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Excavations at Palaikastro. II: § 13.—The Sanctuary-site of Petsofà1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 October 2013

Extract

The plain and bay of Palaikastro are bounded on the south by an abrupt ridge of hills, which run out seaward into a prominent cape. Landwards, this ridge is cut off from the mass which culminates in Mt. Simódhi by a northward and a southward valley, which carry an almost impassable track from the Palaikastro plain to the cove of Karoúmes. The highest peak of this ridge, which bears the name of Petsofà, stands directly south of Roussolakkos, and rises steeply above it to a height of 270 metres. Southwards beyond the summit the slope is at first more gentle, but becomes abrupt about a quarter of a mile further on, and drops rapidly to sea-level on the south side of the promontory. The actual summit is formed by a ragged crest of limestone, precipitous on the north side, and descending less rapidly southwards into the general slope already mentioned.

Some 10–15 m. down this face, however, the natural slope of the ground is interrupted by a zig-zag terrace-wall, ABCDE, which still stands some 2·5 m. high at its external angle C, and holds up an artificial platform of made-earth within it. The little enclosure which lies against its outer face between C and D is wholly modern, though built almost wholly of ancient stones from the walls above: the older workmen described it as a ‘look-out,’ but it seemed also to have served as a sheep-pen.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Council, British School at Athens 1903

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References

Footnotes

page 357 note 1 I take this opportunity of thanking the Director of the British School for the unexpected chance of examining the site; the ready help of Messrs. Tod and Dawkins in all points connected with the excavation; and the further elucidation by Messrs. Dawkins and Currelly of a large number of points of detail both on the site itself after my return to England, and in cleaning and sorting the objects from Petsofà after their arrival in the Candia Museum.

page 358 note 1 Unfortunately still unpublished except quite summarily in the Times of 7 Nov. 1894, and the Daily Graphic of 28 Dec. 1894: but I had the good fortune to see the section, when the site was about half excavated, in the summer of 1894.

page 358 note 2 Cyprus Museum Catalogue, No. 3930: Ohnefalsch-Richter, , Kypros, Pl. ccxiii. 5.Google Scholar

page 361 note 1 The numerals in square brackets, thus [6], refer to the figures in Plates X–XIII.

page 362 note 1 Cyprus Museum catalouge, Nos. 5288, 5290–5, 5297–8, 5305–34, 5401–66, and references ad loc.

page 363 note 1 Cf. B.S.A. vi. 107, and specimens in the Ashmolean Museum, quoted in the text.

page 363 note 2 Tsountas, and Manatt, , The Mycenaean Age, Plate XVII.Google Scholar

page 365 note 1 Compare also the Keftiu sword noted by MrHall, , B.S.A. viii. p. 171, Fig. 2.Google Scholar

page 366 note 1 I owe this suggestion to Mr W. L. H. Duckworth.

page 367 note 1 Proc. Soc. Antiq. Lond. II. Ser. xv. Pl. II. 2.

page 367 note 2 I think it is very likely, from the clean modelling of this waist-belt, that this may have been a votive skirt of the same class as the votive dresses of the Knossian deposit (ante, p. 83, Fig. 58).

page 368 note 1 Candia Museum: the majority are unpublished still, but examples will be found in J.H.S xxi. Pl. V. and B.S.A. vii. Fig. 17. Compare also an unpublished Cretan terracotta, of a form very like [24], in the Ashmolean Museum.

page 370 note 1 Schliemann, Mycenae, Fig. 392; better drawn in Tsountas and Manatt, The Mycenaean Age, Fig. 67.

page 370 note 2 Perrot-Chipiez, vi. Fig. 349–350.

page 370 note 3 Compare the statuette from the Argive Heraeum, , Exc. Am. Sch. at Heraion I. Pl. VIII. 6.Google Scholar

page 371 note 1 The head ranges from 1·5 to 2 centimetres high: the hat from 2·5 to 3 centimetres. See [18. 19. 36] and Plate VIII.

