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THE MAIN ‘MIDDLE BYZANTINE PRODUCTION’ AND POTTERY MANUFACTURE IN THEBES AND CHALCIS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 January 2015

S.Y. Waksman ,
N.D. Kontogiannis ,
S.S. Skartsis  and
G. Vaxevanis
S.Y. Waksman*
Affiliation:
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5138, Lyon, France
N.D. Kontogiannis
Affiliation:
23rd Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, Chalcis, Greece
S.S. Skartsis
Affiliation:
23rd Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, Chalcis, Greece
G. Vaxevanis
Affiliation:
23rd Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, Chalcis, Greece
*
[email protected]
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Abstract

The article relates the results of archaeometric and archaeological investigations of the relationships between some well-known types of Byzantine table wares and pottery manufacture in Thebes and Chalcis, focusing on the period from the twelfth to the fourteenth centuries ad.

We currently accept that several twelfth–thirteenth century types, such as ‘Green and Brown Painted Ware’, ‘Fine Sgraffito Ware’ and ‘Aegean Ware’, form part of a single, main, long-lasting production of Byzantine ceramics, called here main ‘Middle Byzantine Production’ (MBP), which was distributed and diffused in the whole Mediterranean area, and especially in its eastern part. The discovery of kiln furniture and pottery wasters in rescue excavations in Thebes and Chalcis gave the opportunity to define chemical reference groups for the two cities, and to test the hypothesis of a potential origin of the MBP in Central Greece. The results point to Chalcis, then the harbour of wealthy Thebes with a strategic location on maritime trade routes, as the place of manufacture of the MBP. Chalcis, which is now seen as a main pottery production site, is envisaged within its historic context. The persistence of the MBP after the Frankish conquest, without noticeable morphological changes, questions the impact of this conquest on both trade networks and dining habits.

The political fragmentation of the thirteenth century gradually changed the conditions that facilitated the predominance of the MBP, and led to the establishment of a number of regional workshops whose ceramics were mainly destined to cover local markets. While continuing earlier techniques, they introduced new types, prominent among which was the ‘Sgraffito with Concentric Circles’ (previously related to ‘Zeuxippus Ware’). Thebes was one of these new workshops probably appearing from the mid-thirteenth century and continuing at least to the early fourteenth century. Chalcis eventually followed the same course, and its production may have carried on well into the Ottoman period.

H «Κύρια Μεσοβυζαντινή Παραγωγή» και η σχέση της με τα εργαστήρια κεραμικής στη Θήβα και τη Χαλκίδα

Στη μελέτη αυτή παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα της αρχαιομετρικής και αρχαιολογικής έρευνας, που αφορούν στη σχέση μεταξύ γνωστών τύπων βυζαντινής ‘επιτραπέζιας’ κεραμικής με τα εργαστήρια παραγωγής στην Θήβα και την Χαλκίδα κατά την περίοδο από τον 12ομέχρι τον 14οαιώνα μ.Χ.

Θεωρείται πλέον δεδομένο ότι πολλοί τύποι κεραμικής του 12ου–13ουαιώνα, όπως η «γραπτή με πράσινο και καφέ χρώμα»,, η «λεπτεγχάρακτη» και η γνωστή ως «Aegean Ware», αποτελούν μέρος μίας, ενιαίας και μακροχρόνιας παραγωγής βυζαντινών κεραμικών – που εδώ αποκαλούμε «Κύρια Μεσοβυζαντινή Παραγωγή»(‘Middle Byzantine Production’, MBP) –, η οποία γνώρισε ιδιαίτερη διάδοση σε ολόκληρη την Μεσόγειο, και ιδιαίτερα στο ανατολικό τμήμα της.

Ο εντοπισμός τριποδίσκων όπτησης και απορριμμάτων εργαστηρίων κεραμικής σε σωστικές ανασκαφές της Θήβας και της Χαλκίδας έδωσε τη δυνατότητα να προσδιοριστεί η ‘χημική ταυτότητα’ των κεραμικών των δύο πόλεων, αλλά και να διερευνηθεί κατά πόσον η Κύρια Μεσοβυζαντινή Παραγωγή θα μπορούσε να προέρχεται από την περιοχή της κεντρικής Ελλάδας. Τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας υποδεικνύουν την Χαλκίδα – πόλη που κατείχε στρατηγική θέση στους θαλάσσιους εμπορικούς δρόμους και λειτουργούσε ως επίνειο της Θήβας (πρωτεύουσας του Θέματος Ελλάδας) – ως τόπο κατασκευής της κεραμικής αυτής. Η Χαλκίδα, που πλέον αναδεικνύεται σε βασικό κέντρο παραγωγής και διακίνησης, εξετάζεται μέσα στο γενικότερο ιστορικό πλαίσιο της εποχής. Το γεγονός ότι η συγκεκριμένη κεραμική συνεχίζεται και μετά την φραγκική κατάκτηση, χωρίς να παρουσιάζει εμφανείς μορφολογικές αλλαγές, θέτει ερωτήματα σχετικά με τις επιπτώσεις αυτής της κατάκτησης τόσο στα εμπορικά δίκτυα, όσο και στις διατροφικές συνήθειες.

Ο πολιτικός κατακερματισμός του 13ουαιώνα σταδιακά μετέβαλε τις συνθήκες εκείνες που είχαν συμβάλει στην επικράτηση της Κύριας Μεσοβυζαντινής Παραγωγής, οδηγώντας στη δημιουργία μιας σειράς από περιφερειακά εργαστήρια κεραμικής, τα οποία στόχευαν πλέον στην κάλυψη των τοπικών κυρίως αναγκών. Συνεχίζοντας τις παραδοσιακές τεχνικές στην κατασκευή και τη διακόσμηση, εισήγαγαν νέους τύπους κεραμικής, με κυριότερο αυτόν της «κεραμικής με εγχάρακτους ομόκεντρους κύκλους» (που παλαιότερα είχε συνδεθεί με την κεραμική του Zευξίππου). Η Θήβα ήταν ένα από τα νέα αυτά εργαστήρια. Εμφανίστηκε, πιθανόν, στα μέσα του 13ουαιώνα, ενώ συνέχισε να λειτουργεί τουλάχιστον μέχρι τις αρχές του 14ουαιώνα. Η Χαλκίδα ακολούθησε και αυτή τις νέες πρακτικές, ενώ η παραγωγή της φαίνεται ότι συνεχίσθηκε αδιάλειπτα μέχρι και την Τουρκοκρατία.

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Annual of the British School at Athens , Volume 109 , November 2014 , pp. 379 - 422
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Copyright © The Council, British School at Athens 2014 

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