¹ For various information concerning new finds and studies I am especially grateful to Dr T. Bader, Dr M. Hajicosti, Prof. B. Hänsel, Prof. A. Harding, Dr I. Kilian-Dirlmeier, Prof. P. Schauer, Dr T. Taylor, and Prof. F. A. Winter. I would also like to thank Dr E. French, who invited me to publish this report in BSA: its first version was presented to the Columbia University Seminar led by Prof. E. Porada. The illustrations were drawn by A. Waldhauserová: they are based on the sources quoted below. Special abbreviations:

AAE = Bouzek, J., The Aegean, Anatolia and Europe: Cultural Interrelations in the Second Millennium BC (SIMA 29; Gothenburg and Prague, 1985)Google Scholar

OÄBZ = Schauer, P. (ed.), Orientalisch-ägäische Einflüsse in der europäischen Bronzezeit (Römisch-germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz, Monographien, 15; 1990)Google Scholar

² Cf. AAE; Harding, A. F., The Mycenaeans and Europe (London and Orlando, 1984)Google Scholar; Hiller, S., ‘The Mycenaeans and their northern neighbours’, Temple University Aegean Symposium, 9 (1984), 14–30Google Scholar; Bankoff, H. A. and Winter, F. A., ‘Northern intruders in LH III c Greece: a view from the north’, JIES 12 (1984), 1–30.Google Scholar Cf. also J. Bouzek, ‘Foreign relations of late bronze age Thrace and Macedonia’, in Acts of the Demokritos Foundation Conference in Xanthi (1983) (in press).

³ Cf. Aitken, M. J., Betancourt, P., Michael, H. N., and Warren, P., ‘The Thera eruption: continuity and discontinuity of dating’, Archaeometry, 30 (1988), 165–9, 169–75, 176–80, 180–1CrossRefGoogle Scholar (pro: the first three authors; contra: P. Warren, pp. 176–80); pro again: Manning, S., ‘The bronze age eruption of Thera: absolute dating, Aegean chronology and Mediterranean cultural interrelations’, Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology, 1 (1988), 17–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar; id., Nestor, 19 (1992), 2511–12.

⁴ Cf. Becker, B. and Schmidt, E., ‘Verlängerung der mitteleuropäischen Eichenjahrechronologie in das zweite vorchristliche Jahrtausend’, Archäologische Korrespondenzblatt, 12 (1982), 101–6Google Scholar; Brun, P. and Mordaut, C. (eds.), La Dynamique du bronze final en Europe (Colloquium Namours 1986) (Namours, 1986).Google Scholar New, extensive survey with the main evidence: Randsborg, K., ‘Historical implications: cross-studies in European archaeology 2000–500 bc’, Acta Arch. København, 62 (1991), 89–108.Google Scholar

⁵ A useful survey is that by Leonard, A., ‘Some problems inherent in Mycenaean/Syro-Palestinian synchronism’, in French, E. B. and Wardle, K. (eds) Problems of Greek Prehistory (Manchester, 1986), 319–31.Google Scholar

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¹⁰ For the Thracian thalassocracy cf. Lazova, C., ‘The Thracian thalassocracy and the literary tradition during late antiquity’, Thracia, 8 (1988, 17–22Google Scholar.

¹¹ For the anchors and ingots from Bulgaria cf. Thracia Pontica, iii (Sozopol, 1985) and iv (Sozopol, 1988 [1991])—all acts of colloquiums organized by the Centre for Underwater Archaeology at Sozopol; for a brief survey of religious contacts see Bouzek, J., Thrákové (Prague 1990), 60–73.Google Scholar

¹² Cf. Hänsel, B., Beiträge zur regionalen und chronologischen Gliederung der älteren Hallstaltzeit an der unteren Donau (Bonn, 1976), 76–87, 213–15.Google Scholar

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¹⁴ Domaradzki, M., Karaiotov, I., and Gotzev, A., ‘L'habitat du premier âge du fer de Malkoto Kale’, Thracia Pontica, iv (1988 [1991]). 119–32.Google Scholar

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¹⁶ I would like to thank M. Özdogan for kindly providing information about his finds.

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¹⁸ Cf. Müller-Karpe, A., ‘Neue galatische Funde aus Anatolien’, Ist. Mitt. 38 (1988), 189–99Google Scholar; Winter, F. A., ‘Archaeologically derived model for the Dorian invasion’, in Symposium on the Dark Ages (Philadelphia, 1977), 68–71.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Durić, M., ‘Meč iz Iglareva’, Glasnik Muzeja Kosovo i Metohije, 14 (1984, 17–24.Google Scholar From Albania come new C 1 and D 2 swords (Variboti, Kelcyra): Korkuti, M., ‘Deux armes de bronze trouvées à Variboti’, Iliria, 14.1 (1984), 251–64Google Scholar; Budinaku, N., ‘Deux armes de bronze provenant de Këlcyra’, Iliria, 18.1 (1988), 34–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Cf. id., ‘Poignards du bronze de l'Albanie de sud’, Iliria, 20.1 (1990), 85–97. A. Harding's PBF volume of W. Balkan swords is in press; cf. his preliminary survey, ‘Late bronze age swords between the Alps and the Aegean’, in Lippert, A. and Spindler, K. (eds), Festschrift zum 50jährigen Bestehen des Instituts für Vor- und Frühgeschichte der Leopold Franzens-Universität Innsbruck (Bonn, 1992), 207–14.Google Scholar

