S. 712, 19972), from a small jar (FS 44) decorated with running spiral and groups of bands, cf. RMDP i. 104. Samples 158 (19456), from a rhyton, and 159 (19459), from a small piriform jar or a jug, cf. Alt-Ägina, pl. 17. 189; RMDP i. 104, fig. 19. 99 of LH III A1.
94 For 156 (19436 a/21053 a), from a goblet of FS 255, decorated with a curve-stemmed spiral (FM49) from right to left, cf. also 225 (1918 a); FS 255–FM49, cf. MDP, 65, fig. 75; RMDP ii. 993, fig. 402: 13–14; CVA, Danemark, Copenhague, Musée National III A, pl. 52. 9. For 168 (19344) from a carinated cup of FS 230 with banding, cf. MDP 64, fig. 74. The shape continues in LH III A2, but with a raised flat base. For decorated kylix FS 256–7, cf. 219 (21421), 220 (485 b), cf. Karantzali 2001, 26, fig. 27. 17959, 17958, and 16515 (for 220). There are also specimens from conical rhyta decorated with curved thin stripes, cf. 107 (815 a), and 158 (19456), cf. RMDP i. 93, pl. 85. 53, ii 875, fig. 357. 35; Monaco, fig. 59. 1; Keos III, pl. 85. 1556/1557. Samples 217–18 (1069 a–b), from a krater of FS 8 type decorated with multiple arcs with unusual filling motif resembling a nightcap (a variety of FM62. 21), cf. RMDP ii. 1004, fig. 407. 46 LH III A2.
95 Favourite decorations include stipple pattern, curved stemmed spiral, running spiral, curved thin stripes, ivyleaf rows, Mycenaean flower, octopus linked whorl-shell, hybrid flower, palm tree II, etc.
96 Cf. 160 (19438 a), Karantzali 2001, 26, fig. 25. 16511, 16503.
97 Cf. 178 (1009 b), a base fragment, cf. Mountjoy, P. A., Four Early Mycenaean Wells from the South Slope of the Acropolis at Athens (Ghent, 1981)Google Scholar, fig. 20. 235. Cf. also 181 (19856 a) from a local plain kylix.
98 Cf. 151–3 (19307 a, 19308 a, 21020 b), cf. Popham 1984, 168, pl. 160. 11 (for the description of the LM II variety with painted lip and foot), 14, 15 (for the plain and monochrome ware) LMII and LM III A1 types are not easily distinguishable. Cf. for LM III A1, Ibid. 181–2, pls. 172. 11, 12, 14, 175. 15; Kommos III, fig. 47. 1299, deposit 75–6, fig. 39. 958, 968, deposit 54.
99 Cf. 161 (19438 b), 166 (19426) from FS 264 monochrome kylix, cf. RMDP ii. 993, fig. 402. 16, 1007, fig. 409. 64. Cf. also 210 (134a). 228 (1918 d) is probably from a stemmed bowl of FS 304, cf. Benzi 1992, pls. 136 d–e, 143 c; RMDP ii. 993, fig. 402. 16.
100 Cf. 183 (21023 c), 184 (19367), 185 (19365). 222 (485 d) is from a monochrome kylix of local ware and has a hollow stem similar to the Minoan type.
101 Cf. 182 (19856 b), 188 (19428), 200 (336 c), 213 (134 d), 212 (134 c).
102 Cf. 190 (21053 c), 191 (19358), 193–4 (1264 a–b), 197–9 (2383, 336 a–c), etc. For the South Rhodian workshop, cf. Mountjoy, P. A., ‘Mycenaean pottery from South Rhodes: a regional style,’ Proceedings of the Danish Institute at Athens, 1 (1995), 21–35Google Scholar; Karantzali 2005, 146–7.
103 For the material of this phase revealed in the Italian excavations, cf. Benzi, M., ‘Mycenaean pottery later than LH III A1 from the Italian Excavations at Trianda on Rhodes,’ in Dietz and Papachristodoulou (n. 34), 53Google Scholar.
104 For 203 (19099 c), cf. Karantzali (2003), 516–17.
105 The composition of the local Boeotian and Cretan patterns are close, cf. Mommsen and Maran 103.
106 Cf. Catling, H. W. et al. , ‘Correlations between composition and provenance of Mycenaean and Minoan Pottery,’ BSA 58 (1963), 94, 104–9Google Scholar for group A, Mycenae–Berbati–Aegira–Ag. Stephanos, a group that occurs in Rhodian material, 110 for group B, Crete–Thebes, cf. also Mountjoy and Ponting.
