Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-06T10:39:38.350Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

EARLY MODERN TRAVELLERS IN THE AEGEAN: ROUTES AND NETWORKS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 September 2019

Michael Loy
Michael Loy*
Affiliation:
British School at Athens
*
[email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This study uses the collection of fifteenth- to twentieth-century travel literature from the BSA library to consider issues of (elite) mobility in the Aegean Sea. These texts contain a wealth of information on the routes chosen by travellers between various islands and mainland ports, and on the navigability of the Aegean basin. By using a combination of computational Proximal Point Analysis and Social Network Analysis, these routes are visualised, and discussion focuses on how navigation varied both between centuries and according to the traveller's place of origin. It is suggested that travellers were dependent on other sorts of networks, and that routes travelled were shaped greatly by the economics and politics of the day. It is also proposed that methodologies used in this paper offer great potential for engaging broad-scale sets of archive data.

Οι ταξιδιώτες της πρώιμης νεότερης περίοδου στο Αιγαίο: δρομολόγια και δίκτυα

Το άρθρο αυτό αξιοποιεί το σύνολο των ημερολόγιων ταξιδίου από τον 15ο–20o αιώνα μ.Χ., τα οποία έχουν συγκεντρωθεί στην βιβλιοθήκη της Βρετανικής Σχολής, προκειμένου να προσεγγίσει ερωτήματα σχετικά με την κινητικότητα (της τοπικής αριστοκρατίας) στο Αιγαίο Πέλαγο. Αυτοί οι τόμοι προσφέρουν πληθώρα πληροφοριών σχετικά με τα δρομολόγια που επιλέγονταν από τους ταξιδιώτες μεταξύ των διαφορετικών νήσιων και ηπειρωτικών λιμένων, καθώς και την πλοϊμότητα του Αιγαίου Πελάγους. Χρησιμοποιώντας ένα συνδυασμό υπολογιστικών μεθόδων όπως Ανάλυση Εγγύτερου Σημείου και Ανάλυση Κοινωνικών Δικτύων, αυτά τα δρομολόγια απεικονίζονται, και ιδιαίτερη προσοχή δίνεται στο πως η ναυσιπλοἴα διαφέρει ανά τους αιώνες και την καταγωγή του ταξιδιώτη. Προτείνεται ότι οι ταξιδιώτες εξαρτώνται από άλλων τύπων δίκτυα, και τα δρομολόγια επηρεάζονταν από την κατάσταση των σύγχρονων οικονομικών και πολιτικών θεσμών. Τέλος, προτίθεται η ιδέα ότι οι μεθοδολογίες που αναπτυχτήκαν σε αυτό το άρθρο μπορούν να προσφέρουν πολλές ευκαιρίες για την μελέτη της μεγάλης κλίμακας των αρχειακών συνόλων.

Type
Articles
Information
Annual of the British School at Athens , Volume 114 , November 2019 , pp. 369 - 398
Copyright
Copyright © The Council, British School at Athens 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Agouridis, C. 1997. ‘Sea routes and navigation in the third millennium Aegean’, OJA 16, 1–24.Google Scholar
Agriandoni, C. 1986. The Beginning of the Industralization of Greece in the 19th Century (Athens).Google Scholar
Angelomatis-Tsougarakis, H. 1990. The Eve of the Greek Revival: British Travellers’ Perceptions of Early Nineteenth-Century Greece (London).Google Scholar
Armstrong, C.A. 2005. ‘Travel and experience in the Mediterranean of Louis XV’, in Harris, W.V. (ed.), Rethinking the Mediterranean (Oxford), 235–67.Google Scholar
Augustinos, O. 1994. French Odysseys. Greece in French Travel Literature from the Renaissance to the Romantic Era (Baltimore, MD and London).Google Scholar
Babinger, F. 1962. ‘Notes on Cyriac of Ancona and some of his friends’, JWarb 25, 321–3.Google Scholar
Barthélemy, G. 1992. Images de l'Orient au XIXe siècle (Paris).Google Scholar
Bateman, V. 2011. ‘Market integration and trade in the Mediterranean, 1500–1900’, Economic History Society, Working Papers 11032.Google Scholar