page 372 note 1 E.g. Rerrot-Chipiez, vi. Fig. 389, 416–8, 42822.

page 372 note 2 E.g. Fresco from Mycenae, , Ἐφ. Ἀρχ. 1887, Pl. 10Google Scholar; ivory sphinx, Mycenae, , Ἐφ. Ἀρχ. 1887, Pl. 13Google Scholar; cf. 1888, Pl. 913. Terracotta, , Amyklaion, , Ἐφ. Ἀρχ. 1892, Pl. 45;Google Scholar cf. 1888, Pl. 916. Boeotian relief vase (with two foliage plumes) Ἐφ. Ἀρχ. 1892, Pl. 9.

page 372 note 3 J.H.S. xvii. p. 166, Fig. 159 (Cyprus Museum): = Cypr. Mus. Cat. No. 5540, cf. p. 153: other examples in Ashmolean Museum (unpublished). The series probably ranges from the viii. to the vi. century.

page 372 note 4 Possibly meant for earrings.

page 377 note 1 It is perhaps worth noting that an obscure fragment [76] bought at Palaikastro, and said to have been found formerly on the surface at Roussolakkos, turns out to be the ear of a similar ox of large size, excavated in clay, with black and white surface-paint, and a long nick or owner's mark indicated in relief down the lobe. Mr Bosanquet has also found a complete ox of this type on a rock-brow near Epano Zakro, together with votive human legs of the kind described above.

page 377 note 2 Probably the ζονρίδα, a polecat or stoat, the fur of which is in some demand in the towns now: or perhaps the smaller καλογενοῦσα, which Mr Bosanquet tells me may be a weasel. The fox does not occur in Crete now.

page 377 note 3 And perhaps also the second type [62–3].

page 378 note 1 Cyprus Museum Catalogue, p. 153 ff., esp. No. 5528, 5532; J.H.S. xvii. p. 166.

page 378 note 2 Compare C.M.C. No. 5522–4, and J.H.S. xvii. p. 166, Fig. 1512.

page 378 note 3 Cf. C.M.C. No. 5533–4, and J.H.S. xvii. p. 166, Fig. 154.

page 378 note 4 For similar girdles see Am. Journ. Arch. vii. 406. Ζώνη ἀργυρᾶ in a Plataean dedication; and Rouse, , Greek Votive Offerings, pp. 74, 249, 252.Google Scholar

page 378 note 5 Cf. C.M.C. No. 5525–7 and J.H.S. xvii. p. 166, Fig. 159.10.

page 379 note 1 Ἐφ. Ἀρχ. 1888 Pl. 916. Compare also the references in Rouse, , Greek Votive Offerings, p. 257.Google Scholar

page 379 note 2 C.M.C. No. 5305–14; K.B.H. xl., xli., ccxv.

page 380 note 1 Frazer, , Golden Bough,2 iii. 265 ff. 320.Google ScholarKolben, , State of the Cape, i. 129.Google ScholarWuttke, , Deutsche Volksaberglaube, p, 80.Google Scholar

page 381 note 1 Instances in Rouse, , Greek Votive Offerings, p. 211 ff. (limbs)Google Scholar, p. 301 (vessels, wreaths), p. 249 (dress). Evans, , B.S.A. ix. p. 83 (dresses).Google Scholar

page 381 note 2 One of them, however, shews a loin-cloth after being more carefully cleaned; so Mr Bosanquet writes.

page 381 note 3 Golden Bough,2 ii. 86.

page 381 note 4 Rouse, , G. V. O. p. 50Google Scholar, and the bronze hare, p. 68, Fig. 9.

page 381 note 5 Paus. x. 12, 5.

page 381 note 6 I Samuel 6, 5; Numbers 21, 9; cf. Rouse, G. V. O. 42, n. 4.Google Scholar

page 382 note 1 Am. xix. 171, cf. Rouse, p. 301.

