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⁶⁶ The first report on these excavations was presented to the Aegean Bronze Age Seminar in New York (February 1989) by Janine Bourriau of the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge; the manuscript has been circulated: J. Bourriau, ‘Aegean pottery from stratified contexts at Memphis, Kom Rabia.’

⁶⁷ Black Lustrous juglet handle; Base-ring I body sherd – see Bourriau, J., ‘Kom Rabi'a (Memphis),’ Bulletin de Liaison du Groupe Internationale d'Étude de la Céramique Égyptienne 12 (Cairo, 1987) 10–11.Google Scholar

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⁷⁷ Vagnetti (supra n.72) 16; Nava in Vagnetti (supra n.72) 44 pl. 3; Smith (supra n.69) 113–116.

⁷⁸ Vagnetti in Lattanzi, E., Marino, D.A., Vagnetti, L., and Jones, R.E., ‘Nota preliminare sul sito protostorico di Capo Piccolo presso Crotone,’ Klearchos 113–116 (1987) 37–42 (25–44).Google Scholar

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⁸⁰ Vagnetti (supra n.72) 14; Cavalier, M. and Vagnetti, L., ‘Materiali Micenei vecchi e nuovi dale Acropoli di Lipari,’ SMEA 25 (Incunabula Graeca 84, Rome 1984) 143–154Google Scholar; idem, ‘Arcipelago eoliano,’ in Marazzi et al. (supra n.69) 141–145; French (supra n.70) 31; O.T.P.K. Dickinson, ‘Early Mycenaean Greece and the Mediterranean,’ in Marazzi et al. (supra n.69) 272 (271–276); Smith (supra n.69) 71–75; Wilson, R.J.A., ‘Archaeology in Sicily 1977–1981,’ Archaeological Reports 27 (1981–1982) 93–94 (84–105)Google Scholar; idem, ‘Archaeology in Sicily 1982–1987,’ Archaeological Reports 34 (1988) 124–125 (105–150).

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⁸³ A Mycenaean alabastron and a Cypriot Base-ring II jug are now reported from a tomb near Syracuse: Wilson (1988, supra n.80) 112.

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⁸⁵ Ferrarese Ceruti et al. (supra n.84) 12–15, fig. 2.3; Schiavo, F. Lo, ‘Early Metallurgy in Sardinia,’ in Maddin, R. ed., The Beginning of the Use of Metals and Alloys (Cambridge, MA, 1988) 96–97 (92–103).Google Scholar

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⁸⁷ Wilson (1988, supra n.80) 124.

⁸⁸ Kilian (supra n.70); Smith (supra n.69) 131–132, 158–159; Leighton, R., ‘Evidence, extent and effects of Mycenaean contacts with southeast Sicily during the Late Bronze Age,’ in Malone, C. and Stoddart, S. eds., Papers in Italian Archaeology 4.3 (BAR International Series 245, Oxford, 1985) 399–412Google Scholar ascribes evidence from Pantalica to a ‘Myceneaneanization’ of southeast Sicily.

⁸⁹ French (supra n.70) 31; Bietti Sestieri (supra n.6) 41–49.

⁹⁰ G. Bergonzi, ‘Southern Italy and the Aegean during the Late Bronze Age: economic strategies and specialised craft products,’ in Malone and Stoddart eds. (supra n.88) 355 (355–387); Harding (supra n.14) 245–248, 257.

⁹¹ Dickinson (supra n.80) 273; E.B. French, ‘Mycenaean Greece and the Mediterranean world in the LHIII,’ in Marazzi et al. (supra n.69) 279 (277–282; W.G. Cavanaugh and R.R. Laxton, ‘Corbelled vaulting in Mycenaean tholos tombs and Sardinian nuraghi’; in Malone and Stoddart eds. (supra n.88) 413–433; idem, ‘The mechanics of prehistoric corbelled vaulting,’ in M.S. Balmuth ed. (supra n.69) 39–56; idem, ‘An investigation into the construction of Sardinian nuraghi,’ PBSR 55 (1987) 1–74.

⁹² Smith (supra n.69) 46–49.

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⁹⁵ R.E. Jones, ‘Chemical analysis of Aegean-type Late Bronze Age pottery found in Italy,’ in Marazzi et al. (supra n.69) 207–208 (205–214); Vagnetti and Jones (supra n.70).

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⁹⁹ Hallager (1985, supra n.46) 297–300; but cf. Vagnetti (supra n.46) 30–31.

¹⁰⁰ Vagnetti (supra n.46); R. Peroni, F. Trucco, and L. Vagnetti, ‘Broglio de Trebisacce (CS),’ in Marazzi et al. (supra n.69) 61–64 (55–70).

¹⁰¹ French (supra n.70) 32.

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¹⁰⁵ Vagnetti (supra n.72) 177–179, pls. 64.10–12, 66.

¹⁰⁶ Others in Smith (supra n.69) 123.

¹⁰⁷ Lo Schiavo et al. 1985, 5, 62; Jones and Day (supra n.49) 259.

¹⁰⁸ Jones and Day (supra n.49) 268, Table 14.2.

¹⁰⁹ French (supra n.97) 297–298; idem (supra n.70) 32; Jones (supra n.96) 208–209; Jones and Day (supra n.49) 267–268; Vagnetti and Jones (supra n.70) 345–346.

¹¹⁰ Jones and Day (supra n.49) 267–268.

¹¹¹ Jones and Day (supra n.49) 260–262.

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¹²⁰ Vagnetti (supra n.46) 33.

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¹²⁴ Whitehouse (supra n.19).

¹²⁵ Bietti Sestieri (supra n.6); cf. Harding (supra n.14) 283.