Beauvau, H. de 1615. Relation journalière du voyage du Levant faict et descrit par Messire Henry de Beauvau, baron dudit lieu et de Manonville, seigneur de Fleuville (Nancy).Google Scholar
Bennet, J., Davis, J.L. and Zarinebaf-Shahr, F. 2000. ‘Pylos Regional Archaeological Project, part III: Sir William Gell's itinerary in the Pylia and regional landscapes in the Morea in the second Ottoman period’, Hesperia 69, 343–80.Google Scholar
Bennet, J. and Voutsaki, S. 1991. ‘A synopsis and analysis of travelers’ accounts of Keos (to 1821)’, in Cherry, J.F., Davis, J.L. and Mantzourane, H. (eds), Landscape Archaeology as Long-Term History. Northern Keos in the Cycladic Islands from Earliest Settlement until Modern Times (Los Angeles), 365–82.Google Scholar
Bent, J.T. 1885. The Cyclades, or, Life among the Insular Greeks (London).Google Scholar
Bernard, Y. 1988. L'Orient du XVIe siècle à travers les récits des voyageurs français regards portés sur la société musulmane (Paris).Google Scholar
Bevan, A. 2013. ‘Travel and interaction in the Greek and Roman World: a review of some computational modelling approaches’, in Dunn, S. and Mahony, S. (eds), The Digital Classicist 2013 (London), 3–24.Google Scholar
Blondel, V.D., Guillaume, J.-L., Lambiotte, R. and Lefebvre, E. 2008. ‘Fast unfolding of communities in large networks’, Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment 10. P10008.Google Scholar
Bodnar, E.W. (ed.) 2003. Cyriac of Ancona: Later Travels (Cambridge, MA).Google Scholar
Boogert, M.H. van den 2005. The Capitulations and the Ottoman Legal System: Qadis, Consuls and Beratlis in the 18th Century (Leiden).Google Scholar
Boschini, M. 1658. L'Arcipelago (Venice).Google Scholar
Braudel, F. 1949. La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l’époque de Philippe II (Paris).Google Scholar
Braudel, F. 1973. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II. Translation of 2nd rev. ed. of: La Méditerranée et le monde méditerannéen à l’époque de Philippe II (London).Google Scholar
Bröndsted, P.O. 1820. Voyages dans la Grèce accompagnés de recherches archéologiques, et suivis d'un aperçu sur toutes les entreprises scientifiques qui ont eu lieu en Grèce depuis Pausanias jusqu’à nos jours (Paris).Google Scholar
Broodbank, C. 2000. An Island Archaeology of the Early Cyclades (Cambridge).Google Scholar
Broodbank, C. 2013. The Making of the Middle Sea: A History of the Mediterranean from the Beginning to the Emergence of the Classical World (Oxford).Google Scholar
Broodbank, C., Bennet, J. and Davis, J.L. 2004. ‘Aphrodite observed: insularity and antiquities on Kythera through outsiders’ eyes’, in Cherry, J., Scarre, C. and Shennan, S. (eds), Explaining Social Change. Studies in Honour of Colin Renfrew (Cambridge), 227–39.Google Scholar
Brughmans, T. 2010. ‘Connecting the dots: towards archaeological network analysis’, OJA 29, 277–303.Google Scholar
Brughmans, T. 2012. ‘Thinking through networks: a review of formal network methods in archaeology’, Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 20, 623–62.Google Scholar
Brughmans, T., Collar, A. and Coward, F.S. 2016. The Connected Past: Challenges to Network Studies in Archaeology and History (Oxford).Google Scholar
Buchon, A. 1911. L'Eubée, les Iles Ioniennes et Les Cyclades en 1841. Publié pour la première fois avec une notice biographique et bibliographique par Jean Longnon (Paris).Google Scholar
Burgess, R. 1835. Greece and the Levant; or, Diary of a Summer's Excursion in 1834 with Epistolary Supplements (London).Google Scholar