107 Cf. for the results revealed at certain sites from central Greece, cf. Mommsen, H. et al. , ‘Ceramic production and distribution in Bronze Age settlements in Greece: status report on NAA results,’ in Vincenzini, P. (ed.), The Ceramic Cultural Heritage (Faenza, 1995), 513–20Google Scholar; Mommsen, et al. , ‘New Mycenaean pottery production centres from eastern central Greece obtained by Neutron Activation Analysis,’ in Bassiakos, Y., Aloupi, E., and Focorellis, Y. (eds.), Archaeometry Issues in Greek Prehistory and Antiquity (Athens, 2001), 347–8Google Scholar.
108 For the different production series of the same workshop, cf. Mommsen, et al. , ‘Neutron Activation Analysis of sherds from Roman pottery workshops in Bonna,’ in Burragato, F., Grubessi, O., and Lazzarini, L. (eds.), Ist European Workshop on Archaeological Ceramics (Rome, 1994), 281–90Google Scholar.
109 For the Berbati or Mycenae–Berbati groups of imported pottery, cf. Leonard et al., 121. For the early Berbati pottery factories for export ware abandoned during LH III A, cf. Åkerstrom, A., ‘A Mycenaean Potter's Factory at Berbati near Mycenae,’ in Atti e memorie de I Congresso Internazionale di micenelogia (Rome, 1968), 49Google Scholar; id., Berbati II: The Pictorial Pottery (Stockholm, 1987), 26–53, 141.
110 Cross-analysis of some material from the Markos plot (LH III A-III B) with the ICP-AES chemical technique reveals a suggested origin from the mainland/Argolid for 42 of the 65 samples. Cf. Karantzali and Ponting, 234–5, 238, pl. 42 a–b.
111 The Mycenae–Berbati group can be subdivided into subgroups that might relate to different production sites, e.g. Berbati, Mycenae, Zygouries, cf. Mommsen et al. (n. 107), 347–8. Mommsen and Maran 102, Mommsen et al. 2002, 608, 610.
112 For the Tiryns group, cf. Leonard et al., 118 n. 42.
113 For the discussion of associated Cretan and Boeotian groups: cf. Mommsen and Maran 103.
114 The motif (pendant or crocus and festoons) usually decorates small shapes, cf. Betancourt, Ph., ‘The crocus and festoons motif: evidence for travelling vase painters?,’ Temple University Aegean Symposium, 7 (1982), 36Google Scholar. For zonal pattern, cf. Kalogeropoulos, pl. 29.
115 Cf. Mommsen et al. 2002, 607–10.
116 For the Minoan kylix see op. cit. (n. 98).
117 For East Cretan production cf. Betancourt, Ph., ‘The Polyp workshop: A stylistic group from LMI B,’ AJA 77 (1973), 334CrossRefGoogle Scholar. ‘Marine Style,’ 177, fig. 6. Phy. 18, fig. 7: Ag. Ir. 11. For the Knossian LM I B–LM II style: Popham, M. R., ‘Late Minoan II to the end of the Bronze Age’ in Evely, D., Hughes-Brock, H., and Momigliano, N. (eds.), Knossos: A Labyrinth of History. Papers Presented in Honour of Sinclair Hood (Athens, 1994), 95, 98Google Scholar.
118 Cf. Karantzali 2005, 146.
119 Cf. Marketou 2004.
120 Local Rhodian LH III wares will be presented in detail by E. Karantzali in the Festschrift for Sp. Iakovidhis (forthcoming, 2007).
121 Benzi 1992, 7–9; Karantzali 2001, 24; Mountjoy (n. 102), 21–5.
122 Rice, P. M., Pottery Analysis: A Sourcebook (Chicago and London, 1987), 290–3Google Scholar.
123 Kommos III, 172, fig. 10.
124 Marketou, T., “Ασὼματος Ρὸδου Τα μεγαρὸσχημα κτὶρια και η σχὲσεις τους με το Βορειοανατολικδ Αιγαὶο,” in Doumas, C. and La Rosa, V. (eds.), Poliochni e l'antica età del Bronzo nell'Egeo settentrionale (Athens, 1997), 395–413Google Scholar.
125 Simpson, R. Hope and Lazenby, J. F., ‘Notes from the Dodecanese II,’ BSA 65 (1970), 53–4Google Scholar.
126 Cf. Karantzali 2005, 148–9.
127 Cf. Sherratt, E. S., ‘Regional Variations in the Pottery of Late Helladic III B,’ BSA 75 (1980), 191, 199–202Google Scholar; Jones 1986, 599–600; Åkerstrom (n. 109), 119; RMDP i. 482–5.
128 Sherratt, E. S., ‘Patterns of contacts between the Aegean and Cyprus in the 13th and 12th cent, b.c.,’ Archaeologia Cypria, 3 (1994), 36Google Scholar; Steel, L., ‘The social impact of Mycenaean imported pottery in Cyprus,’ BSA 93 (1998), 286–7Google Scholar.
129 Cf. Karantzali 2005, 148–9.
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