¹²⁶ Bergonzi (supra n.90) 359–361, 368.

¹²⁷ Harding (supra n.14) 282–285.

¹²⁸ Jones et al. (supra n.82).

¹²⁹ Chapman (supra n.2) 122–123; Harding (supra n.14) 257–258.

¹³⁰ Stos-Gale and Gale (supra n.57) 157.

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¹⁴⁵ Gale and Stos-Gale (supra n.14) 138; M. Pollard, ‘Data analysis,’ in R.E. Jones (supra n.96) 58–74 (56–83); Knapp and Cherry (supra n.136).

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¹⁵⁷ Gale and Stos-Gale (supra n.14) 158, fig. 7.19.

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¹⁶³ Gale and Stos-Gale (supra n.131) 99, fig. 9.

¹⁶⁴ Gale and Stos-Gale (supra n.142) 163–166; idem (supra n.14) 156.

¹⁶⁵ Stos-Gale and Gale (supra n.36).

¹⁶⁶ Stos-Gale and Gale (supra n.36) fig. 10; Gale, N.H., ‘Archaeometallurgical studies of Late Bronze Age ox-hide copper ingots from the Mediterranean region,’ in Hauptmann, A., Pernicka, E., and Wagner, G.A. eds., Old World Archaeometallurgy (Der Anschnitt 7, Bochum, 1989) 247–268.Google Scholar

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¹⁶⁹ Gale (supra n.166) 250–256; Stos-Gale and Gale (supra n.36) fig. 10; Muhly, J.D., ‘The wider world of lead ingots’ RDAC (1988) 263 and n.14 (263–266).Google Scholar

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²²⁵ Ibid.; see also Harding (supra n.14) 284–285, figs. 59, 61–62.

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²²⁹ Lo Schiavo et al. (supra n.146) 182; see also Stech (supra n.154) 41.

²³⁰ Cf. again the evidence from Nuraghe Funtana – Maddin (supra n.132) 177.

²³¹ Lo Schiavo et al. (supra n.146) 184–185; Stech (supra n.154) 40–41.

²³² See figure 1 (map) above; for the most recent dis tribution map of ingots, hoards, and artifacts, see Schiavo, F. Lo, ‘Early metallurgy in Sardinia,’ in Hauptmann, A., Pernicka, E., and Wagner, G.A. eds., Old World Archaeometallurgy (Der Anschnitt 7, Bochum, 1989) 35, Fig. 5.1 (33–38).Google Scholar

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²³⁷ Lo Schiavo (supra n.5) 242–243.

²³⁸ For lead and bronze objects as well as oxhide ingots, see Gale and Stos-Gale (supra nn.14, 142).

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²⁴⁴ Lilliu (supra n.242) 37.

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²⁴⁶ Becker (supra n.226) 92–98.

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²⁵² Becker (supra n.226); cf. Michels and Webster's ‘palaeoeconomic’ approach (supra n.221).

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²⁵⁶ Ibid. 104–105; Lilliu (supra n.242) 34.

²⁵⁷ Becker (supra n.226) 104; see also Chapman (supra n.2) 123.

²⁵⁸ Becker (supra n.226) 105.

²⁵⁹ Ibid. 106–107.

²⁶⁰ Ibid. 105.

²⁶¹ Fisher (1985, 1987, supra n.103); French (supra n.70) 31; idem (1985, supra n.97); cf. Bietti Sestieri (supra n.6) 37.

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²⁶⁹ M.J. Rowlands (1973, supra n.268) 597; he now suggests a similar development for the European Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age transition: ‘Conceptualising the European Bronze and Iron Ages,’ in Bintliff, J. ed., European Social Evolution (Bradford 1984), 150–151 (147–156).Google Scholar

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²⁷³ Lo Schiavo et al. (supra n.146) 184–185.

²⁷⁴ G.F. Bass and Ç. Pulak, ‘The Bronze Age shipwreck at Ulu Burun: the 1988 campaign.’ Paper presented at the Archaeological Congress, Baltimore, January 1989.

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²⁸⁰ Muhly et al. (supra n.16) 281–283.

²⁸¹ Artzy, M., ‘Merchandise and merchantmen: on ships and shipping in the Late Bronze Age Levant,’ in Karageorghis, V. ed., Acts of the Second International Cyprological Congress (Nicosia 1985) 137–138 (135–140)Google Scholar; idem ‘Development of war/fighting boats of the Und millennium B.C. in the eastern Mediterranean,’ RDAC (1988) 181–186. Artzy's discussion of ‘large merchantmen’ ships is based on documentary evidence in Ugaritic texts: Linder, E., The Maritime Texts of Ugarit: A Study in Late Bronze Age Shipping (Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Brandeis University, 1970)Google Scholar; idem ‘Ugarit: a Canaanite thalassocracy,’ in Young, G.D. ed., Ugarit in Retrospect (Winona Lake, IN) 31–42Google Scholar; and on archaeological evidence such as the size and weight of stone anchors found at eastern Mediterranean sites: Frost, H., ‘Stone anchors as clues to Bronze Age trade routes,’ Thracia Pontica I: Premier Symposium International: La Mer Noire et le Monde Mediterraneen (Sophie, 1982) 280–289Google Scholar; idem ‘Stone anchors as clues to Bronze Age trade routes,’ in L'Homme Mediterranéen et le mer (Paris) 20–26; McCaslin, D., Stone Anchors in Antiquity: Coastal Settlements and Maritime Trade-Routes in the Eastern Mediterranean ca. 1600–1050 B.C. (SIMA 61, Göteborg 1983).Google Scholar

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²⁸⁵ Muhly (supra n.16); similarly Sherratt and Crouwell (supra n.37) 342–343.

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