Bursian, C. 1872. Geographie von Griechenland (Leipzig).Google Scholar
Callaghan, R. 2003. ‘Prehistoric trade between Ecuador and West Mexico: a computer simulation of coastal voyages’, Antiquity 77, 796–804.Google Scholar
Callaghan, R. and Scarre, C. 2009. ‘Simulating the western seaways’, OJA 28, 357–72.Google Scholar
Carla Burri, N.S. de and Bleser, P. 1971. Voyages en Égypte des années 1589, 1590 & 1591 / le vénitien anonyme, le seigneur de Villamont, Jan Sommer (Cairo).Google Scholar
Chandler, R. 1776. Travels in Greece, or an Account of a Tour made at the Expense of the Society of Dilettanti (Oxford).Google Scholar
Chateaubriand, F.A. 1811. Itinéraire de Paris à Jérusalem et de Jérusalem à Paris, en allant par la Grèce, et revenant part l’Égypte, la Barbarie, et l'Espagne (Paris).Google Scholar
Chenavard, A.M. 1849. Voyage en Grèce et dans le Levant fait en 1843–1844 (Lyon).Google Scholar
Clarke, E.D. 1818. Travels in Various Countries of Europe, Asia and Africa. Part the Second: Greece, Egypt and the Holy Land (London).Google Scholar
Choiseul-Gouffier, M.G.F.A. 1782. Voyage pittoresque de la Grèce (Paris).Google Scholar
Cipolla, C. 1968. ‘The economic decline of Italy’, in Pullan, B. (ed.), Crisis and Change in the Venetian Economy in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (London), 127–45.Google Scholar
Collar, A., Coward, F., Brughmans, T. and Mills, B.J. 2015. ‘Networks in archaeology: phenomena, abstraction, representation’, Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 22, 1–32.Google Scholar
Conolly, J. and Lake, M. 2006. Geographical Information Systems in Archaeology (Cambridge).Google Scholar
Constantakopoulou, C. 2007. The Dance of the Islands: Insularity, Networks, the Athenian Empire, and the Aegean World (Oxford).Google Scholar
Constantine, D. 1984. Early Greek Travellers and the Hellenic Ideal (Cambridge).Google Scholar
Cooper, A. and Green, C.T. 2015. ‘Embracing the complexities of “Big Data” in archaeology: the case of the English Landscape and Identities project’, Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 23, 271–304.Google Scholar
Cust, S. 1898. History of the Society of Dilettanti (London).Google Scholar
Dapper, D. 1703. Description exacte des Isles de L'Archipel (Amsterdam).Google Scholar
Dauverd, C. 2015. ‘Cultivating differences: Genoese trade identity in the Constantinople of Sultan Mehmed II, 1453–81’, Mediterranean Studies 23, 94–124.Google Scholar
Davies, S. and Davis, J.L. 2007. ‘Greeks, Venice, and the Ottoman Empire’, in Davies, S. and Davis, J.L. (eds), Between Venice and Istanbul. Colonial Landscapes in Early Modern Greece (Athens), 25–31.Google Scholar
Davis, J.L. 1982. ‘Thoughts on prehistoric and archaic Delos’, in Betancourt, P.P. (ed.), Temple University Aegean Symposium 7, 1982: A Symposium Sponsored by the Department of Art History, Temple University … with the Theme ‘Trade and Travel in the Cyclades during the Bronze Age’, Friday, March 5, 1982 (Philadelphia, PA), 23–33.Google Scholar
Déderix, S. 2017. ‘Communication networks, interactions, and social negotiation in prepalatial south-central Crete’, AJA 121, 5–37.Google Scholar
Di Piazza, A., Di Piazza, P. and Pearthree, E. 2007. ‘Sailing virtual canoes across Oceania: revisiting island accessibility’, JAS 34, 1219–25.Google Scholar
Di S. Maria, F.G. 1687. Viaggio e Navigatione di Monsignor Sebastiani (Rome).Google Scholar
Droulia, L. 1980a. ‘The pilgrim traffic in the Eastern Mediterranean’, in Villain-Gandossi, C., Busuttli, S. and Adam, P. (eds), Medieval Ships and the Birth of Technological Societies, vol. 2 (Valetta), 235–42.Google Scholar