²⁰ For these cf. Andrea, Zh., Kulture ilire, e tumule me Pelegren es Korçës (Tirana, 1985)Google Scholar, and the exhibition catalogue Albania: das Land der Illyrer (Mainz, 1988). A useful new survey is Suaref, C., ‘Presenza micenea in Albania e in Epiro: problemi ed osservazioni’, Iliria, 19.2 (1989), 65–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²¹ Hochstätter, A., Kastanas: die handgemachte Keramik (Berlin, 1984)Google Scholar; Hänsel, B., Kastanas, Grabung und Baubefund (Berlin, 1989)Google Scholar; id., ‘Wanderungen in Südosteuropa während der späten Bronzezeit im Verhältnis zum Territorium Albaniens’, Iliria, 15.2 (1985), 223–33; Wardle, K., ‘Excavations at Assiros’, BSA 82 (1987), 313–29Google Scholar; 84 (1989), 447–63; id., Iliria 15.1 (1985), 265–70 (destruction in late 14th cent. BC). Cf also Toumba: Kotsakis, K. and Andreou, S., ‘Τούμπα 1989’, Το αρχαιολογιϰό έργο στη Μαϰεδονία ϰαι Θράϰη, 3 (1989), 201–13.Google Scholar

²² Cf. AAE 90f. with bibliography.

²³ Häansel, B., ‘Ergebnisse der Grabungen bei Kastanas in Zentralmakedonien 1975–1978’, Jahrbuch des Römischgermanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz, 26 (1979), 167 ff. Similarly Nichoria, i. 76Google Scholar; iii. 316, 322 f., 325.

²⁴ Latest survey: Cambitoglou, A., AR 1990–1, 50–1Google Scholar; cf. id. and Papadopoulos, J., ‘Excavations at Torone’, Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology, I (1988), 180–217.Google Scholar

²⁵ Pašić, R., ‘Arheološki ispitivanja na lokalitet Suva Reka vo Gevgelija’, Zbornik Skopje, 8–9 (1975–1978), 21–52Google Scholar; ead., ‘Nekropolata od podstaro železno vreme vo seloto Dedeli kaj Valandovo’, Zbornik Skopje, 10–11 (1979–82), 61–4; Georgiev, Z., ‘Karakterit i značenijeto na vongrobite naodu vo južnovardarskite nekropoli ot železno vreme’, Macedoniae acta archaeologica, 6 (1987), 37–55Google Scholar; id., ‘Grobot 31/35 ot nekropolata Milci kaj Gevgelija’, Zbornik Skopje, 10–11 (1979–82), 65–72; Mitrovski, D., ‘Bow fibulae from the iron age sites in the Vardar valley’, Archaeologia lugoslavica, 24 (1987), 29–42.Google Scholar

²⁶ Cf. n. 21.

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³⁰ Bader, T., ‘Bemerkungen über die ägäischen Einflüsse auf die alt- und mittelbronzezeitliche Entwicklung im Donau-Karpatenraum’, in OÄBZ 181–205.Google Scholar

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³⁴ Cf. AAE 31–5.

³⁵ Cf. a survey by Jockenhoevel, A., ‘Bronzezeitlicher Burgenbau in Mitteleuropa: Untersuchungen zur Struktur frühmetallzeitlichen Gesellschaften’, in OÄBZ 209–28.Google Scholar

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³⁷ Cf. AAE 71–6.

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³⁹ Schauer, P., ‘Der vierrädige Wagen im Zeremonialgeschehen und Bestattungsbrauch der orientalischägäischen Hochkulturen und ihrer Randgebiets’, in Vierrädige Wagen der Hallstattzeit (Römisch-germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz, Monographien, 12; Mainz, 1987) 1–25 and n. 31.Google Scholar

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⁴³ OÄBZ 165–79.

⁴⁴ Cf. AAE 82.

⁴⁵ Cf. esp. XXII convegno di studi sulla Magna Grecia (Taranto 1982): Magna Grecia e il mondo miceneo: nuovi documenti; Schiavo, F. Lo, McNamara, E., and Vagnetti, L., ‘Late Cypriot imports in Italy and their influence on local bronzework’, BSR 53 (1985), 1–63Google Scholar; Vagnetti, L. and Lo Schiavo, F., ‘Late bronze age long distance trade in the Mediterranean: the role of the Cypriots’, in Peltenberg, E. (ed.), Early Society in Cyprus (Edinburgh, 1989), 217–63Google Scholar, with bibliography also for Sardinia. Cf. also Hase, H. v., ‘Ägäische Importe im zentralen Mittelmeergebiet in späthelladischer Zeit (SH I–SH IIIC)’, in OÄBZ 80–108.Google Scholar

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⁵¹ Cf. n. 21; AAE 190 f., 214 f.

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⁶⁷ Panoply with greaves, from Madonna del Picino tomb 26; horned handles with birds and bosses, from the Thapsos settlement.

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⁷⁷ Cf. Wright, H. E. jun.,‘Paleoecology, climatic change and Aegean prehistory’, in Wilkie, N. C. and Coulson, W. D. (eds), Contributions to Aegean Archaeology: Studies in Honor of W.A. McDonald (Minneapolis, 1985), 183–96Google Scholar; Bryson, R. A., Lamb, H. H., and Donley, D. L., ‘Drought and the decline of Mycenae’, Antiquity, 48 (1974), 46–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Snodgrass, A., ‘Climatic change and the fall of the Mycenaean civilisation’, BICS 22 (1975), 213–14.Google Scholar For favourable climate in 8th cent. BC, ending in a drought, see notably Green, J. R., ‘Zagora: population increase and society in the late eighth century be’, in Εύμονσία: Ceramic and Iconographic Studies Presented to A. Cambitoglou (Sydney, 1990), 41–6.Google Scholar

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