page 382 note 2 Thomas, M., Two Years in Palestine, p. 6Google Scholar; Rouse, p. 190, n. 8; cf. I Samuel vi. 4–5: the last-named particularly interesting, as it occurs in conjunction with representation of disease, as at Petsofa, and in one of the best authenticated areas of Early Aegean colonisation.

page 382 note 3 Bronzen von Olympia, xiii. 213; Rouse, p. 299.

page 382 note 4 Paus. 4, 31, 9; 7, 18, 12; Rouse, p. 298.

page 382 note 5 Frazer, , Golden Bough,2 iii. 324 (fox-cat-squirrel, snake)Google Scholar: Thomas, N. W., Folklore, xi. p. 247 ff.Google Scholar esp. p. 255 (weasels), 256 (badgers), 261 (ritual cakes in shape of cockchafers).

page 382 note 6 Wuttke, , Deutsche Volksaberglaube, p. 185Google Scholar; Globus, xxviii, p. 151. These and many of the previous and subsequent references I owe to the learned help of Mr N. W. Thomas.

page 382 note 7 Hartland, , Legend of Perseus, i. 176, ii. 186, 197Google Scholar; L'Anthropologie, viii. 482; Archaeologia Cambrensis, 1885, p. 152; Les Missions Catholiques, 1900, p. 54; Erman, , Archiv. f. Anthropologie, xii. 323, xix. 386Google Scholar; Kralcheniminchow, , Hist. de Kamtchatka, i. 94Google Scholar; Schweinfurth, , Heart of Africa, i. 142Google Scholar; Mockler-Ferryman, , Up the Niger, p. 142Google Scholar; Antananarivo Annual, iii. 456.

page 383 note 1 Hoernes, , Urgeschichte der Kunst., Pl. IV.Google Scholar

page 383 note 2 Hoernes, l.c., p. 218, Fig. 48–50.

page 383 note 3 Hoernes, l.c., Pl. XXVIII.–XXXI.

page 385 note 1 ἐπεὶ ἤ γε ῾Ελληνικὴ ἐσθὴς πᾶσα ἡ ἁρχαίη τῶν γυναικῶν ἡ αὐτὴ ἦν καὶ τὴν νῦν Δωρίδα καλέομεν Hdt. v. 88.

page 385 note 2 Perrot-Chipiez vi., Fig. 337.

page 385 note 3 Ilios, Fig. 193–4.

page 385 note 4 E.g. Hoernes, , Urgeschichte der Kunst, p. 208.Google Scholar

page 386 note 1 Perrot-Chipiez iii., Fig. 231.

page 386 note 2 Perrot-Chipiez iii., Fig. 230. I have had occasion to discuss this attitude in another connection elsewhere. Journ. Anthr. Inst. xxx. p. 252 ff.

page 386 note 3 Bronzen, Pl. LVIII.

page 386 note 4 A.Z., 1854, p. 217, Pl. 65. Studniczka, , Tracht, p. 32.Google Scholar I hope before long to return more in detail to this remarkable series.

page 387 note 1 Studniczka, , Tracht, p. 33.Google ScholarIliad, 3, 396. The κεστός girdle of Homeric costume is another case in point, now that we have the tight-waisted costume and the votive girdles to compare with it.

page 387 note 2 E.g. von Hahn, Griechische u. Albanesische Märchen, vol. i. Frontispiece. The frontispiece of vol. ii. gives examples of the Albanian or dressing-gown type.

page 387 note 3 Pashley, , Travels in Crete ii. p. 195–6Google Scholar; with woodcut and extract from Tournefort.

page 387 note 4 Note that in Kalymnos and its modern colonies, and I think also in Kos, the ‘Ionic chiton’ or ‘night-gown’-type has the Anatolian ‘dressing-gown’ simply superimposed: and the same combination is shewn more than once in von Hahn's Frontispiece to vol. i.