Droulia, L. 1980b. ‘The view of the modern Greeks through the mid-sixteenth century travellers’ accounts’, BalkSt 21, 275–85.Google Scholar
Duff, E.G. 1893. Information for Pilgrims unto the Holy Land. Wynkyn de Worde, d. 1534 (London).Google Scholar
Edson, E. 2018. Description of the Aegean and Other Islands: Copied, with Supplemental Material, by Henricus Martellus Germanus; A Fascimilie of the Manuscript at the James Bell Ford Library, University of Minnesota (New York).Google Scholar
Egmont, J.A. van 1759. Travels through Part of Europe, Asia Minos, The Islands and the Archipelago (London).Google Scholar
Eisner, R., 1990. Travelers to an Antique Land. The History and Literature of Travel to Greece (Ann Arbor, MI).Google Scholar
Estourmel, J. d’ 1848. Album du Journal d'un Voyage en Orient (Paris).Google Scholar
Fábrega-Álvarez, P. 2006. ‘Moving without destination: a theoretical, GIS based determination of routes (optimal accumulation model of movement from a given origin)’, Archaeological Computing Newsletter 64, 7–11.Google Scholar
Fourmont, M. 1729. Recueil d'inscriptions grecques (Paris).Google Scholar
Frieseman, H. 1789. Description historique et geographique de l'archipel (Neuwied).Google Scholar
Galt, J. 1813. Letters from the Levant Containing Views of the State of Society, Manners, Opinions, and Commerce in Greece, and Several of the Principal Islands of the Archipelago (London).Google Scholar
Gattiglia, G. 2015. ‘Think big about data: archaeology and the Big Data challenge’, ArchInf 38, 1–12.Google Scholar
Geck, E. 1961. Die Reise ins Heilige Land: ein Reisebericht aus dem Jahre 1483 (Wiesbaden).Google Scholar
Gibson, E. 2007. ‘The archaeology of movement in a Mediterranean landscape’, JMA 20, 61–87.Google Scholar
Glamann, K. 1977. ‘The changing patterns of trade’, in Rich, E.E. and Wilson, C.H. (eds), The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, vol. 5 (Cambridge), 185–289.Google Scholar
Glardon, P. 1997. L'histoire de la nature des oyseaux / Pierre Belon du Mans: fac-similé de l’édition de 1555 (Geneva).Google Scholar
Goff, R. 1972. Bartolommeo da li Sonetti (Amsterdam).Google Scholar
Güimil-Fariña, A. and Parcero-Oubiña, C. 2015. ‘“Dotting the joins”: a non-reconstructive use of least cost paths to approach ancient roads. The case of the Roman roads in the NW Iberian Peninsula’, JAS 54, 31–44.Google Scholar
Gunning, L.P. 2009. The British Consular Service in the Aegean and the Collection of Antiquities for the British Museum (Aldershot).Google Scholar
Hanneman, R. A. and Riddle, M.. 2005. Introduction to Social Network Methods (Riverside, CA).Google Scholar
Harlaftis, G. 1996. A History of Greek-Owned Shipping. The Making of an International Tramp Fleet, 1830 to the Present Day (London).Google Scholar
Harlaftis, G. and Kostelenos, G. 2012. ‘International shipping and national economic growth: shipping earnings and the Greek economy in the nineteenth century’, Economic History Review 65.4, 1403–27.Google Scholar
Harlaftis, G. and Laiou, S. 1988. ‘Ottoman state policy in Mediterranean trade and shipping, c.1780–c.1820: the rise of the Greek-owned Ottoman merchant fleet’, in Mazower, M. (ed.), Networks of Power in Modern Greece. Essays in Honour of John Campbell (London), 1–44.Google Scholar
Heawood, E. 1912. A History of Geographical Discovery in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Cambridge).Google Scholar
Horden, P. and Purcell, N. 2000. The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History (Oxford).Google Scholar
Howey, M.C.L. 2011. ‘Multiple pathways across past landscapes: circuit theory as a complementary geospatial method to least cost path for modeling past movement’, JAS 38, 2523–35.Google Scholar
Ingold, T. 2000. The Perception of the Environment: Essays on Livelihood, Dwelling and Skill (London).Google Scholar
Jurriaans-Helle, G. 1998. Cornelis de Bruijn. Voyages from Rome to Jerusalem and from Moscow to Batavia (Amsterdam).Google Scholar
Kaplan, F. 2015. ‘A map for big data research in digital humanities’, Frontiers in Digital Humanities, available online <doi.org/10.3389/fdigh.2015.00001> accessed April 2019.+accessed+April+2019.>Google Scholar
Kardassis, V.A. 1997. ‘Greek steam liner companies, 1858–1914’, International Journal of Maritime History 9.2, 107–27.Google Scholar
Kelly, J.M. 2009. The Society of the Dilettanti: Archaeology and Identity in the British Enlightenment (New Haven, CT).Google Scholar
Klima, S. 1964. Joseph Spence: Letters from the Grand Tour (Montreal).Google Scholar
Knappett, C., Evans, T. and Rivers, R. 2008. ‘Modelling maritime interaction in the Aegean Bronze Age’, Antiquity 82, 1009–24.Google Scholar
Lacroix, L. 1853. Iles de la Grèce (Paris).Google Scholar
Laurent, P.E. 1822. Recollections of a Classical Tour through Various Parts of Greece, Turkey, and Italy, made in the Years 1818 and 1819 (London).Google Scholar
Le Maréchel, M. 1837. Voyage de M. Le Maréchal, Duc de Raguse, En Hongrie, En Transylvanie, Dand la Russie Méridionale, En Crimée et sur les Bords de lat Mer D'Azoff; A Constantinople et sur quelques partie de l'Asie Mineure; En Syrie, en Palestine et en Égypte (Brussels).Google Scholar
Le Strange, G. 1928. Embassy to Tamerlane, 1403–1406 / de Clavijo (London).Google Scholar
Leidwanger, J. and Knappett, C. (eds) 2018. Maritime Networks in the Ancient Mediterranean World (Cambridge).Google Scholar
Lepschy, A.L. 1966. Viaggio in Terrasanta di Santo Brasca, 1480; Con l'Itinerario di Gabriele Capodilista, 1458 (Milan).Google Scholar
Lestringant, F. 1985. Cosmographie de Levant / André Thevet (Geneva).Google Scholar
Lloberea, M. 2000. ‘Understanding movement: a pilot model towards the sociology of movement’, in Lock, G. (ed.), Beyond the Map: Archaeology and Spatial Technologies (Washington, DC), 65–84.Google Scholar
Lock, G., Kormann, M. and Pouncett, J. 2014. ‘Visibility and movement: towards a GIS-based integrated approach’, in Polla, S. and Verhagen, P. (eds), Theory, Practice and Interpretation of Factors and Effects of Long Term Landscape Formation and Transformation (Berlin), 23–42.Google Scholar
MacGill, T. 1808. Travels in Turkey, Italy and Russia. With an Account of Some of the Greek Islands (London).Google Scholar
Malakis, E. 1925. French Travellers in Greece (1770–1820) (Philadelphia, PA).Google Scholar
Malamut, É. 2004. ‘Travellers in the Aegean islands from the twelfth to the sixteenth century’, in Chrysostomides, J., Dendrinos, C. and Harris, J. (eds), The Greek Islands and the Sea: Proceedings of the First International Colloquium Held at the Hellenic Institute, Royal Holloway, University of London, 21–22 September 2001 (Camberley), 181–98.Google Scholar
Malkin, I., Constantakopoulou, C. and Panagopoulou, K. (eds) 2009. Greek and Roman Networks in the Mediterranean (London).Google Scholar
Mantran, R. 1962. Istanbul dans la seconde moitié du XVIIe siècle (Paris).Google Scholar
Martin Leake, W. 1830. Travels in the Morea (London).Google Scholar
Martin Leake, W. 1835. Travels in Northern Greece (London).Google Scholar
McCoy, M.D. 2017. ‘Geospatial Big Data and archaeology: prospects and problems too great to ignore’, JAS 84, 74–94.Google Scholar
McLean, M. 2007. The Cosmographia of Sebastian Münster: Describing the World in the Reformation (Aldershot).Google Scholar
Miliarakis, A. 1874. Κυκλαδικά, ἤτοι γεωγραφία καὶ ἱστορία τῶν Κυκλάδων νήσων ἀπὸ τῶν αρχαιοτάτων χρόνων μέχρι τῆς καταλήψεως αὐτών ὑπό τῶν Φράγκων (Athens).Google Scholar
Miller, W. 1908. The Latins in the Levant: A History of Frankish Greece (1204–1500) (London).Google Scholar
Mitchell, T. 1989. ‘The world as exhibition’, Comparative Studies in Society and History 31, 217–36.Google Scholar
Morton, J. 2001. The Role of the Physical Environment in Ancient Greek Seafaring (Leiden).Google Scholar
Murray, J. 1872. Handbook for Travellers in Greece; Describing the Ionian Islands; Continental Greece, Athens, and the Peloponnesus; the Islands of the Aegean Sea; Albania; Thessaly; and Macedonia (London).Google Scholar
Newhard, J.M.L., Levine, N.S. and Phebus, A.D. 2014. ‘The development of integrated terrestrial and marine pathways in the Argo-Saronic region, Greece’, Cartography and Geographic Information Science 41, 379–90.Google Scholar
Olivier, G.A. 1801. Voyage dans l'Empire Othoman, L’Égypte et la Perse, Fait par ordre du Governement, pendant les six premières années de la République (Paris).Google Scholar
Pach, Z.P. 1968. ‘The shifting of international trade routes in the 15th–17th centuries’, Acta Historica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 14, 287–321.Google Scholar
Papageorgiou, D. 2008a. ‘Sea routes in the prehistoric Cyclades’, in Bordie, N. (ed.), Horizon Ὁρίζων. A Colloquium on the Prehistory of the Cyclades (Cambridge), 9–12.Google Scholar
Papageorgiou, D. 2008b. ‘The marine environment and its influence on seafaring and maritime routes in the prehistoric Aegean’, EJA 11, 199–222.Google Scholar
Palmisano, A. 2017. ‘Drawing pathways from the past: the trade routes of the Old Assyrian caravans across Upper Mesopotamia and Central Anatolia’, in Kulakoğlu, F. and Barjamovic, G. (eds), Subartu XXXIX. Movement, Resources, Interaction: Proceedings of the 2nd Kültepe International Meeting, Kültepe, 26–30 July 2015 (Turnhout), 29–48.Google Scholar
Panzac, D. 2004. La caravane maritime: marins européens et marchands ottomans en Méditerranée (1680–1830) (Paris).Google Scholar
Papathanassopoulos, C. 1983. Greek Merchant Marine. Development and Re-adjustment (1833–1856) (Athens).Google Scholar
Parry, J.H. 1967. ‘Transport and trade routes’, in Rich, E.E. and Wilson, C.H. (eds), Cambridge Economic History of Europe, vol. 4 (Cambridge), 155–222.Google Scholar
Pasch van Krienen, H.L. 1773. Breve descrizione dell’ Archipelago e particolarmente delle diciotto isole sottomesse l'anno 1771 (Livorno).Google Scholar
Pélissié du Rausas, G. 1902. Le régime des capitulations dans l'empire ottoman (Paris).Google Scholar
Penrose, B. 1952. Travel and Discovery in the Renaissance, 1420–1620 (Cambridge, MA).Google Scholar
Pernot, R. 1925. Voyage en Turque et en Grèce de R. P. Robert de Dreux, aumonier de l'ambassadeur de France (1665–1669) (Paris).Google Scholar
Philippson, A. 1901. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der griechischen Inselwelt (Gotha).Google Scholar
Philpott, A. 2005. ‘Stochastic optimization and yacht racing’, in Wallace, S.W. and Ziemba, W.T. (eds), Applications of Stochastic Programming (Philadelphia, PA), 315–36.Google Scholar
Philpott, A. and Mason, A.J. 2001. ‘Optimising yacht routes under uncertainty’, Proceedings of the 15th Chesapeake Sailing Yacht Symposium, available online <https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3Abe3f3a74-7cca-4f7b-a2fc-d13f82e6bc06> accessed April 2019.+accessed+April+2019.>Google Scholar
Pococke, R. 1743. A Description of the East, and Some Other Countries (London).Google Scholar
Porcacchi, T. 1572. L'isole piu famose del mondo (Venice).Google Scholar
Posluschny, A.G. 2010. ‘Over the hills and far away? – Cost surface based models of prehistoric settlement hinterlands’, in Frischer, B., Crawford, J.W. and Koller, D. (eds), Making History Interactive. Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology (CAA). Proceedings of the 37th International Conference, Williamsburg/VA, United States of America, March 22–26, 2009 (Oxford), 313–19.Google Scholar
Pouqueville, F.-C.-H.-L. 1835. Voyage dans la Grèce (Paris).Google Scholar
Pryor, J.H. 1988. Geography, Technology, and War Studies in the Maritime History of the Mediterranean (Cambridge).Google Scholar
Pryor, J.H. 1989. ‘Winds, waves, and rocks: the routes and the perils along them’, in Friedland, K. (ed.), Maritime Aspects of Migration (Cologne), 71–85.Google Scholar
Randolph, B. 1689. The Present State of the Islands in the Archipelago (Or Arches). Sea of Constantinople, and Gulph of Smyrna with the Islands of Andia, and Rhodes (Oxford).Google Scholar
Rapp, R.T. 1975. ‘The unmaking of the Mediterranean trade hegemony: international trade rivalry and the commercial revolution’, The Journal of Economic History 35, 499–525.Google Scholar
Richterich, A. 2018. The Big Data Agenda: Data Ethics and Critical Data Studies (London).Google Scholar
Rofs, L. 1840. Reisen auf den griechischen Inseln des ägäischen Meeres (Stuttgart).Google Scholar
Saïd, S. 2005. ‘The mirage of Greek continuity: on the uses and abuses of analogy in some travel narratives from the seventeenth to the eighteenth century’, in Harris, W.V. (ed.), Rethinking the Mediterranean (Oxford), 268–93.Google Scholar
Scheidel, W. 2014. ‘The shape of the Roman world: modelling imperial connectivity’, JRA 27, 7–32.Google Scholar
Seifried, R.M. and Gardner, C.A.M. 2019. ‘Reconstructing historical journeys with least-cost analysis: Colonel William Leake in the Mani Peninsula, Greece’, JAS 24, 391–411.Google Scholar
Seller, J. 1669. Praxis Nautica (London).Google Scholar
Seller, J. 1671. The English Pilot (London).Google Scholar
Sinner, G.R.L. de 1824. Librum insularum Archipelagi e codicibus Parisinis regiis, nunc primum totum edidit: praefatione et annotatione instruxit Gabr. Rud. Ludovicus de Sinner (Leipzig).Google Scholar
Simopoulos, K. 1970. Ξένοι ταξιδιώτες στην Ἐλλάδα: δημόσιος καὶ ιδιωτικὸς βίος, λαϊκὸς πολιτισμός, Ἐκκλησία καὶ οἰκονομική ζωή, ἀπό τα περιηγητικά χρονικά, 4 vols (Athens).Google Scholar
Skelton, R. 1976. Francesco Berlinghieri Geographia, Florence, 1482 (Amsterdam).Google Scholar
Sonnini, C.S. 1801. Voyage en Grèce et en Turquie, fait par ordre de Louis XVI et avec l'autorisation de la cour Ottomane (Paris).Google Scholar
Stafford, B.M. 1984. Voyage into Substance. Art, Science, Nature, and the Illustrated Travel Account, 1760–1840 (Cambridge, MA).Google Scholar
Stagl, J. 1995. A History of Curiosity: The Theory of Travel 1550–1800 (London).Google Scholar
Stock, P. 2013. ‘The real-and-imagined spaces of philhellenic travel’, European Review of History 20, 523–37.Google Scholar
Stoneman, R. 1987. Land of the Lost Gods: The Search for Classical Greece (Norman, OK).Google Scholar
Stuart, J., and Revett, N. 1762. The Antiquities of Athens (London).Google Scholar
Sutton, S.B. 2001. ‘A temple worth seeing: Pausanias, travelers, and the narrative landscape at Nemea’, in Alcock, S.E., Cherry, J.F. and Elsner, J. (eds), Pausanias. Travel and Memory in Roman Greece (Oxford), 175–89.Google Scholar
Sweetman, R. 2017. ‘Networks and church buildings in the Aegean: Crete, Cyprus, Lycia and the Peloponnese’, BSA 112, 207–66.Google Scholar
Tabak, F. 2008. The Waning of the Mediterranean, 1550–1870: A Geohistorical Approach (London).Google Scholar
Tagliaferri, F., Viola, I.M. and Flay, R. 2015. ‘Wind direction forecasting with artificial neural networks and support vector machines’, Ocean Engineering 97, 65–73.Google Scholar
Tartaron, T.F. 2013. Maritime Networks in the Mycenaean World (Cambridge).Google Scholar
Taylor, C. and Vlassopoulos, K. (eds) 2015. Communities and Networks in the Ancient Greek World (Oxford).Google Scholar
Thevenot, M. de 1689. Voyages de Mr de Thevenot en Europe, Asie & Afrique (Amsterdam).Google Scholar
Thompson, C. 1744. The Travels of the Late Charles Thompson, Esq; Containing his Observations on France, Italy, Turkey in Europe, the Holy Land, Arabia, Egypt, and Many Other Parts of the World (Reading).Google Scholar
Tilley, C. 1994. A Phenomenology of Landscape: Places, Paths and Monuments (Oxford).Google Scholar
Tournefort, J.P. 1715. A Voyage into the Levant. D. Midwinter (London).Google Scholar
Tozer, H.F. 1890. The Islands of the Aegean (Oxford).Google Scholar
Tselikas, A. 2006. Isolario / Antonio Millo (Athens).Google Scholar
Tsigakou, F.-M. 1981. The Rediscovery of Greece: Travellers and Painters of the Romantic Era (London).Google Scholar
Tucker, J. 1757. Instructions for Travellers (London).Google Scholar
Turner, W. 1820. Journal of a Tour in the Levant (London).Google Scholar
Utterback, K. 2010. ‘Piracy’, in Taylor, L. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Medieval Pilgrimage (Leiden) (available online <http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2213-2139_emp_SIM_00352> accessed April 2019).+accessed+April+2019).>Google Scholar
Van Dyck, E.A. 1881. Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire since 1150, part 1 (Washington, DC).Google Scholar
Vin, J.P.A. van der 1980. Travellers to Greece and Constantinople: Ancient Monuments and Old Traditions in Medieval Travellers’ Tales (Istanbul).Google Scholar
Waddington, G. 1825. A Visit to Greece, in 1823 and 1824 (London).Google Scholar
Wagstaff, J.M. 2001. ‘Pausanias and the topographers: the case of Colonel Leake’, in Alcock, S.E., Cherry, J.F. and Elsner, J. (eds), Pausanias. Travel and Memory in Roman Greece (Oxford), 190–206.Google Scholar
Wheatley, D.W., García Sanjuán, L., Murrieta-Flores, P. and Márquez Pérez, J. 2010. ‘Approaching the landscape dimension of the Megalithic phenomenon in southern Spain’, OJA 29, 387–405.Google Scholar
Wheler, G. and Spon, J. 1682. A Journey into Greece (London).Google Scholar
Wilkinson, T.C. 2014. Tying the Threads of Eurasia: Trans-Regional Routes and Material Flows in Transcaucasia, Eastern Anatolia and Western Central Asia (Leiden).Google Scholar
Williams, G., Bandinel, B. and Way, A. 1867. Map of the Holy Land: Illustrating the Itineraries of William Wey, Fellow of Eton in ad 1458 and 1462: In Facsimile from the Original in the Bodleian Library (London).Google Scholar
Wood, R. 1767. A Comparative View of the Ancient and Present State of the Troade: To Which is Prefixed an Essay on the Original Genius of Homer (London).Google Scholar
Yerasimos, S. 1991. Les voyageurs dans l'empire Ottoman (XIVe–XVIe siècles). Bibliographie, itinéraires et inventaire des lieux habités (Ankara).Google Scholar